[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.63,0:00:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was born in Den Bosch,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.26,0:00:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the painter Hieronymus Bosch\Nnamed himself after.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.62,0:00:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've always been very fond\Nof this painter
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.07,0:00:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who lived and worked in the 15th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.58,0:00:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is interesting about him\Nin relation to morality
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.30,0:00:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that he lived at a time\Nwhere religion's influence was waning,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.38,0:00:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was sort of wondering, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.22,0:00:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what would happen with society\Nif there was no religion
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.83,0:00:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if there was less religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.32,0:00:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so he painted this famous painting,\N"The Garden of Earthly Delights,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.80,0:00:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which some have interpreted\Nas being humanity before the Fall,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.68,0:00:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or being humanity without any Fall at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.94,0:00:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it makes you wonder,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.25,0:00:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what would happen if we hadn't tasted\Nthe fruit of knowledge, so to speak,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.78,0:00:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what kind of morality would we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.29,0:00:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much later, as a student,\NI went to a very different garden,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.32,0:00:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a zoological garden in Arnhem\Nwhere we keep chimpanzees.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.02,0:00:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is me at an early age\Nwith a baby chimpanzee.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.16,0:00:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.87,0:00:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I discovered there
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.62,0:00:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the chimpanzees are very power-hungry\Nand wrote a book about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.90,0:01:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at that time the focus\Nin a lot of animal research
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.45,0:01:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was on aggression and competition.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.90,0:01:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I painted a whole picture\Nof the animal kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.18,0:01:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and humanity included, was that deep down\Nwe are competitors, we are aggressive,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.40,0:01:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are all out\Nfor our own profit, basically.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.48,0:01:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the launch of my book.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.38,0:01:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not sure how well\Nthe chimpanzees read it,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.78,0:01:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they surely seemed\Ninterested in the book.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.48,0:01:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.71,0:01:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in the process of doing all this work
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.64,0:01:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on power and dominance\Nand aggression and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.57,0:01:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I discovered that chimpanzees\Nreconcile after fights.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.77,0:01:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what you see here\Nis two males who have had a fight.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.58,0:01:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They ended up in a tree, and one of them\Nholds out a hand to the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.95,0:01:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And about a second\Nafter I took the picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.04,0:01:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they came together in the fork of the tree
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.13,0:01:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and kissed and embraced each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.87,0:01:47.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is very interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.24,0:01:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because at the time, everything\Nwas about competition and aggression,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.56,0:01:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it wouldn't make any sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.08,0:01:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only thing that matters\Nis that you win or you lose.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.74,0:01:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why reconcile after a fight?\NThat doesn't make any sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.70,0:02:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the way bonobos do it.\NBonobos do everything with sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.72,0:02:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they also reconcile with sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.56,0:02:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the principle is exactly the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.51,0:02:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The principle is that you have\Na valuable relationship
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.51,0:02:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is damaged by conflict,\Nso you need to do something about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.62,0:02:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my whole picture of the animal kingdom,\Nand including humans also,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.01,0:02:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started to change at that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.98,0:02:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have this image in political\Nscience, economics, the humanities,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.98,0:02:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the philosophy for that matter,\Nthat man is a wolf to man.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.86,0:02:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so deep down,\Nour nature is actually nasty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.97,0:02:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's a very unfair\Nimage for the wolf.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.92,0:02:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wolf is, after all,\Na very cooperative animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.38,0:02:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why many of you\Nhave a dog at home,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.66,0:02:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has all these characteristics also.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.91,0:02:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's really unfair to humanity,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.72,0:02:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because humanity is actually\Nmuch more cooperative and empathic
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.00,0:02:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than given credit for.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.21,0:02:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I started getting\Ninterested in those issues
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.50,0:02:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and studying that in other animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.83,0:02:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are the pillars of morality.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.71,0:02:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you ask anyone,\N"What is morality based on?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.28,0:03:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are the two factors\Nthat always come out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.50,0:03:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is reciprocity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.23,0:03:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and associated with it is a sense\Nof justice and a sense of fairness.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.81,0:03:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the other one is empathy\Nand compassion.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.03,0:03:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And human morality is more than this,\Nbut if you would remove these two pillars,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.30,0:03:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there would be not much\Nremaining, I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.46,0:03:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they're absolutely essential.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.14,0:03:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me give you a few examples here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.03,0:03:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a very old video\Nfrom the Yerkes Primate Center,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.75,0:03:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they trained\Nchimpanzees to cooperate.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.74,0:03:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is already\Nabout a hundred years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.22,0:03:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we were doing\Nexperiments on cooperation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.33,0:03:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you have here is two\Nyoung chimpanzees who have a box,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.89,0:03:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the box is too heavy\Nfor one chimp to pull in.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.92,0:03:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, there's food on the box.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.80,0:03:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise they wouldn't\Nbe pulling so hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.82,0:03:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they're bringing in the box.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.96,0:03:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see that they're synchronized.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.25,0:03:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see that they work together,\Nthey pull at the same moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.38,0:03:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's already a big advance\Nover many other animals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.92,0:03:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wouldn't be able to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.58,0:03:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you're going to get\Na more interesting picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.99,0:03:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because now one\Nof the two chimps has been fed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.64,0:04:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the two is not really interested\Nin the task anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.91,0:04:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.76,0:04:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.79,0:04:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.38,0:04:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[- and sometimes appears to convey\Nits wishes and meanings by gestures.]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.76,0:04:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now look at what happens\Nat the very end of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.38,0:04:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.51,0:04:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He takes basically everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.42,0:04:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.42,0:04:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are two interesting\Nparts about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.46,0:05:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is that the chimp on the right
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.13,0:05:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a full understanding\Nhe needs the partner --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.44,0:05:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so a full understanding\Nof the need for cooperation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.90,0:05:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second one is that the partner\Nis willing to work
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.41,0:05:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though he's not\Ninterested in the food.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.56,0:05:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would that be?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.79,0:05:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that probably\Nhas to do with reciprocity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's actually a lot of evidence\Nin primates and other animals
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.03,0:05:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they return favors.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.58,0:05:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He will get a return favor\Nat some point in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.29,0:05:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that's how this all operates.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.25,0:05:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do the same task with elephants.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.96,0:05:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's very dangerous\Nto work with elephants.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.14,0:05:32.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another problem with elephants\Nis that you cannot make an apparatus
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.32,0:05:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is too heavy for a single elephant.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.26,0:05:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you can probably make it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.00,0:05:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's going to be a pretty\Nclumsy apparatus, I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.78,0:05:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what we did in that case --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.45,0:05:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we do these studies in Thailand\Nfor Josh Plotnik --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.14,0:05:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we have an apparatus around which\Nthere is a rope, a single rope.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.09,0:05:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you pull on this side of the rope,\Nthe rope disappears on the other side.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.88,0:05:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So two elephants need to pick it up\Nat exactly the same time, and pull.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.29,0:05:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise nothing is going to happen\Nand the rope disappears.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.36,0:05:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first tape you're going to see
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.60,0:06:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is two elephants who are released together\Narrive at the apparatus.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.61,0:06:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The apparatus is on the left,\Nwith food on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.84,0:06:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they come together,\Nthey arrive together,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.88,0:06:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they pick it up together,\Nand they pull together.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.20,0:06:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's actually fairly simple for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.28,0:06:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.21,0:06:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's how they bring it in.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.79,0:06:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now we're going to make it\Nmore difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.97,0:06:30.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the purpose of this experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.81,0:06:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to see how well\Nthey understand cooperation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.03,0:06:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do they understand that as well\Nas the chimps, for example?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.89,0:06:39.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we do in the next step is we release\None elephant before the other
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.39,0:06:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that elephant needs to be smart enough
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.43,0:06:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stay there and wait\Nand not pull at the rope --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.92,0:06:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if he pulls at the rope,\Nit disappears and the whole test is over.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.43,0:06:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this elephant does something illegal\Nthat we did not teach it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.72,0:06:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it shows the understanding he has,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.91,0:06:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he puts his big foot on the rope,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.46,0:06:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stands on the rope\Nand waits there for the other,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.80,0:07:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the other is going\Nto do all the work for him.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.41,0:07:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's what we call freeloading.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.00,0:07:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.04,0:07:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it shows the intelligence\Nthat the elephants have.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.88,0:07:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They developed several\Nof these alternative techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.48,0:07:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we did not approve of, necessarily.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.46,0:07:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.70,0:07:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the other elephant is now coming ...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.75,0:07:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is going to pull it in.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.34,0:07:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now look at the other;\Nit doesn't forget to eat, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.48,0:07:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.68,0:07:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the cooperation\Nand reciprocity part.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.92,0:07:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now something on empathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.16,0:07:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Empathy is my main topic\Nat the moment, of research.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.69,0:07:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And empathy has two qualities:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.16,0:07:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is the understanding part of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.20,0:07:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is just a regular definition:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.86,0:07:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ability to understand and share\Nthe feelings of another.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.70,0:08:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the emotional part.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.93,0:08:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Empathy has basically two channels:\NOne is the body channel,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.36,0:08:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you talk with a sad person,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.24,0:08:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to adopt\Na sad expression and a sad posture,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.52,0:08:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and before you know it, you feel sad.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.31,0:08:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's sort of the body channel\Nof emotional empathy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.55,0:08:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which many animals have.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.85,0:08:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your average dog has that also.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.43,0:08:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why people keep mammals in the home
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.46,0:08:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not turtles or snakes\Nor something like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.79,0:08:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who don't have that kind of empathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.60,0:08:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's a cognitive channel,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.40,0:08:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is more that you can take\Nthe perspective of somebody else.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.48,0:08:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's more limited.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.67,0:08:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very few animals, I think elephants\Nand apes, can do that kind of thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.51,0:08:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So synchronization,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.90,0:08:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is part of that whole\Nempathy mechanism,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.06,0:08:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a very old one in the animal kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.34,0:08:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In humans, of course,\Nwe can study that with yawn contagion.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.61,0:08:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans yawn when others yawn.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.45,0:08:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's related to empathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.26,0:08:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It activates the same areas in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.42,0:08:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, we know that people\Nwho have a lot of yawn contagion
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.16,0:08:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are highly empathic.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.34,0:08:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who have problems with empathy,\Nsuch as autistic children,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.54,0:09:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't have yawn contagion.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.05,0:09:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it is connected.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.23,0:09:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we study that in our chimpanzees\Nby presenting them with an animated head.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.98,0:09:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's what you see on the upper-left,\Nan animated head that yawns.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.99,0:09:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a chimpanzee watching,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.64,0:09:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an actual real chimpanzee\Nwatching a computer screen
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.10,0:09:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on which we play these animations.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.33,0:09:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.04,0:09:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So yawn contagion\Nthat you're probably all familiar with --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.44,0:09:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe you're going\Nto start yawning soon now --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.14,0:09:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something that we share\Nwith other animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.38,0:09:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's related to that whole\Nbody channel of synchronization
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.40,0:09:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that underlies empathy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.15,0:09:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is universal\Nin the mammals, basically.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.28,0:09:43.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also study more complex expressions --\NThis is consolation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.41,0:09:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a male chimpanzee\Nwho has lost a fight and he's screaming,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.53,0:09:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a juvenile comes over\Nand puts an arm around him
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.27,0:09:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and calms him down.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.46,0:09:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's consolation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.66,0:09:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very similar to human consolation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.54,0:09:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And consolation behavior --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.73,0:09:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.90,0:09:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's empathy driven.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.61,0:10:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, the way to study\Nempathy in human children
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.45,0:10:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to instruct a family member\Nto act distressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.05,0:10:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then to see what young children do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.04,0:10:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it is related to empathy,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.07,0:10:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the kind\Nof expressions we look at.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.33,0:10:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also recently published an experiment\Nyou may have heard about.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.45,0:10:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's on altruism and chimpanzees,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.46,0:10:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the question is: Do chimpanzees care\Nabout the welfare of somebody else?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.90,0:10:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for decades it had been assumed\Nthat only humans can do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.38,0:10:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only humans worry\Nabout the welfare of somebody else.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.66,0:10:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we did a very simple experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.12,0:10:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do that on chimpanzees\Nthat live in Lawrenceville,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.77,0:10:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the field station of Yerkes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.54,0:10:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that's how they live.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.90,0:10:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we call them into a room\Nand do experiments with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.13,0:10:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, we put\Ntwo chimpanzees side-by-side,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.49,0:10:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one has a bucket full of tokens,\Nand the tokens have different meanings.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.09,0:10:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One kind of token feeds\Nonly the partner who chooses,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.69,0:10:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other one feeds both of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.54,0:10:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a study we did\Nwith Vicki Horner.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.56,0:10:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, you have the two color tokens.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.85,0:10:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they have a whole bucket full of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.83,0:11:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they have to pick\None of the two colors.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.15,0:11:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will see how that goes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.84,0:11:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if this chimp makes the selfish choice,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.17,0:11:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the red token in this case,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.86,0:11:11.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he needs to give it to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.51,0:11:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we pick it up, we put it on a table\Nwhere there's two food rewards,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.87,0:11:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in this case, only the one\Non the right gets food.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.43,0:11:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one on the left walks away\Nbecause she knows already
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.24,0:11:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this is not a good test for her.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.33,0:11:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the next one is the pro-social token.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.04,0:11:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the one who makes the choices --\Nthat's the interesting part here --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.41,0:11:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the one who makes the choices,\Nit doesn't really matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.25,0:11:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she gives us now a pro-social\Ntoken and both chimps get fed.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.25,0:11:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the one who makes the choices\Nalways gets a reward.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.00,0:11:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it doesn't matter whatsoever.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.60,0:11:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she should actually\Nbe choosing blindly.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.92,0:11:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we find is that they prefer\Nthe pro-social token.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.30,0:11:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the 50 percent line,\Nthat's the random expectation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.32,0:11:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And especially if the partner draws\Nattention to itself, they choose more.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.30,0:11:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if the partner\Nputs pressure on them --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.33,0:11:57.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if the partner starts spitting water\Nand intimidating them --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.49,0:11:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the choices go down.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.04,0:12:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.11,0:12:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as if they're saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.00,0:12:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If you're not behaving,\NI'm not going to be pro-social today."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.01,0:12:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what happens\Nwithout a partner,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.04,0:12:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when there's no partner sitting there.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.88,0:12:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we found that the chimpanzees do care\Nabout the well-being of somebody else --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.72,0:12:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially, these are other members\Nof their own group.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.18,0:12:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the final experiment\Nthat I want to mention to you
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.97,0:12:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is our fairness study.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.64,0:12:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this became a very famous study.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.55,0:12:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are now many more,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.00,0:12:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because after we did this\Nabout 10 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.17,0:12:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it became very well-known.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.52,0:12:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did that originally\Nwith capuchin monkeys.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.84,0:12:34.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm going to show you\Nthe first experiment that we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.66,0:12:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has now been done\Nwith dogs and with birds
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.49,0:12:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with chimpanzees.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.54,0:12:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with Sarah Brosnan,\Nwe started out with capuchin monkeys.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.32,0:12:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we did is we put\Ntwo capuchin monkeys side-by-side.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.55,0:12:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, these animals, live in a group,\Nthey know each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.40,0:12:53.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take them out of the group,\Nput them in a test chamber.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.80,0:12:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a very simple task\Nthat they need to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.36,0:12:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you give both of them\Ncucumber for the task,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.77,0:13:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two monkeys side-by-side,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.22,0:13:04.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're perfectly willing\Nto do this 25 times in a row.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.08,0:13:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So cucumber, even though\Nit's only really water in my opinion,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.55,0:13:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but cucumber is perfectly fine for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.81,0:13:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if you give the partner grapes --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.12,0:13:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the food preferences\Nof my capuchin monkeys
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.29,0:13:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,correspond exactly with the prices\Nin the supermarket --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.35,0:13:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so if you give them grapes --\Nit's a far better food --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.78,0:13:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you create inequity between them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.70,0:13:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the experiment we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.57,0:13:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recently, we videotaped it\Nwith new monkeys
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.68,0:13:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who'd never done the task,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.04,0:13:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinking that maybe they would have\Na stronger reaction,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.69,0:13:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that turned out to be right.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.26,0:13:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one on the left is the monkey\Nwho gets cucumber.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.78,0:13:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one on the right\Nis the one who gets grapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.06,0:13:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one who gets cucumber --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.43,0:13:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,note that the first piece\Nof cucumber is perfectly fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.25,0:13:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first piece she eats.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.00,0:13:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then she sees the other one getting grape,\Nand you will see what happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.29,0:13:51.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she gives a rock to us.\NThat's the task.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.90,0:13:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we give her a piece\Nof cucumber and she eats it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.98,0:13:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other one needs to give a rock to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.19,0:13:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what she does.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.59,0:14:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she gets a grape ...
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.58,0:14:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eats it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.77,0:14:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other one sees that.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.98,0:14:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She gives a rock to us now,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.32,0:14:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gets, again, cucumber.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.36,0:14:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.74,0:14:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.77,0:14:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She tests a rock now against the wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.76,0:14:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She needs to give it to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.98,0:14:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she gets cucumber again.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.34,0:14:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.45,0:14:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is basically\Nthe Wall Street protest that you see here.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.60,0:14:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.00,0:14:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.28,0:14:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I still have two minutes left --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.09,0:14:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me tell you a funny story about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.26,0:15:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This study became very famous\Nand we got a lot of comments,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.90,0:15:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially anthropologists,\Neconomists, philosophers.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.52,0:15:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't like this at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.96,0:15:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they had decided\Nin their minds, I believe,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.54,0:15:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fairness is a very complex issue,\Nand that animals cannot have it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.21,0:15:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so one philosopher even wrote us
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.70,0:15:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was impossible that monkeys\Nhad a sense of fairness
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.50,0:15:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because fairness was invented\Nduring the French Revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.30,0:15:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.74,0:15:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And another one wrote a whole chapter
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.45,0:15:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying that he would believe\Nit had something to do with fairness,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.00,0:15:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the one who got grapes\Nwould refuse the grapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.42,0:15:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the funny thing is that Sarah Brosnan,\Nwho's been doing this with chimpanzees,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.32,0:15:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a couple of combinations\Nof chimpanzees
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.49,0:15:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where, indeed, the one\Nwho would get the grape
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.87,0:15:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would refuse the grape\Nuntil the other guy also got a grape.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.80,0:15:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're getting very close\Nto the human sense of fairness.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.59,0:15:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think philosophers need\Nto rethink their philosophy for a while.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.66,0:15:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me summarize.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.59,0:15:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe there's an evolved morality.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.43,0:15:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think morality is much more\Nthan what I've been talking about,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.67,0:16:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it would be impossible\Nwithout these ingredients
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.15,0:16:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we find in other primates,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.67,0:16:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are empathy and consolation,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.53,0:16:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pro-social tendencies and reciprocity\Nand a sense of fairness.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.26,0:16:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we work on these particular issues
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.34,0:16:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see if we can create a morality\Nfrom the bottom up, so to speak,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.71,0:16:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without necessarily\Ngod and religion involved,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.17,0:16:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to see how we can get\Nto an evolved morality.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.07,0:16:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thank you for your attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.83,0:16:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)