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I'm a bug lover, myself --

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not from childhood, by the way,

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but rather late.

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When I bachelored,

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majoring in zoology
at Tel Aviv University,

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I kind of fell in love with bugs.

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And then, within zoology,

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I took the course
or the discipline of entomology,

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the science of insects.

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And then I thought to myself,
how can I be practical

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or help in the science of entomology?

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And then I moved to the world
of plant protection --

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plant protection from insects,

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from bad bugs.

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And then within plant protection,

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I came into the discipline
of biological pest control,

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which we actually define

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as the use of living organisms

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to reduce populations
of noxious plant pests.

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So it's a whole discipline
in plant protection

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aimed at the reduction of chemicals.

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And biological pest control, by the way,

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or these "good bugs"
that we are talking about,

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they've existed in the world
for thousands and thousands of years,

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for a long, long time.

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But only in the last 120 years,

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people started, or people
knew more and more

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how to exploit, or how to use,
this biological control phenomenon,

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or in fact, natural control phenomenon,

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for their own needs.

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Because biological control phenomenon --
you can see it in your backyard.

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Just take a magnifying glass.
You see what I have here?

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That's a magnifier, times 10.

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You just open it, twist leaves,

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and you see a whole new world
of minute insects,

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or little spiders of one millimeter,
one-and-a-half, two millimeters long,

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and you can distinguish
between the good ones and the bad ones.

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So this phenomenon of natural control
exists literally everywhere.

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Here, in front of this building, I'm sure.

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Just have a look at the plants.

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So it's everywhere,
and we need to know how to exploit it.

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Well, let's go hand by hand

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and browse through just a few examples.

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What is a pest?

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What damage does it actually
inflict on the plant?

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And what is the natural enemy,

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the biological control agent,
or the "good bug"

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that we're talking about?

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In general, I'm going to talk
about insects and spiders,

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or mites, let us call them.

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Insects, those six-legged organisms

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and spiders or mites,
the eight-legged organisms.

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Let's have a look at that.

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Here is a devastating pest, a spider mite,

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because it does a lot
of webbing, like a spider.

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You see the mother in between,

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and two daughters, probably,
on the left and right,

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and a single egg on the right-hand side.

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And then you see
what kind of damage it can inflict.

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On your right-hand side,
you can see a cucumber leaf,

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in the middle, a cotton leaf,

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and on the left, a tomato leaf
with these little stipplings.

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They can literally turn
from green to white,

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because of the sucking, piercing
mouth parts of those spiders.

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But here comes nature,
that provides us with a good spider.

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This is a predatory mite --
just as small as a spider mite;

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one, two millimeters long,
not more than that --

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running quickly, hunting,
chasing the spider mites.

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And here, you can see this lady
in action on your left-hand side --

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just pierces, sucks the body fluids
on the left-hand side of the pest mite.

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And after five minutes,
this is what you see:

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just a typical dead corpse --

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the shriveled, sucked-out,
dead corpse of the spider mite,

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and next to it, two satiated
individuals, predatory mites,

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a mother on the left-hand side,
a young nymph on the right-hand side.

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By the way, a meal for them for 24 hours,

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is about five of the spider mites,
of the bad mites,

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and-or 15 to 20 eggs of the pest mites.

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By the way, they are always hungry.

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(Laughter)

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And here is another example: aphids.

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It's springtime now in Israel.

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When temperatures rise sharply,

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you can see those bad ones,
those aphids, all over the plants --

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in your hibiscus, in your lantana,

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in the young, fresh foliage
of the so-called spring flush.

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By the way, with aphids you have
only females, like Amazons.

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Females giving rise to females,
giving rise to other females.

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No males at all.

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Parthenogenesis, as it's so called.

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And they're very happy
with that, apparently.

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(Laughter)

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Here we can see the damage.

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Those aphids secrete a sticky,
sugary liquid called honeydew,

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and this just clogs
the upper parts of the plant.

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Here you see a typical cucumber leaf
that turned from green to black

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because of a black fungus, sooty mold,
which is covering it.

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And here comes the salvation,
through this parasitic wasp.

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Here we are not talking about a predator.

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Here we are talking a parasite --

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not a two-legged parasite,

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but an eight-legged parasite, of course.

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This is a parasitic wasp,

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again, two millimeters long, slender,
a very quick and sharp flier.

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And here you can see
this parasite in action,

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like in an acrobatic maneuver.

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She stands vis-à-vis

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in front of the victim
at the right-hand side,

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bending its abdomen
and inserting a single egg

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into the body fluids of the aphid.

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By the way, the aphid tries to escape.

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She kicks and bites
and secretes different liquids,

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but nothing will happen, in fact --

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only the egg of the parasitoid
will be inserted

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into the body fluids of the aphid.

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And after a few days,
depending upon temperature,

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the egg will hatch

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and the larva of this parasite
will eat the aphid from the inside.

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(Laughter)

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This is all natural. This is all natural.

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This is not fiction, nothing at all.

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Again -- in your backyard.
In your backyard.

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(Laughter)

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(Applause)

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But this is the end result: mummies.

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This is the visual result
of a dead aphid encompassing inside,

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a developing parasitoid that,
after a few minutes, you see halfway out.

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The birth is almost complete.

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You can see, by the way,
in different movies, etc.,

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it takes just a few minutes.

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And if this is a female,
she'll immediately mate with a male

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and off she goes,
because time is very short.

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This female can live
only three to four days,

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and she needs to give rise
to around 400 eggs.

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That means she has 400 bad aphids

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to put her eggs into their body fluids.

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This is, of course, not the end of it.

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There is a whole wealth
of other natural enemies

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and this is just the last example.

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Again, we'll start first with the pest:

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the thrips.

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By the way, all these weird names --

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I didn't bother you with the Latin
names of these creatures,

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just the popular names.

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But this is a nice,
slender, very bad pest.

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If you can see this: sweet peppers.

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This is not just an exotic,
ornamental sweet pepper.

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This is a sweet pepper
which is not consumable

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because it is suffering
from a viral disease

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transmitted by those thrip adults.

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And here comes the natural enemy,
minute pirate bug --

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"minute," because it is rather small.

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Here you can see the adult,
black, and two young ones.

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And again, in action.

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This adult pierces the thrips,

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sucking it within just several minutes,

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going to the other prey,
continuing all over the place.

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And if we spread those minute
pirate bugs, the good ones,

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for example, in a sweet pepper plot,

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they go to the flowers.

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And look -- this flower is flooded
with predatory bugs, with the good ones,

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after wiping out the bad ones, the thrips.

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So this is a very positive situation.

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No harm to the developing fruit.
No harm to the fruit set.

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Everything is just fine
under these circumstances.

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But again, the question is,

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here you saw them on a one-to-one basis --
the pest, the natural enemy.

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What we do is actually this.

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In Northeast Israel,
in Kibbutz Sde Eliyahu,

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there is a facility that mass-produces
those natural enemies.

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In other words, what we do there
is amplify the natural control,

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or the biological control phenomenon.

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And in 30,000 square meters
of state-of-the-art greenhouses,

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there, we are mass-producing
those predatory mites,

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those minute pirate bugs,

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those parasitic wasps, etc.

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Many different parts.

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By the way, they have
a very nice landscape --

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you see the Jordanian Mountains
on the one hand,

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and the Jordan Valley on the other hand,

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and a good, mild winter
and a nice, hot summer,

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which is an excellent condition
to mass-produce those creatures.

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And by the way, mass-production --
it is not genetic manipulation.

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There are no GMOs -- genetically
modified organisms -- whatsoever.

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We take them from nature,

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and the only thing that we do
is give them the optimal conditions,

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under the greenhouses
or in the climate rooms,

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in order to proliferate,
multiply and reproduce.

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And that's what we get.

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You see under a microscope.

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You see in the upper left corner?
You see a single predatory mite.

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And this is the whole bunch
of predatory mites.

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You see this ampul. You see this one.

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I have one gram of those predatory mites.

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One gram is 80,000 individuals.

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80,000 individuals are good enough
to control one acre,

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4,000 square meters,

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of a strawberry plot

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against spider mites for the whole season

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of almost one year.

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And we can produce
from this, believe you me,

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several dozens of kilograms
on an annual basis.

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So this is what I call
amplification of the phenomenon.

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And no, we do not disrupt the balance.

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On the contrary,

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because we bring it to every cultural plot

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where the balance was already disrupted

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by the chemicals.

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Here we come with those natural enemies

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in order to reverse
a little bit of the wheel

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and to bring more natural balance
to the agricultural plot

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by reducing those chemicals.

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That's the whole idea.

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And what is the impact?

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In this table, you can
actually see what is an impact

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00:10:52,300 --> 00:10:56,028
of a successful biological
control by good bugs.

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For example, in Israel, where we employ
more than 1,000 hectares --

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00:11:03,041 --> 00:11:05,716
10,000 dunams in Israeli terms --

219
00:11:05,740 --> 00:11:08,365
of biological pests
controlling sweet pepper

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00:11:08,389 --> 00:11:09,913
under protection,

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00:11:09,937 --> 00:11:13,592
75 percent of the pesticides
were actually reduced.

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00:11:13,616 --> 00:11:16,101
And Israeli strawberries, even more --

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80 percent of the pesticides,

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especially those aimed
against pest mites in strawberries.

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So the impact is very strong.

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And there goes the question,

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especially if you ask
growers, agriculturists:

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Why biological control?

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Why good bugs?

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By the way, the number of answers you get

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equals the number of people you ask.

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But if we go, for example,
to this place, Southeast Israel,

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the Arava area
above the Great Rift Valley,

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where the pearl of Israeli
agriculture is located,

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especially under greenhouse conditions,
or under screenhouse conditions --

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if you drive all the way
to Eilat, you see this

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just in the middle of the desert.

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And if you zoom in,

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you can definitely watch this:

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grandparents with their grandchildren,

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00:12:08,407 --> 00:12:11,276
distributing the natural
enemies, the good bugs,

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00:12:11,300 --> 00:12:13,673
instead of wearing special clothes

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and gas masks and applying chemicals.

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So safety, with respect
to the application,

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is the number one answer
that we get from growers,

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00:12:22,538 --> 00:12:24,511
for "Why biological control?"

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Number two, many growers
are, in fact, petrified

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by the idea of resistance,

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that the pests will become
resistant to the chemicals,

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just like in our case, that bacteria
becomes resistant to antibiotics.

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It's the same, and it can
happen very quickly.

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Fortunately, in either biological control
or even natural control,

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resistance is extremely rare.

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It hardly happens.

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Because this is evolution,
this is the natural ratio,

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unlike resistance, which happens
in the case of chemicals.

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And thirdly, public demand.

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The more the public demands
the reduction of chemicals,

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the more growers become aware of the fact

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that they should, wherever they can
and wherever possible,

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replace the chemical control
with biological control.

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Even here, there is another grower,

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you see, very interested in the bugs,
the bad ones and the good ones,

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wearing this magnifier
already on her head,

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just walking safely in her crop.

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Finally, I want to get to my vision,

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or, in fact, to my dream.

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Because, you see, this is the reality.

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Have a look at the gap.

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If we take the overall turnover

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of the biocontrol industry worldwide,

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it's 250 million dollars.

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And look at the overall pesticide industry

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in all the crops throughout the world.

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I think it's times 100
or something like that.

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Twenty-five billion.

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So there is a huge gap to bridge.

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So actually, how can we do it?

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How can we bridge, or let's say,
narrow, this gap over the years?

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First of all, we need to find more robust,

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good and reliable biological solutions,

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more good bugs that we can
either mass-produce

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or actually conserve in the field.

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Secondly, to create even more intensive
and strict public demand

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for the reduction of chemicals
in agricultural fresh produce.

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00:14:31,716 --> 00:14:35,474
And thirdly, also to increase
awareness by the growers

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to the potential of this industry.

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And this gap really narrows.

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Step by step, it does narrow.

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So I think my last slide is:

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All we are saying --
we can actually sing it --

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Give nature a chance.

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I'm saying it on behalf
of all the biocontrol practitioners

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and implementers,

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in Israel and abroad,

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really give nature a chance.

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Thank you.

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(Applause)