[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.46,0:00:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was a boy, my dad used to\Npick me up after school.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.74,0:00:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was about 11 years old,\Nin Geneva, Switzerland,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.43,0:00:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he'd drive me across town \N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.77,0:00:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the site of the Large Hadron Collider,\Nin Geneva,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.22,0:00:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was called the European\NCenter for Nuclear Research, at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.12,0:00:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's where they discovered\Nthe Higgs boson a few years ago.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.56,0:00:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a remarkable man there,\NRafael Carreras,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.16,0:00:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who used to give weekly lectures\Ncalled in French
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.56,0:00:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Science Pour Tous' which means\N'Science for Everybody'.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.32,0:00:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were people from all walks of life\Nwho attended these lectures.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.72,0:00:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were school boys like me, \Njanitors at CERN, professors, housewives.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.95,0:00:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A whole mix of people were attending\Nthat stuff who gave up their lunch hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.71,0:00:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were also working people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.36,0:01:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were two things that struck me\Nabout these lectures.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.08,0:01:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing was that people were\Ndoing this not for any personal benefit,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.88,0:01:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was no credit, no remuneration,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.90,0:01:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they were just doing it\Nbecause it interested them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.47,0:01:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought this was rather wonderful\Nand sort of put a light bulb in my head
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.90,0:01:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that maybe you could go through life doing\Nwhat interests you rather than
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.52,0:01:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what doesn't interest you in order to,\Nthen, do what interests you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.55,0:01:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could short-circuit things. \N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.74,0:01:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other thing I liked is, Dr. Carreras\Nwas always encouraging.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.72,0:01:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd often go\Nand ask him questions and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.01,0:01:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He never looked down on me as a kid.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.41,0:01:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There weren't any stupid questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.47,0:01:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could go and ask him anything\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.45,0:01:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there was always stuff to be learned
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.56,0:01:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I liked this environment so much,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.62,0:01:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it set me on a path\Nto ending up here
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.02,0:01:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I am a professional scientist\Ntalking to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.42,0:01:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even before then, \Nmy dad used to read me stories
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.73,0:01:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the 'Winnie the Pooh' books
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.04,0:01:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a picture here \Nof Winnie the Pooh and Piglet
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.36,0:01:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,searching for a Heffalump.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.25,0:01:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A Heffalump's a very rare \Nand unusual thing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.96,0:01:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had almost, maybe never, been seen.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.57,0:01:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they got circumstantial evidence here.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.91,0:02:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They' ve seen footprints in the snow
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.04,0:02:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this has encouraging them,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.49,0:02:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe if we continue work \Na little bit harder,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.41,0:02:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe we could find this thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.99,0:02:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the basic difference betweeen me \Nand Winnie the Pooh in this picture
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.86,0:02:12.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that he's looking down\Nand I look up for a living.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.65,0:02:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we scientists, in particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.47,0:02:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the subject of this talk is to look for\Nthe first stars
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.37,0:02:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and galaxies to form after the Big Bang.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.13,0:02:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're rare and unusual objects.\NWe think they are very different
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.90,0:02:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the stars and galaxies\Nthat we can see around us today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.49,0:02:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we think they are there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.43,0:02:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have circumstantial evidence\Nthat makes us think
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.04,0:02:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they are there \Nso the quest is worth following.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.89,0:02:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've told you these two anecdotes\Nmaybe a bit from my life
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.26,0:02:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to give the idea \Nof a timeline also
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.32,0:02:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I sit here today looking in my past
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.53,0:02:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we all can towards when I was born,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.90,0:02:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see significant events\Nthat shaped your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.84,0:02:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's remarkable is that we can do\Nthe same thing for the Universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.61,0:02:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Universe originated in a Big Bang.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.10,0:02:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know exactly what banged\Nor how it banged,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.59,0:03:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although, a couple of weeks ago,\Nwe had some indications
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.08,0:03:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you followed the science news.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.94,0:03:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we know when it banged\Nto amazing accuracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.39,0:03:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we know the Big Bang was\Nthe creation of time and space.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.47,0:03:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Matter and light happened\N14 billion years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.56,0:03:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know the exact number to 1% accuracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.65,0:03:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I was bouncing back into my past\Nat the start of this talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.99,0:03:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can do the same thing here in astronomy\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.85,0:03:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because light travels at finite speed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.38,0:03:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we look up at the sky,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.49,0:03:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we' re actually looking into the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.72,0:03:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for most cases it's not so relevant.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.27,0:03:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of the moon \Nit's like 2 seconds.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.53,0:03:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you see the moon, \Nyou see it as it was 2 seconds ago
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.69,0:03:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's how long it takes light\Nto reach us from the moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.75,0:03:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Naked eye stars that you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.35,0:03:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you go out in the desert \Naway from the street
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.76,0:03:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may be a few thousand years.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.87,0:03:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see them as if \Nthey were a few thousand years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.53,0:03:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the most distant object \Nyou can see with your naked eye
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.36,0:03:51.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the Andromeda galaxy\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.83,0:03:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pictured here seen through a telescope,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.83,0:03:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually 2.4 million years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.76,0:03:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the light has taken 2.4 million years\Nto reach you.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.98,0:04:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even without the aid of the telescope\Nyou can see this object.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.26,0:04:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you wanted to know\Nwhat it looked like today,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.72,0:04:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd have to wait another 2.4 million years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.77,0:04:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the history of Astronomy \Nhas really been the history of developing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.58,0:04:17.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telescopes and technology to be able \Nto push further out into space
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.85,0:04:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see even more distant \Nand remarkable things.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.15,0:04:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a picture of an object\Nknown as a comet cluster,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.07,0:04:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many thousands of galaxies\Nlike the Milky Way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.71,0:04:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's so far away that it's seen\N250 million years ago, roughly speaking.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.97,0:04:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So 250 million years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.09,0:04:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here there was a deep sea, \Na deep inland sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.61,0:04:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know this because we see\Nthe Kaibab limestones of Red Rock.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.31,0:04:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see these also, just downstream\Nfrom Glen Canyon down at Lee's Ferry.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.72,0:04:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These tell us the idea of what \Nwas happening here was very different.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.66,0:04:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't a desert. It was an inland sea.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.64,0:04:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we don't see the thing itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.61,0:04:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have circumstantial evidence,\Nthe rocks.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.59,0:04:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here we're seeing the thing itself\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.60,0:04:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it was 250 million years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.15,0:05:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've drawn sort of a timeline\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.33,0:05:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the slide we have today \Non the Big Bang.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.39,0:05:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The green arrow shows you\Nwhen the Earth formed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.22,0:05:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Earth is a relatively recent\Naddition to the Universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.16,0:05:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's only been there for a third\Nof the existence of the Universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.56,0:05:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For two thirds of the time \Nour solar system wasn't even there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.72,0:05:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how far back can we actually look\Nwith our technology?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.54,0:05:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've drawn here a little red square\Non the slide\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.08,0:05:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which shows the field of view
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.18,0:05:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the best instrument that we built\Nto be able to do this --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.74,0:05:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've certainly heard of it --\Nit's the Hubble Space Telescope.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.38,0:05:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Hubble Space Telescope\Nhas a very small field of view.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.45,0:05:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, it takes\Na very small picture of the sky at a time,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.72,0:05:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 100th of the size of the moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.38,0:05:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to picture that, it's like\Ncoding a grain of sand at arm's length.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.13,0:05:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very, very small part of the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.22,0:05:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And scientists had the idea \Nto try and probe back in time
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.55,0:05:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be to take a picture of the sky
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.07,0:05:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to take two weeks \Nto observe one part of the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.12,0:05:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a remarkable idea to look \Nat a nondescript, not a part of the sky
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.02,0:06:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd thought\Nit wasn't anything interesting,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.27,0:06:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just to see what's out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.10,0:06:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we found was remarkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.96,0:06:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's one of the most famous images\Never taken in astronomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.14,0:06:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a Hubble Ultra-Deep Field.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.96,0:06:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In an area the size of the grain of sand\Nheld at arm's length,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.11,0:06:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see ten thousand galaxies here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.09,0:06:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not stars in our Milky Way.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.81,0:06:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're separate individual galaxies,\Nlike our Milky Way.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.49,0:06:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this image, about ten of them\Nare seen as they were
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.05,0:06:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,13.3 billion years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.54,0:06:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is to say\Nthe light started on this journey
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.18,0:06:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long before the solar system ever formed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.51,0:06:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most of that journey,\Nthe Sun and the Earth didn't exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.53,0:06:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, the Sun and the Earth formed\Nand then life evolved and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.11,0:06:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we built telescopes and boom,\Nwe capture this light.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.02,0:06:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's utterly remarkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.21,0:06:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But those are not the first galaxies.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.17,0:06:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, we are looking\Nfor the first stars and galaxies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.92,0:06:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of the major\Nscientific adventures, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.73,0:06:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the 21st century
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.15,0:06:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is going to play out\Nin the next ten years.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.98,0:07:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we sit here and we look\Nat this Hubble Deep Field.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.65,0:07:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we select then the ten galaxies,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.85,0:07:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one in a thousand galaxies\Nthat are the most distant.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.67,0:07:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's so simple that I thought\NI'd just tell you today.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.46,0:07:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we do is not a technical description.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.73,0:07:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take a picture at visible wavelengths\Nof the Hubble-Deep Field
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.09,0:07:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,\Nand one at infrared wavelengths.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.21,0:07:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The galaxies which can be seen\Nin the infrared image,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.03,0:07:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but cannot be seen in the visible image,\Nthose are the ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.02,0:07:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's just a few of them,\Nthere's just ten of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.16,0:07:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are the ones that are seen\N13.3 billion years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.70,0:07:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To summarize my story so far --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.56,0:07:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I can get the next slide, there it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.97,0:07:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We sit here in the Milky Way\Nand we look further and further back
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.28,0:07:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with more sophisticated telescopes.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.28,0:07:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we look further and further \Nback in time
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.16,0:07:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,13.3 billion years so far with the Hubble.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.70,0:07:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have another piece of information
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.16,0:07:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the cosmic background radiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.57,0:07:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cosmic background radiation\Nwhich is seen at radio wavelengths
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.81,0:07:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells us what was happening\Nin the Universe\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.03,0:07:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only roughly half a million years \Nafter the Big Bang.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.71,0:07:58.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know there was a time from the staff,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.87,0:08:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the outermost shell that's colored\Ngreen and yellow and blue there,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.26,0:08:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was a time when there were \Nno stars and galaxies in the Universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.01,0:08:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what that tells us.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.64,0:08:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it tells us another important thing,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.99,0:08:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that on its journey,\Nthe slide on its way to us
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.72,0:08:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was modified by stars and galaxies,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.03,0:08:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first generation of stars and galaxies\N
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.19,0:08:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we haven't yet detected.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.94,0:08:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a sort of Heffalump effect.\NThe footprints.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.51,0:08:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see the footprints\Nof the things we're looking for
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.03,0:08:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we haven't seen the thing itself yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.56,0:08:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in order to find these things that\Nwe're looking for,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.53,0:08:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to devise new tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.35,0:08:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The history of astronomy has been\Nthe remarkable improvements
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.39,0:08:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've been added for 400 years\Nwith the telescope.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.49,0:08:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Galileo's telescope \Nhad a lens about this big\N
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.18,0:08:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is a next generation\Nof telescopes being built in Chile.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.69,0:08:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a European\NExtremely Large Telescope --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.19,0:08:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,running out of names for telescopes now. \N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.15,0:08:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the mirror --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.62,0:08:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mirror is about the size of this room
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.63,0:09:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's a gigantic tool for looking back\Ninto space ever further.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.40,0:09:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you saw from before, \Nwe need visible and infrared light
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.56,0:09:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to study these objects.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.94,0:09:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the infrared, we' re building
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.24,0:09:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is the successor to the Hubble\NSpace Telescope
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.36,0:09:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what's called\Nthe James Webb Space Telescope.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.18,0:09:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is just one sixth of it shown here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.67,0:09:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a gigantic instrument.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.76,0:09:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's so big that it won't fit\Ninto a rocket.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.99,0:09:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they are going to have to fold it up\Nlike insect wings or something,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.52,0:09:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put it in there, send it out into space,\Ntake it out, unfold it
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.40,0:09:31.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it's going to take what we hope
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.65,0:09:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the images \Nof the first stars and galaxies.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.09,0:09:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also going to explore planets
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.36,0:09:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other things\Nthat are of great interest to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.97,0:09:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what do we expect to find?\N
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.92,0:09:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way we do astronomy\Nis illustrated in this video here,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.68,0:09:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is astronomy and science \Nis a constant dialogue, really,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.17,0:09:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between theories or our conjectures \Nabout the way things ought to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.64,0:09:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is shown in the movie here,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.05,0:09:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the way they actually are,\Nwhich is shown in the stills.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.98,0:09:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the movie here, \Nyou can see two galaxies,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.40,0:10:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the Milky Way and Andromeda\Nthat are on a collision.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.29,0:10:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a calculation done in a computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.95,0:10:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once in a while, they freeze the movie\N
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.54,0:10:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because it's a computer simulation
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.53,0:10:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can view it any way you like,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.51,0:10:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they try and compare it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.36,0:10:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to actual images of galaxies nearby\N
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.38,0:10:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see how good a job we have
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.51,0:10:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at understanding interactions\Nbetween galaxies.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.13,0:10:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of the most distant \Nstars and galaxies,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.78,0:10:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've only done half of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.58,0:10:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have our conjectures,\Nbut we don't have the observations.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.96,0:10:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what can we expect to see?\NHow is this going to play out?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.31,0:10:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Based on the history of astronomy,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.10,0:10:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I can best tell it \Nwith an anecdote.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.62,0:10:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Howard Carter, when they discovered\NTutankhamun's tomb,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.17,0:10:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were in a sort of narrow corridor
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.38,0:10:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was the first to see the tomb\Nin modern times,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.16,0:10:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he had a candle \Nand in the flickering light he could see
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.73,0:10:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this vast array of treasures of gold \Nand statues of animals and things.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.58,0:10:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The others behind him -- \Nhe didn't say anything,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.97,0:10:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were like: 'What do you see?'
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.71,0:10:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, 'Wonderful things',\N'Wonderful things'.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.88,0:11:01.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that's what we can expect
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.05,0:11:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our science in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.21,0:11:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as well as learning about the Universe
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.25,0:11:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is going to be tremendously exciting,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.32,0:11:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think, science teaches a lot about\Nour humanity, ourselves as human beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.88,0:11:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For those of you \Nwho don't know the Pooh story,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.19,0:11:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the punchline to this one is
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.77,0:11:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they actually didn't find the tracks\Nof the Heffalump, unfortunately.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.09,0:11:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were looking at\Ntheir own tracks in the snow.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.09,0:11:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they learned something \Nabout themselves in this adventure
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.28,0:11:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about what they were.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.55,0:11:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do this too, when we do science.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.97,0:11:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We learn our position in the Universe,\Nbut we also learn about ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.55,0:11:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the European Center for Nuclear Research\Nwhich has many --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.89,0:11:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several Nobel prizes \Nhave been awarded there.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.12,0:11:39.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't tell you this far,\Nit was built really
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.37,0:11:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of the ashes of Europe after WWII.\NEurope had been at war.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.98,0:11:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am an immigrant from Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.04,0:11:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most of the 20th century\Nfor reasons that weren't clear,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.89,0:11:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but all these countries, \Nfor religious, cultural, ethnic reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.55,0:11:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were at each other's throats.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.38,0:11:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea is \Nmaybe there is another way.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.71,0:11:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if we work together?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.19,0:11:58.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if people from these countries\Nthat had been at war
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.03,0:12:01.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showed that by working together, \Novercoming their prejudice,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.11,0:12:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can do good science?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.24,0:12:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And history of CERN has shown
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.92,0:12:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when you do this \Nyou can achieve wonderful things.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.04,0:12:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wonderful things!
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.82,0:12:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.35,0:12:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)