[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.50,0:00:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a bug lover, myself --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.52,0:00:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not from childhood, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.30,0:00:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather late.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.90,0:00:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I bachelored,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.30,0:00:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,majoring in zoology\Nat Tel Aviv University,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.02,0:00:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I kind of fell in love with bugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.18,0:00:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, within zoology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.94,0:00:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I took the course\Nor the discipline of entomology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.10,0:00:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the science of insects.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.74,0:00:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I thought to myself,\Nhow can I be practical
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.97,0:00:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or help in the science of entomology?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.30,0:00:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I moved to the world\Nof plant protection --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.56,0:00:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plant protection from insects,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.08,0:00:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from bad bugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.92,0:00:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then within plant protection,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.30,0:00:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I came into the discipline\Nof biological pest control,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.58,0:00:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we actually define
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.30,0:00:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the use of living organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.30,0:00:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce populations\Nof noxious plant pests.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.82,0:00:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a whole discipline\Nin plant protection
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.95,0:00:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aimed at the reduction of chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.20,0:01:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And biological pest control, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.27,0:01:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or these "good bugs"\Nthat we are talking about,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.06,0:01:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've existed in the world\Nfor thousands and thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.91,0:01:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a long, long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.54,0:01:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But only in the last 120 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.23,0:01:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people started, or people\Nknew more and more
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.64,0:01:20.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to exploit, or how to use,\Nthis biological control phenomenon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.05,0:01:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in fact, natural control phenomenon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.46,0:01:25.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their own needs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.18,0:01:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because biological control phenomenon --\Nyou can see it in your backyard.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.81,0:01:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just take a magnifying glass.\NYou see what I have here?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.79,0:01:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a magnifier, times 10.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.83,0:01:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just open it, twist leaves,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.85,0:01:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see a whole new world\Nof minute insects,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.30,0:01:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or little spiders of one millimeter,\None-and-a-half, two millimeters long,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.30,0:01:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can distinguish\Nbetween the good ones and the bad ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.32,0:01:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this phenomenon of natural control\Nexists literally everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.89,0:01:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, in front of this building, I'm sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.97,0:01:59.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just have a look at the plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.90,0:02:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's everywhere,\Nand we need to know how to exploit it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.07,0:02:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let's go hand by hand
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.07,0:02:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and browse through just a few examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.30,0:02:10.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is a pest?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.84,0:02:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What damage does it actually\Ninflict on the plant?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.17,0:02:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is the natural enemy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.46,0:02:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the biological control agent,\Nor the "good bug"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.46,0:02:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're talking about?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.69,0:02:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In general, I'm going to talk\Nabout insects and spiders,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.73,0:02:27.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or mites, let us call them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.97,0:02:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Insects, those six-legged organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.77,0:02:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and spiders or mites,\Nthe eight-legged organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.87,0:02:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have a look at that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.30,0:02:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a devastating pest, a spider mite,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.55,0:02:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it does a lot\Nof webbing, like a spider.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.80,0:02:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see the mother in between,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.35,0:02:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two daughters, probably,\Non the left and right,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.78,0:02:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a single egg on the right-hand side.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.87,0:02:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you see\Nwhat kind of damage it can inflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.38,0:02:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On your right-hand side,\Nyou can see a cucumber leaf,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.95,0:02:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the middle, a cotton leaf,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.42,0:02:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the left, a tomato leaf\Nwith these little stipplings.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.64,0:03:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can literally turn\Nfrom green to white,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.71,0:03:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the sucking, piercing\Nmouth parts of those spiders.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.76,0:03:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here comes nature,\Nthat provides us with a good spider.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.45,0:03:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a predatory mite --\Njust as small as a spider mite;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.86,0:03:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one, two millimeters long,\Nnot more than that --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.69,0:03:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,running quickly, hunting,\Nchasing the spider mites.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.12,0:03:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, you can see this lady\Nin action on your left-hand side --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.02,0:03:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just pierces, sucks the body fluids\Non the left-hand side of the pest mite.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.67,0:03:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after five minutes,\Nthis is what you see:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.30,0:03:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a typical dead corpse --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.64,0:03:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the shriveled, sucked-out,\Ndead corpse of the spider mite,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.30,0:03:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and next to it, two satiated\Nindividuals, predatory mites,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.19,0:03:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mother on the left-hand side,\Na young nymph on the right-hand side.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.71,0:03:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, a meal for them for 24 hours,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.66,0:03:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about five of the spider mites,\Nof the bad mites,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.93,0:04:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and-or 15 to 20 eggs of the pest mites.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.84,0:04:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, they are always hungry.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.30,0:04:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.56,0:04:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here is another example: aphids.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.89,0:04:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's springtime now in Israel.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.77,0:04:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When temperatures rise sharply,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.30,0:04:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see those bad ones,\Nthose aphids, all over the plants --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.60,0:04:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your hibiscus, in your lantana,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.30,0:04:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the young, fresh foliage\Nof the so-called spring flush.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.30,0:04:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, with aphids you have\Nonly females, like Amazons.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.30,0:04:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Females giving rise to females,\Ngiving rise to other females.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.75,0:04:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No males at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Parthenogenesis, as it's so called.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.46,0:04:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're very happy\Nwith that, apparently.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.60,0:04:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.65,0:04:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we can see the damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.30,0:04:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those aphids secrete a sticky,\Nsugary liquid called honeydew,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.08,0:04:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this just clogs\Nthe upper parts of the plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.13,0:04:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you see a typical cucumber leaf\Nthat turned from green to black
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.86,0:04:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of a black fungus, sooty mold,\Nwhich is covering it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.61,0:05:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here comes the salvation,\Nthrough this parasitic wasp.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.96,0:05:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we are not talking about a predator.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.08,0:05:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we are talking a parasite --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.57,0:05:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a two-legged parasite,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.47,0:05:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but an eight-legged parasite, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.50,0:05:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a parasitic wasp,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.30,0:05:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, two millimeters long, slender,\Na very quick and sharp flier.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.08,0:05:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here you can see\Nthis parasite in action,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.89,0:05:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like in an acrobatic maneuver.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.58,0:05:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She stands vis-à-vis
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.30,0:05:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of the victim\Nat the right-hand side,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.65,0:05:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bending its abdomen\Nand inserting a single egg
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.85,0:05:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the body fluids of the aphid.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.64,0:05:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, the aphid tries to escape.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.82,0:05:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She kicks and bites\Nand secretes different liquids,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.10,0:05:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nothing will happen, in fact --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.18,0:05:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only the egg of the parasitoid\Nwill be inserted
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.61,0:05:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the body fluids of the aphid.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.77,0:05:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after a few days,\Ndepending upon temperature,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.73,0:05:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the egg will hatch
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.17,0:06:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the larva of this parasite\Nwill eat the aphid from the inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.17,0:06:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.24,0:06:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is all natural. This is all natural.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.51,0:06:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not fiction, nothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.53,0:06:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again -- in your backyard.\NIn your backyard.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.51,0:06:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.04,0:06:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.53,0:06:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is the end result: mummies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.09,0:06:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the visual result\Nof a dead aphid encompassing inside,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.30,0:06:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a developing parasitoid that,\Nafter a few minutes, you see halfway out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.22,0:06:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The birth is almost complete.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.45,0:06:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see, by the way,\Nin different movies, etc.,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.65,0:06:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes just a few minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.30,0:06:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if this is a female,\Nshe'll immediately mate with a male
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.83,0:06:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and off she goes,\Nbecause time is very short.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.69,0:06:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This female can live\Nonly three to four days,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.30,0:06:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she needs to give rise\Nto around 400 eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.19,0:06:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means she has 400 bad aphids
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.61,0:06:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to put her eggs into their body fluids.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.20,0:06:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is, of course, not the end of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.20,0:07:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a whole wealth\Nof other natural enemies
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.61,0:07:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is just the last example.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.30,0:07:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, we'll start first with the pest:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.82,0:07:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thrips.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.30,0:07:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, all these weird names --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.63,0:07:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't bother you with the Latin\Nnames of these creatures,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.15,0:07:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just the popular names.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.41,0:07:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is a nice,\Nslender, very bad pest.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.55,0:07:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you can see this: sweet peppers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.92,0:07:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not just an exotic,\Nornamental sweet pepper.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.94,0:07:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a sweet pepper\Nwhich is not consumable
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.52,0:07:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is suffering\Nfrom a viral disease
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.30,0:07:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transmitted by those thrip adults.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.91,0:07:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here comes the natural enemy,\Nminute pirate bug --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.45,0:07:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"minute," because it is rather small.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.05,0:07:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you can see the adult,\Nblack, and two young ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.50,0:07:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, in action.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.07,0:07:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This adult pierces the thrips,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.61,0:07:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sucking it within just several minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.88,0:07:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to the other prey,\Ncontinuing all over the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.14,0:07:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we spread those minute\Npirate bugs, the good ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.46,0:08:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example, in a sweet pepper plot,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.38,0:08:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they go to the flowers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.97,0:08:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And look -- this flower is flooded\Nwith predatory bugs, with the good ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.08,0:08:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after wiping out the bad ones, the thrips.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.30,0:08:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a very positive situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.91,0:08:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No harm to the developing fruit.\NNo harm to the fruit set.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.23,0:08:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything is just fine\Nunder these circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.04,0:08:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again, the question is,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.53,0:08:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here you saw them on a one-to-one basis --\Nthe pest, the natural enemy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.10,0:08:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we do is actually this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.54,0:08:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Northeast Israel,\Nin Kibbutz Sde Eliyahu,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.100,0:08:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a facility that mass-produces\Nthose natural enemies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.71,0:08:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, what we do there\Nis amplify the natural control,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.21,0:08:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the biological control phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.21,0:08:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 30,000 square meters\Nof state-of-the-art greenhouses,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.12,0:08:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there, we are mass-producing\Nthose predatory mites,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.44,0:08:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those minute pirate bugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.16,0:08:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those parasitic wasps, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.08,0:09:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many different parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.43,0:09:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, they have\Na very nice landscape --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.71,0:09:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see the Jordanian Mountains\Non the one hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.11,0:09:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Jordan Valley on the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.11,0:09:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a good, mild winter\Nand a nice, hot summer,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.19,0:09:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is an excellent condition\Nto mass-produce those creatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.21,0:09:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the way, mass-production --\Nit is not genetic manipulation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.47,0:09:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are no GMOs -- genetically\Nmodified organisms -- whatsoever.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.54,0:09:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take them from nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.30,0:09:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the only thing that we do\Nis give them the optimal conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.62,0:09:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the greenhouses\Nor in the climate rooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.30,0:09:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to proliferate,\Nmultiply and reproduce.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.37,0:09:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what we get.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.08,0:09:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see under a microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.96,0:09:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see in the upper left corner?\NYou see a single predatory mite.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.13,0:09:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the whole bunch\Nof predatory mites.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.55,0:09:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see this ampul. You see this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.89,0:09:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have one gram of those predatory mites.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.39,0:09:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One gram is 80,000 individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.50,0:10:02.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,80,000 individuals are good enough\Nto control one acre,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.11,0:10:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,4,000 square meters,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.98,0:10:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a strawberry plot
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.85,0:10:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against spider mites for the whole season
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.80,0:10:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of almost one year.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.98,0:10:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can produce\Nfrom this, believe you me,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.55,0:10:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several dozens of kilograms\Non an annual basis.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.98,0:10:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what I call\Namplification of the phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.21,0:10:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And no, we do not disrupt the balance.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.04,0:10:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the contrary,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.30,0:10:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we bring it to every cultural plot
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.21,0:10:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the balance was already disrupted
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.98,0:10:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.30,0:10:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we come with those natural enemies
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.20,0:10:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to reverse\Na little bit of the wheel
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.13,0:10:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to bring more natural balance\Nto the agricultural plot
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.14,0:10:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by reducing those chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.00,0:10:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the whole idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.58,0:10:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is the impact?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.04,0:10:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this table, you can\Nactually see what is an impact
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.30,0:10:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a successful biological\Ncontrol by good bugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.65,0:11:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, in Israel, where we employ\Nmore than 1,000 hectares --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.04,0:11:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10,000 dunams in Israeli terms --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.74,0:11:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of biological pests\Ncontrolling sweet pepper
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.39,0:11:09.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under protection,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.94,0:11:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,75 percent of the pesticides\Nwere actually reduced.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.62,0:11:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Israeli strawberries, even more --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.12,0:11:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,80 percent of the pesticides,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.92,0:11:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially those aimed\Nagainst pest mites in strawberries.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.85,0:11:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the impact is very strong.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.98,0:11:28.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there goes the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.16,0:11:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially if you ask\Ngrowers, agriculturists:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.16,0:11:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why biological control?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.87,0:11:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why good bugs?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.68,0:11:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, the number of answers you get
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.47,0:11:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equals the number of people you ask.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.05,0:11:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we go, for example,\Nto this place, Southeast Israel,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.64,0:11:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Arava area\Nabove the Great Rift Valley,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.14,0:11:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the pearl of Israeli\Nagriculture is located,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.20,0:11:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially under greenhouse conditions,\Nor under screenhouse conditions --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.82,0:12:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you drive all the way\Nto Eilat, you see this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.64,0:12:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the middle of the desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.57,0:12:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you zoom in,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.10,0:12:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can definitely watch this:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.20,0:12:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grandparents with their grandchildren,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.41,0:12:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distributing the natural\Nenemies, the good bugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.30,0:12:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of wearing special clothes
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.70,0:12:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gas masks and applying chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.48,0:12:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So safety, with respect\Nto the application,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.10,0:12:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the number one answer\Nthat we get from growers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.54,0:12:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for "Why biological control?"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.69,0:12:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Number two, many growers\Nare, in fact, petrified
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.68,0:12:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the idea of resistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.89,0:12:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the pests will become\Nresistant to the chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.47,0:12:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like in our case, that bacteria\Nbecomes resistant to antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.30,0:12:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the same, and it can\Nhappen very quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.91,0:12:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, in either biological control\Nor even natural control,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.30,0:12:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resistance is extremely rare.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.94,0:12:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It hardly happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.51,0:12:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because this is evolution,\Nthis is the natural ratio,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.89,0:13:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unlike resistance, which happens\Nin the case of chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.77,0:13:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thirdly, public demand.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.24,0:13:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more the public demands\Nthe reduction of chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.06,0:13:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more growers become aware of the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.93,0:13:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they should, wherever they can\Nand wherever possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.70,0:13:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,replace the chemical control\Nwith biological control.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.73,0:13:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even here, there is another grower,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.82,0:13:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see, very interested in the bugs,\Nthe bad ones and the good ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.57,0:13:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wearing this magnifier\Nalready on her head,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.79,0:13:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just walking safely in her crop.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.87,0:13:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, I want to get to my vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.15,0:13:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, in fact, to my dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.61,0:13:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, you see, this is the reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.66,0:13:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a look at the gap.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.16,0:13:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we take the overall turnover
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.30,0:13:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the biocontrol industry worldwide,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.77,0:13:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's 250 million dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.76,0:13:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And look at the overall pesticide industry
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.88,0:13:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all the crops throughout the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.08,0:13:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's times 100\Nor something like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.97,0:13:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty-five billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.70,0:14:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there is a huge gap to bridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.30,0:14:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So actually, how can we do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.99,0:14:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we bridge, or let's say,\Nnarrow, this gap over the years?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.89,0:14:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, we need to find more robust,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.66,0:14:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good and reliable biological solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.30,0:14:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more good bugs that we can\Neither mass-produce
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.95,0:14:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or actually conserve in the field.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.01,0:14:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, to create even more intensive\Nand strict public demand
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.62,0:14:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the reduction of chemicals\Nin agricultural fresh produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.72,0:14:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thirdly, also to increase\Nawareness by the growers
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.50,0:14:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the potential of this industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.30,0:14:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this gap really narrows.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.82,0:14:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Step by step, it does narrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.56,0:14:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think my last slide is:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.79,0:14:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All we are saying --\Nwe can actually sing it --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.08,0:14:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Give nature a chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.89,0:14:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm saying it on behalf\Nof all the biocontrol practitioners
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.08,0:14:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and implementers,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.42,0:14:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Israel and abroad,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.67,0:14:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really give nature a chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.72,0:15:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.90,0:15:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)