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You understand the importance of light 
and the truth, right?

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Imagine a world without them.

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I’m here to talk about
how we need more, of both.

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I’m going to start with a true story

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about the kinds of things that happen

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when too much of the world
is operating in darkness.

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On a warm October day in 2018,

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a Saudi Arabian journalist
called Jamal Khashoggi

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walked into the
Saudi Consulate in Istanbul,

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to get some papers he needed 
to marry his Turkish fiancée.

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She waited outside for him for hours.

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She never saw him again.

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You may remember hearing about this case, 



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because it made headlines 
around the world.

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We know from a number
of different investigations

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that Saudi government agents
went into the consulate,

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killed Mr. Khashoggi

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and dismembered his body.

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Let me be clear about what I just said.

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Government agents killed a journalist 
to silence his truths.

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These kinds of happenings are both 
shocking and surprisingly common.

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But I’m pretty sure
that if the Saudi government had known

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that this case would make
headlines worldwide,

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and stay there for weeks,

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they wouldn’t have done it, right?

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They wanted to commit
their crimes in the dark,

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not in broad daylight for all to see.

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Which raises some questions.

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What if we could shine a brighter light 


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on the world’s injustices 
and wrong-doings?


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And what if, by doing so, we could
incentivise governments everywhere

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to treat people with more respect

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and listen to the voices of their critics 
rather than silencing them?

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This is the world
that I’m working to create.

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I’d like you to take a moment -

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you’re welcome to close your eyes -

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and ask yourself this question:

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what is it that you and your family need

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to live in dignity and fulfill
your potential as human beings?

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You might be thinking about good food
or a roof over your head,

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access to healthcare or education,

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or a good job, or social security,

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or you might be thinking about 
the freedom to be yourself

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and speak your mind without fear
of arrest, torture, imprisonment or worse.

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These things are not luxuries. 
They are human rights.

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They have been defined and set out 
in international human rights law.

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Countries have made promises 
to respect them.

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But until now,

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no one has been tracking
how well each country is doing

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on making sure every person 
is able to enjoy each human right.

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I know, I was surprised to learn this too.

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For 20 years, I was an economist.

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In the mid-2000s, I was working
at the OECD in Paris,

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giving economic policy advice 
to governments.

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I really loved my job.

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I found it super interesting to look at
each country through the economist lens

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and figure out what advice to offer.

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But there was one problem.

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In every country, there were
human rights violations.

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I was reading about mistreatment
of Kurds in Turkey

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and Roma in Slovakia,

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and I was always kind of looking for ways

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that I could try and bring these
human rights issues into my reports.

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But there was only so far I could go,

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because when economists give advice,

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it always has to be based
on empirical evidence,

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and what I learned is that there was
no comprehensive database

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tracking the human rights
performance of countries.

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This is a problem.

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This was a problem.

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When you’re assessing 
the state of the world,

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chances are you’re going to be looking 
first at the things you’ve got data for:

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income per person, 
trade and investment flows,

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carbon emissions ...

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It’s very difficult for any government

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to put human rights
at the heart of its agenda,

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if they don’t have the data they need.

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After that, I just couldn’t let go 
of the fact that there was this data gap.

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A few years later,
after moving back to New Zealand,

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I can remember being at home
with my son when he was little,

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and after putting him to bed
for his afternoon nap,

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I felt this magnetic pull
back to the computer

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where I was researching 
who was measuring human rights.

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I was contacting the world’s experts 
and asking them questions.

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Why were human rights
not being systematically measured?

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Could it be done?

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Lots of the emails I sent got no reply.

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But many of them did.

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There were a few people who told me

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that this idea of systematically
tracking human rights

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was a good idea, but too ambitious

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Only one or two people told me 
it was impossible, ridiculous even.

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I wasn’t too bothered.

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My philosophy was to go
where the energy was.

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And by following the energy,

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I linked up with two super clever
human rights academics

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who shared my vision,

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Susan Randolph and Chad Clay,

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and together we founded the
Human Rights Measurement Initiative,

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or HRMI (pronounced 'hermi') for short.

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Even before HRMI had $1 of funding, 


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we’ve been working with human rights
practitioners from around the world

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to make sure that we produce data

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that accurately reflects the situation
on the ground in different countries.

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Our goal is to make sure
that you can see more

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than just those few headline cases,
like Mr. Khashoggi's,

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that make it into the news.

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We are turning on
more lights around the world.

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I feel both privileged and humbled
to be able to do the work that I do

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because I know that in many other 
countries around the world

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human rights defenders are putting 
their lives at risk every single day,

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just for documenting 
the injustices that they see.

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So I’m really pleased that HRMI is 
helping to amplify the voices

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of these amazing people

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so that their work can have more impact.

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And I’m really pleased 
that the collective vision that HRMI has

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is no longer just a vision;
it’s now a collective endeavour.

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We already have hundreds of human rights
practitioners around the world

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contributing, on a volunteer basis,
their time and knowledge

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to help turn on more lights,
fill these data gaps,

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bring more attention
to what really matters.

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So how do we measure the human rights
performance of countries?

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So far, we’ve got two main methodologies.

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First, whenever possible,
we use publicly available statistics.

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For Quality of Life rights,

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things like the rights to food,
education, health, housing and work,

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this gives us really great
country coverage.

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This map shows, in blue, all 169 countries

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where we are tracking country performance 
on the right to health.

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A lot of the statistical indicators
that we look at are the same ones

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used to monitor the United Nations' 
Sustainable Development Goals.

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But here’s the difference: 
we don’t just look at the raw statistics.

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We do something much more vital. 


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We convert them into numbers that make 
sense from a human rights perspective.

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To do this, we have adopted
an award-winning approach

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that was developed by my HRMI co-founder,
Susan, and her colleagues.

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And what it does is it judges 
each country by a different benchmark

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depending on that country’s 
level of income.

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So both richer countries 
and poorer countries will get low scores

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if they’re not using 
their available resources

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as effectively as other countries 
at those income levels have done;

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for example, to bring about
good health outcomes.

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This approach is genius,

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not only because it measures
how countries are doing

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on the basis of how these rights are 
defined in international law,

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but also because it’s just logical. 


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It makes sense to hold high income 
countries to a higher standard of account 


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for their health outcomes

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than poorer countries, right?

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Second, for civil and political rights, 
we collect the data ourselves.

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These rights include all sorts of things 


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from killings and torture 
to voting rights and free speech.

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You might be surprised to learn
that these are all things

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that official statistics
just don’t keep track of.

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So we brought in experts
from Amnesty International,

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organisations like Human Rights Watch,

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and together we developed an expert survey
so that we could collect this information

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from people who are monitoring events
on the ground in each country.

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We’re really happy with how well
our expert survey is working out.

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So far, we have data
for these 19 countries,

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and that number is growing every year.

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Most importantly, people tell us

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that our scores accurately reflect
the situation on the ground

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in the countries that they 
are knowledgeable about.

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Let me introduce you
to some of our data insights

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by sharing with you one quiz question.

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'Which of these countries performs best

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on respecting the right to freedom
from extrajudicial execution?

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Jordan, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, 
the United States or Mexico?'

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Now, while you think about it,

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just let me give you
a little more information.

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First, a definition:

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extrajudicial killings are killings
by government agents,

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like what happened to Mr. Khashoggi,

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but more commonly things
like police shootings.

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And let me also tell you a little more
about where the scores come from.

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In February and March this year,

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we sent our expert survey
to people monitoring human rights

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in all five of these
countries, and others,

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and each person told us
how well they think their country is doing

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on respecting this right, and others.

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And we use some really sophisticated
statistical techniques

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for ensuring that different
people’s responses

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can be made comparable with one another.

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Okay, so do you have in mind

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what you think the answer
to this question is?

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The answer is Jordan.

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And here you can see the scores
for all five of these countries.

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The little vertical solid lines
that you see are our best estimate

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of what the score is for each country.

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Countries with wider uncertainty bands,
like Saudi Arabia’s,

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tell us that we are less certain 
exactly where the true score lies,

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perhaps because there may
have been less agreement

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among the respondents who filled in
our survey for Saudi Arabia.

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Narrower uncertainty bands, like Mexico’s,

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tell us that we are more certain
about what the score is for that country.

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The overlap of the bands is important.

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We can be confident that Jordan
is performing better than Venezuela

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because their bands don’t overlap.

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We're less confident exactly
what the relative ranking would be

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of the countries that come next.

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Of course this is just a subset of all 
the countries we have data for.

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Let me add in some more.

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Here you can see New Zealand, Australia,
South Korea and the United Kingdom.

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No country gets a perfect score

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because in every country,
even New Zealand,

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there is room for improvement.

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How is this information useful?

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HRMI is not an advocacy organisation,

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so we don’t tell governments
what they could be doing differently.

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But you can use our data for that purpose.

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So let’s say your country
had a lowish score,

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so it’s down this end of the scale,

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and you want to move it that way.

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What can you do?

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I’m sure the possibilities are endless, 
but let’s just discuss a few.

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You could encourage your country to embark
on the challenging but vital task

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of retraining your police force.

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You could meet with vulnerable
and minority groups

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and take their advice
on how to reform your institutions.

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You could look at the laws and policies 
of your better-performing neighbours

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and you could also choose to do better.

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We have a scoreboard like this for eight
different civil and political rights,

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and for each one of them,
for each country and for each right,

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we also collect information
on what is driving their scores.

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So let’s say you wanted to know

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why the United States
is performing so poorly on this right.

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You could learn that part of the reason

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is because there are too many
police shootings of people of colour.

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Our US experts told us

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that the people who are most at risk of
extrajudicial killing in the United States

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are African Americans,

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Latinx people,

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Native Americans,

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and children detained at the border.

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These insights I've shared
from our database

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are just some of the thousands
that you can find there,

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and that’s before we have even expanded
our survey to all countries in the world.

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I know that all of this
can feel quite heavy.

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That’s because it is.

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So I’m happy to share with you

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that we also have some
really positive, good news stories

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in HRMI’s database as well.

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Here’s a good news chart
from the Africa region.

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Each of the coloured sections
shows you one Quality of Life right,

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00:15:40,038 --> 00:15:45,128
and what you can see is there has been
slow but gradual improvement

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in the performance, on average,
across the African continent.

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And the good news story gets even better

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because HRMI data also show
a gradual trend improvement

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in the fulfillment of these rights
in all regions of the world.

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This is a really positive
human rights story.

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I love it and it fills me
with a lot of hope.

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One thing that I’ve noticed

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since making my career transition
from economist to co-founder of HRMI,

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is that when I catch up
with old friends and I tell them

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that what I’m now doing is measuring
the human rights performance of countries,

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I sometimes get these
kind of somewhat blank looks.

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When I used to tell people that I was
helping to improve economic performance,

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I would get more nods of understanding.

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00:16:39,848 --> 00:16:41,318
And I get it.

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00:16:41,318 --> 00:16:46,858
The economy is really well measured. 
People are used to hearing about it.

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By contrast, human rights have been 
under-reported, under-measured

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and overlooked for too long.

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00:16:56,547 --> 00:16:58,167
Let’s change that.

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Shedding a light on human rights

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and bringing about a massive change
in the way our world works

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is a huge global collaborative challenge,

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and you can help.

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00:17:11,775 --> 00:17:15,395
We have started by shedding
a light on your country.

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00:17:15,420 --> 00:17:18,260
What does it reveal that you can act on?

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00:17:19,542 --> 00:17:22,192
What will you demand of your leaders?

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What other countries can inspire yours

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00:17:24,948 --> 00:17:28,328
to better and bolder respect
for human rights?

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00:17:28,873 --> 00:17:34,995
What if world’s leaders summoned
their advisors and demanded answers?

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What if they said not just, ‘Tell me how 
to improve our economic performance!’,

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00:17:39,306 --> 00:17:43,536
but, ‘Tell me how to improve
our human rights performance'?

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00:17:47,162 --> 00:17:49,951
Numbers are not as sexy as stories.

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00:17:49,951 --> 00:17:52,058
They don’t pull on the heartstrings

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00:17:52,058 --> 00:17:53,716
in the same way.

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00:17:54,218 --> 00:17:59,888
But each one helps to light up our world, 
showing us the way ahead.

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Numbers help us figure out
what needs to change, and how.

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Let’s build a world
where countries are competing,

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00:18:10,428 --> 00:18:14,198
not just in sport and to see
who can be the richest,

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00:18:14,198 --> 00:18:17,405
but to see who can treat
their people the best.

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00:18:19,041 --> 00:18:21,301
Let’s measure what we treasure.

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00:18:22,054 --> 00:18:23,360
Thank you.

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00:18:23,360 --> 00:18:25,770
(Applause)