[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.14,0:00:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The word concussion evokes a fear\Nthese days more so than it ever has,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.82,0:00:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I know this personally.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.22,0:00:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I played 10 years of football,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.90,0:00:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was struck in the head thousands of times,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.34,0:00:26.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I have to tell you, though,\Nwhat was much worse than that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.02,0:00:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a pair of bike accidents I had\Nwhere I suffered concussions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.82,0:00:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm still dealing with the effects\Nof the most recent one
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.78,0:00:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,today as I stand in front of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.34,0:00:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a fear around concussion
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.82,0:00:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that does have some evidence behind it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.30,0:00:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is information\Nthat a repeated history of concussion
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.66,0:00:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can lead to early dementia,\Nsuch as Alzheimer's,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.98,0:00:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.06,0:00:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the subject\Nof the Will Smith movie "Concussion."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.26,0:01:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so everybody is caught up in football\Nand what they see in the military,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.86,0:01:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you may not know
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.22,0:01:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that bike riding is the leading cause\Nof concussion for kids,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.54,0:01:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sports-related concussion, that is.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.74,0:01:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so another thing\Nthat I should tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.34,0:01:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you may not know
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.58,0:01:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the helmets that are worn\Nin bicycling and football
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.54,0:01:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many activities,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.22,0:01:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not designed or tested
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.82,0:01:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for how well they can protect\Nyour children against concussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.90,0:01:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're in fact designed and tested
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.66,0:01:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their ability to protect\Nagainst skull fracture.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.54,0:01:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I get this question\Nall the time from parents,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.18,0:01:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they ask me,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.78,0:01:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Would you let your own child\Nplay football?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.10,0:01:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, "Should I let my child play soccer?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.30,0:01:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that as a field,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.22,0:01:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're a long way from giving an answer\Nwith any kind of confidence there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.14,0:01:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I look at that question\Nfrom a bit of a different lens,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.74,0:01:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want to know,\Nhow can we prevent concussion?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.50,0:02:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that even possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.18,0:02:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most experts think that it's not,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.22,0:02:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the work that we're doing in my lab
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.46,0:02:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is starting to reveal more\Nof the details around concussion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.86,0:02:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can have\Na better understanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.66,0:02:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason we're able\Nto prevent skull fracture with helmets
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.54,0:02:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because it's pretty simple.\NWe know how it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.02,0:02:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Concussion has been\Nmuch more of a mystery.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.98,0:02:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to give you a sense of what might\Nbe happening in a concussion,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.94,0:02:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to show you the video here
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.90,0:02:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you see when you type into Google,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.46,0:02:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What is a concussion?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.90,0:02:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The CDC website comes up,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.58,0:02:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this video essentially\Ntells the whole story.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.06,0:02:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see is the head moves forward,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.50,0:02:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain lags behind,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.58,0:02:44.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the brain catches up
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.02,0:02:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and smashes into the skull,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.30,0:02:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it rebounds off the skull,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.50,0:02:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then proceeds to run\Ninto the other side of the skull.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.02,0:02:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you'll notice is highlighted\Nin this video from the CDC,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.66,0:03:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I'll note was funded by the NFL,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.14,0:03:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the outer surface of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.10,0:03:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it was to have\Nsmashed into the skull,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.42,0:03:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks like it's been damaged or injured,\Nso it's on the outer surface of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.38,0:03:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I'd like to do with this video
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.38,0:03:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to tell you that there are\Nsome aspects that are probably right,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.10,0:03:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indicative of what the scientists\Nthink happens with concussion,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.14,0:03:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's probably more\Nthat's wrong with this video.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.78,0:03:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one thing that I do agree with,\Nand I think most experts would,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.06,0:03:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the brain\Ndoes have these dynamics.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.10,0:03:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It does lag behind the skull
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.50,0:03:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then catch up and move\Nback and forth and oscillate.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.18,0:03:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That we think is true.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.46,0:03:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the amount of motion\Nyou see in the brain in this video
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.78,0:03:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is probably not right at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.38,0:03:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's very little room\Nin the cranial vault,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.82,0:03:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only a few millimeters,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.54,0:03:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's filled entirely\Nwith cerebral spinal fluid,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.74,0:03:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which acts as a protective layer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.94,0:03:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the brain as a whole probably\Nmoves very little inside the skull.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.22,0:03:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other problem with this video
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.30,0:03:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the brain is shown
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.06,0:04:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a kind of rigid whole\Nas it moves around,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.18,0:04:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's not true either.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.42,0:04:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your brain is one of the softest\Nsubstances in your body,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.86,0:04:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can think of it\Nkind of like jello.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.90,0:04:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as your head is moving back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.06,0:04:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain is twisting\Nand turning and contorting,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.94,0:04:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the tissue is getting stretched,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.18,0:04:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so most experts I think would agree
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.22,0:04:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that concussion is not likely\Nto be something that's happening
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.38,0:04:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this outer surface of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.22,0:04:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather it's something\Nthat's much deeper
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.34,0:04:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards the center of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.98,0:04:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the way that we're\Napproaching this problem
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.58,0:04:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to understand\Nthe mechanisms of concussion
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.94,0:04:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to figure out if we can prevent it
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.82,0:04:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we are using a device like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.66,0:04:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a mouthguard.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.66,0:04:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has sensors in it\Nthat are essentially the same
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.58,0:04:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are in your cell phone:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.94,0:04:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accelerometers, gyroscopes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.30,0:04:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when someone is struck in the head,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.22,0:04:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can tell you how their head moved
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.78,0:04:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a thousand samples per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.46,0:05:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The principle behind\Nthe mouthguard is this:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.18,0:05:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it fits onto your teeth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.46,0:05:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your teeth are one of the hardest\Nsubstances in your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.54,0:05:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it rigidly couples to your skull
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.62,0:05:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gives you the most precise\Npossible measurement
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.06,0:05:10.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how the skull moves.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.02,0:05:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People have tried\Nother approaches, with helmets.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.58,0:05:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've looked at other sensors\Nthat go on your skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.98,0:05:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they all simply move around too much,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.62,0:05:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we found that this\Nis the only reliable way
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.34,0:05:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take a good measurement.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.10,0:05:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now that we've got this device,\Nwe can go beyond studying cadavers,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.42,0:05:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you can only\Nlearn so much about concussion
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.86,0:05:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from studying a cadaver,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.10,0:05:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we want to learn\Nand study live humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.90,0:05:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where can we find\Na group of willing volunteers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.82,0:05:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go out and smash their heads\Ninto each other on a regular basis
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.10,0:05:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sustain concussion?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.34,0:05:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I was one of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.26,0:05:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's your local friendly\NStanford football team.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.34,0:05:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is our laboratory,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.98,0:05:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want to show you
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.70,0:05:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first concussion\Nwe measured with this device.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.90,0:06:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things that I should point out\Nis the device has this gyroscope in it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.18,0:06:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that allows you\Nto measure the rotation of the head.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.94,0:06:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most experts think\Nthat that's the critical factor
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.34,0:06:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might start to tell us\Nwhat is happening in concussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.22,0:06:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So please watch this video.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.98,0:06:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Announcer: Cougars bring\Nextra people late, but Luck has time,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.42,0:06:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Winslow is crushed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.82,0:06:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Announcer: I hope he's all right.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.42,0:06:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audience roars)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.26,0:06:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Announcer: Top of your screen,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.74,0:06:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll see him come on\Njust this little post route,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.18,0:06:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get separation, safety.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.94,0:06:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There it comes at you in real speed.\NYou'll hear this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.34,0:06:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Announcer: The hit delivered by --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.42,0:06:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,David Camarillo: Sorry, three times\Nis probably a little excessive there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.90,0:06:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you get the idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.18,0:06:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when you look at just the film here,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.02,0:06:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pretty much the only thing you can see\Nis he got hit really hard and he was hurt.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.86,0:07:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when we extract the data
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.54,0:07:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of the mouthguard that he was wearing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.56,0:07:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see much more detail,\Nmuch richer information.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.30,0:07:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things that we noticed here
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.74,0:07:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that he was struck\Nin the lower left side of his face mask.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.82,0:07:14.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that did something first\Nthat was a little counterintuitive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.02,0:07:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His head did not move to the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.74,0:07:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it rotated first to the left.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.70,0:07:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then as the neck began to compress,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.58,0:07:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the force of the blow caused it\Nto whip back to the right,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.70,0:07:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this left-right motion\Nwas sort of a whiplash type phenomenon
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.58,0:07:34.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we think that is probably\Nwhat led to the brain injury.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.02,0:07:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this device is only limited in such\Nthat it can measure the skull motion,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.82,0:07:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what we really want to know\Nis what's happening inside of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.26,0:07:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we collaborate with\NSvein Kleiven's group in Sweden.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.78,0:07:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've developed a finite element\Nmodel of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.38,0:07:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this is a simulation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.50,0:07:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the data from our mouthguard\Nfrom the injury I just showed you,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.86,0:07:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you see is the brain --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.90,0:07:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a cross-section right in the front
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.34,0:08:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the brain twisting\Nand contorting as I mentioned.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.14,0:08:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see this doesn't\Nlook a lot like the CDC video.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.06,0:08:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the colors that you're looking at
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.94,0:08:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are how much the brain tissue\Nis being stretched,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.10,0:08:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so the red is 50 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.82,0:08:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means the brain has been stretched\Nto 50 percent of its original length,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.50,0:08:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the tissue in that particular area.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.22,0:08:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the main thing I want to draw\Nyour attention to is this red spot.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.50,0:08:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the red spot is very close\Nto the center of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.98,0:08:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and relatively speaking,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.26,0:08:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't see a lot of colors like that\Non the exterior surface
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.94,0:08:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the CDC video showed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.66,0:08:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, to explain a little more detail
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.42,0:08:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how we think\Nconcussion might be happening,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.06,0:08:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one thing I should mention
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.38,0:08:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we and others have observed\Nthat a concussion is more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.62,0:08:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you're struck and your head\Nrotates in this direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.62,0:08:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is more common\Nin sports like football,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.90,0:08:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this seems to be more dangerous.\NSo what might be happening there?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.26,0:08:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, one thing that you'll notice\Nin the human brain
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.30,0:08:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is different than other animals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.06,0:09:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we have these two very large lobes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.54,0:09:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the right brain\Nand the left brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.78,0:09:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the key thing\Nto notice in this figure here
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.86,0:09:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that right down the center\Nof the right brain and the left brain
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.14,0:09:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a large fissure\Nthat goes deep into the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.10,0:09:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in that fissure,\Nwhat you can't see in this image,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.68,0:09:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll have to trust me,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.92,0:09:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a fibrous sheet of tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.64,0:09:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called the falx,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.88,0:09:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it runs from the front of your head\Nall the way to the back of your head,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.56,0:09:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's quite stiff.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.80,0:09:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what that allows for\Nis when you're struck
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.28,0:09:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your head rotates\Nin this left-right direction,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.36,0:09:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forces can rapidly transmit\Nright down to the center of your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.16,0:09:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what's there\Nat the bottom of this fissure?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.52,0:09:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the wiring of your brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.04,0:09:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact this red bundle\Nhere at the bottom of that fissure
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.68,0:09:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the single largest fiber bundle
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.68,0:09:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is the wiring that connects\Nthe right and left sides of your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.38,0:09:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called the corpus callosum,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.38,0:09:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we think that this might be
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.34,0:10:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most common\Nmechanisms of concussion,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.18,0:10:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as the forces move down,\Nthey strike the corpus callosum,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.90,0:10:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it causes a dissociation\Nbetween your right and your left brain
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.90,0:10:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and could explain some\Nof the symptoms of concussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.58,0:10:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This finding is also consistent\Nof what we've seen
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.42,0:10:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this brain disease that I mentioned,\Nchronic traumatic encephalopathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.46,0:10:26.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is an image of a middle-aged\Nex-professional football player,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.02,0:10:30.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the thing that I want to point out\Nis if you look at the corpus callosum,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.02,0:10:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'll page back here so you can see\Nthe size of a normal corpus callosum
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.08,0:10:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the size of the person here\Nwho has chronic traumatic encephalopathy,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.52,0:10:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is greatly atrophied.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.08,0:10:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the same goes\Nfor all of the space in the ventricles.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.44,0:10:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These ventricles are much larger.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.24,0:10:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so all of this tissue\Nnear the center of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.80,0:10:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has died off over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.04,0:10:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we're learning\Nis indeed consistent.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.52,0:10:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there is some good news here,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.20,0:11:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I hope to give you a sense\Nof hope by the end of this talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.68,0:11:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things that we've noticed,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.80,0:11:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically about\Nthis mechanism of injury,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.08,0:11:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is although there's a rapid transmission\Nof the forces down this fissure,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.16,0:11:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it still takes a defined amount of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.48,0:11:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we think is that if we can\Nslow the head down just enough
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.84,0:11:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the brain\Ndoes not lag behind the skull
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.08,0:11:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead it moves\Nin synchrony with the skull,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.68,0:11:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we might be able to prevent\Nthis mechanism of concussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.96,0:11:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how can we slow the head down?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.64,0:11:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.40,0:11:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A gigantic helmet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.44,0:11:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with more space, you have more time,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.32,0:11:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is a bit of a joke,\Nbut some of you may have seen this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.44,0:11:46.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is bubble soccer,\Nand it's a real sport.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.76,0:11:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I saw some young adults
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.44,0:11:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,playing this sport down the street\Nfrom my house the other day,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.44,0:11:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as far as I know\Nthere have been no reported concussions.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.36,0:11:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.40,0:11:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in all seriousness,\Nthis principle does work,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.84,0:12:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this has gone too far.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.24,0:12:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't something that's practical\Nfor bike riding or playing football,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.52,0:12:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we are collaborating\Nwith a company in Sweden called Hรถvding.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.92,0:12:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of you may have seen their work,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.28,0:12:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're using the same principle\Nof air to give you some extra space
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.68,0:12:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prevent concussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.32,0:12:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kids, don't try this at home please.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.08,0:12:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This stuntman does not have a helmet.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.60,0:12:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He instead has a neck collar,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.88,0:12:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this neck collar has sensors in it,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.48,0:12:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same type of sensors\Nthat are in our mouthguard,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.08,0:12:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it detects when he's likely\Nto have a fall,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.24,0:12:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's an airbag\Nthat explodes and triggers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.60,0:12:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same way that an airbag\Nworks in your car, essentially.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.40,0:12:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the experiments\Nwe've done in my lab with their device,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.36,0:12:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found that it can greatly reduce\Nthe risk of concussion in some scenarios
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.12,0:12:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to a normal bicycle helmet.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.28,0:12:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a pretty exciting development,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.12,0:13:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in order for us to actually realize\Nthe benefits of technology
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.84,0:13:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can prevent concussion,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.72,0:13:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it needs to meet regulations.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.68,0:13:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.40,0:13:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this device is for sale in Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.56,0:13:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is not for sale in the US,\Nand probably won't be any time soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.28,0:13:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I wanted to tell you why.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.84,0:13:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are some good reasons and then\Nthere are some not so good reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.64,0:13:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bike helmets are federally regulated.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.88,0:13:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Consumer Product Safety Commission\Nhas been given jurisdiction
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.64,0:13:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to approve any bike helmet for sale,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.52,0:13:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is the test they use.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.00,0:13:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is back to what I was telling you\Nat the beginning about skull fracture.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.68,0:13:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what this test is for.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.12,0:13:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's an important thing to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.88,0:13:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can save your life,\Nbut it's not sufficient, I would say.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.76,0:13:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, one thing\Nthis test doesn't evaluate
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.52,0:13:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it doesn't tell you\Nis that airbag going to trigger
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.36,0:13:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the right time and place,\Nand not trigger when it doesn't need to?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.28,0:13:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly, it's not going to tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.36,0:13:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this helmet likely\Nto prevent concussion or not?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.76,0:13:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you look at football helmets,\Nwhich aren't regulated,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.52,0:14:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they still have a very similar test.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.52,0:14:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not regulated\Nby the government, anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.80,0:14:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have an industry body,\Nwhich is the way most industries work.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.96,0:14:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this industry body, I can tell you,\Nhas been quite resistant
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.00,0:14:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to updating their standards.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.40,0:14:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in my lab, we are working on not only\Nthe mechanism of concussion,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.68,0:14:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we want to understand\Nhow can we have better test standards?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.16,0:14:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we hope that the government\Ncan use this type of information
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.72,0:14:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to encourage innovation
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.48,0:14:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by letting consumers know
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.12,0:14:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how protected are you with a given helmet.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.92,0:14:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to bring this back finally\Nto the original question I asked,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.32,0:14:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, would I feel comfortable\Nletting my child play football
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.68,0:14:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or ride a bicycle?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.44,0:14:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this might be just a result\Nof my own traumatic experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.80,0:14:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm much more nervous\Nabout my daughter Rose riding a bicycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.92,0:14:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she's a year and a half old,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.60,0:14:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's already, well, wants to anyway,\Nrace down the streets of San Francisco.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.08,0:14:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the bottom\Nof one of these streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.44,0:15:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so my personal goal\Nis to -- and I believe this is possible --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.68,0:15:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to further develop these technologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.76,0:15:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact, we're working\Non something in my lab in particular
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.76,0:15:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that really makes optimal use\Nof the given space of the helmet,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.74,0:15:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I am confident\Nthat we will be able to,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.24,0:15:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before she's ready to ride a two-wheeler,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.48,0:15:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have something available
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.88,0:15:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can in fact really reduce\Nthe risk of concussion
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.24,0:15:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and comply with regulatory bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.40,0:15:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what I'd like to do --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.04,0:15:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I know that this is for some of you\Nof more immediate nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.44,0:15:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got a couple years here --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.12,0:15:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to be able to tell parents\Nand grandparents when I'm asked,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.28,0:15:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is safe and healthy for your children\Nto engage in these activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.72,0:15:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm very fortunate\Nto have a wonderful team at Stanford
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.56,0:15:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's working hard on this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.48,0:15:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I hope to come back in a few years\Nwith the final story,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.60,0:15:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for now I will tell you,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.60,0:15:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please don't just be afraid\Nwhen you hear the word concussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.56,0:15:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is hope.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.80,0:15:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.04,0:15:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)