[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.66,0:00:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next time you look in the mirror.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.46,0:00:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.58,0:00:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.43,0:00:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're more microbe than human.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.66,0:00:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are ten times more cells
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.28,0:00:13.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from microorganisms -
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.75,0:00:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bacteria, viruses, fungi-
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.48,0:00:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than human cells in and on our bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.99,0:00:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our genes are outnumbered
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.39,0:00:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a hundred to one by microbial genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.74,0:00:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists even have a name
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.21,0:00:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for all these microbial genes:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.24,0:00:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the human microbiome.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.48,0:00:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this might make a lot of people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.32,0:00:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rush for the hand sanitizer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.36,0:00:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it turns out most
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.04,0:00:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these microorganisms aren't bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.17,0:00:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,germs that will make us sick,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.12,0:00:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most are good.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.70,0:00:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And without these good microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.41,0:00:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our bodies don't seem to do as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.40,0:00:47.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't seem to be as healthy,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.27,0:00:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we actually might get sick
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.17,0:00:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more often.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.20,0:00:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one question is:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.27,0:00:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where do our microbiomes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.62,0:00:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come from in the first place?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.56,0:00:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, like a lot of things,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.89,0:00:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it starts with our mothers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.71,0:01:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the infant passes \Nthrough the birth cannal,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.03,0:01:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it gets coded with microbes from the mom.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.97,0:01:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These microbes may kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.82,0:01:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seed the baby with just the right mix.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.32,0:01:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Combined with bacteria in breast milk
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.20,0:01:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other microbes we encounter early on,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.40,0:01:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they seem to slowly take shape
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.55,0:01:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our first few years of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.22,0:01:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The overall mix of our microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.93,0:01:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes very personal,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.69,0:01:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of like a fingerprint, \Nor maybe a blood type.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.67,0:01:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But our microbes tend to resemble
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.35,0:01:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those of our parents and siblings.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.33,0:01:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And may stay with us \Nfor much of our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.71,0:01:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may also be doing \Nall sorts of things,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.17,0:01:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as educating our immune cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.99,0:01:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.97,0:01:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Teaching them the difference
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.35,0:01:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between things they should fight off
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.23,0:01:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,–bad bugs that might make us sick-
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.90,0:01:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And things that aren't a threat,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.70,0:01:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like our good microbes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.18,0:01:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we are adults,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.46,0:01:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,microbes become our first line of defense,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.73,0:01:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fighting off germs that try to invade our
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.70,0:02:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bodies, protecting their
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.08,0:02:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turf, while protecting our health.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.59,0:02:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists have discovered they can
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.32,0:02:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even spew out their own antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.17,0:02:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The types of microbes in your body
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.06,0:02:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vary depending exactly where they live,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.44,0:02:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like different ecosystems in nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.90,0:02:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are wet places, like\Nour mouths, noses and armpits.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.19,0:02:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oily places, like our scalps and backs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.01,0:02:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And dry places, like our forearms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.60,0:02:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Different species of microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.21,0:02:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have adapted to each of these habitats.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.50,0:02:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biggest, most important \Nmicrobial habitat
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.18,0:02:45.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seems to be in the gut.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.53,0:02:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the most complex, the most diverse,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.86,0:02:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everything microbes are doing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.73,0:02:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everywhere else in our bodies:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.55,0:02:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fighting off infections,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.85,0:02:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,revving up and dampening down \Nour immune systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.86,0:02:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,signaling cells...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.28,0:03:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's all happening \Nin the gut in spades.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.08,0:03:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They even seem to help \Nregulate our metabolisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.78,0:03:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much energy we burn,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.34,0:03:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how much fat we store.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.30,0:03:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if it's not functioning properly \Nfor some reason
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.85,0:03:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of what we eat, \Nantibiotics we take,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.69,0:03:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may actually lead \Nto all kinds of diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.94,0:03:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Diseases like colon cancer, colitis,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.52,0:03:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe even diabetes\Nand obesity.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.95,0:03:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some scientists think one reason
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.58,0:03:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of diseases are increasing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.28,0:03:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because we've lost key gut microbes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.39,0:03:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our microbiomes look far \Nless diverse compared to those
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.69,0:03:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to those of people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.03,0:03:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in less developed countries \Nand earlier generations.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.79,0:03:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And remember how we get
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.12,0:03:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our microbiomes in the first place?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.88,0:03:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From our mothers when we are born,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.68,0:03:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from breast milk?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.06,0:03:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, some scientists think that
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.82,0:03:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,too many babies aren't getting that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.91,0:03:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of all the C-sections,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.48,0:03:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not enough breast feeding,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.30,0:03:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plus all the antibiotics \Nkids get these days,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.11,0:03:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our obsession with cleanliness.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.06,0:03:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All this may help explain why problems
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.99,0:04:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like asthma and allergies,\Nhave been soaring
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.32,0:04:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe because our microbiomes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.78,0:04:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never taught our immune systems
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.31,0:04:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to work the right way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.24,0:04:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe swallowing good microbes probiotics
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.21,0:04:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could prevent and treat some diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.74,0:04:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So could taking prebiotics
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.68,0:04:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,essentially food that good microbes love.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.08,0:04:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We end our story with a reminder.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.95,0:04:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This research is really new,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.98,0:04:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we still have a lot to learn
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.54,0:04:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what many of our microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.10,0:04:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are really doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.36,0:04:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But scientists say that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.56,0:04:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's getting clearer and clearer that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.47,0:04:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the tiny organisms all over our bodies
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.50,0:04:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are essential to our health and happiness.