[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.91,0:00:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.21,0:00:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was on an airplane with my son\Nwho was just five years old at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.24,0:00:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My son was so excited\Nabout being on this airplane with Mommy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.36,0:00:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's looking all around\Nand he's checking things out
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.33,0:00:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's checking people out.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.19,0:00:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he sees this man, and he says,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.84,0:00:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey! That guy looks like Daddy!"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.88,0:00:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I look at the man,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.83,0:00:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he didn't look anything\Nat all like my husband,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.58,0:00:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.46,0:00:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so then I start\Nlooking around on the plane,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.82,0:00:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I notice this man was\Nthe only black guy on the plane.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.87,0:00:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.31,0:00:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Alright.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.37,0:00:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to have to have\Na little talk with my son
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.92,0:00:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how not all\Nblack people look alike."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.87,0:00:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My son, he lifts his head up,\Nand he says to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.25,0:00:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I hope he doesn't rob the plane."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.36,0:01:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "What? What did you say?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.90,0:01:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he says, "Well, I hope that man\Ndoesn't rob the plane."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.20,0:01:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "Well, why would you say that?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.49,0:01:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know Daddy wouldn't rob a plane."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.17,0:01:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he says, "Yeah, yeah,\Nyeah, well, I know."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.18,0:01:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "Well,\Nwhy would you say that?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.35,0:01:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he looked at me\Nwith this really sad face,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.17,0:01:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he says,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.89,0:01:28.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I don't know why I said that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.60,0:01:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know why I was thinking that."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.72,0:01:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are living with such severe\Nracial stratification
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.27,0:01:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that even a five-year-old can tell us\Nwhat's supposed to happen next,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.99,0:01:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even with no evildoer,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.12,0:01:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even with no explicit hatred.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.18,0:01:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This association between\Nblackness and crime
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.12,0:01:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made its way into the mind\Nof my five-year-old.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.79,0:02:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes its way into all of our children,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.20,0:02:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into all of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.79,0:02:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our minds are shaped by\Nthe racial disparities
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.34,0:02:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see out in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.75,0:02:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the narratives that help us\Nto make sense of the disparities we see:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.64,0:02:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Those people are criminal."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.19,0:02:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Those people are violent."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.14,0:02:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Those people are to be feared."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.81,0:02:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When my research team\Nbrought people into our lab
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.03,0:02:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exposed them to faces,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.34,0:02:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found that exposure to black faces\Nled them to see blurry images of guns
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.36,0:02:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with greater clarity and speed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.64,0:02:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bias cannot only control what we see,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.02,0:02:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but where we look.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.69,0:02:52.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found that prompting people\Nto think of violent crime
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.16,0:02:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can lead them to direct their eyes\Nonto a black face
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.48,0:02:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and away from a white face.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.63,0:03:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prompting police officers\Nto think of capturing and shooting
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.50,0:03:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and arresting
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.75,0:03:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leads their eyes to settle\Non black faces, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.63,0:03:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bias can infect every aspect\Nof our criminal justice system.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.10,0:03:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a large data set\Nof death-eligible defendants,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.06,0:03:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found that looking more black\Nmore than doubled their chances
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.44,0:03:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of receiving a death sentence --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.49,0:03:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least when their victims were white.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.94,0:03:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This effect is significant,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.41,0:03:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though we controlled\Nfor the severity of the crime
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.73,0:03:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the defendant's attractiveness.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.04,0:03:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And no matter what we controlled for,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.71,0:03:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found that black\Npeople were punished
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.08,0:03:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in proportion to the blackness\Nof their physical features:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.43,0:03:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more black,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.33,0:03:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more death-worthy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.11,0:03:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bias can also influence\Nhow teachers discipline students.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.78,0:03:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleagues and I have found\Nthat teachers express a desire
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.21,0:03:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discipline a black\Nmiddle school student more harshly
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.80,0:04:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a white student
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.99,0:04:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the same repeated infractions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.59,0:04:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a recent study,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.91,0:04:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're finding that teachers\Ntreat black students as a group
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.29,0:04:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but white students as individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.13,0:04:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If, for example,\None black student misbehaves
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.75,0:04:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then a different black student\Nmisbehaves a few days later,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.56,0:04:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the teacher responds\Nto that second black student
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.81,0:04:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if he had misbehaved twice.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.95,0:04:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as though the sins of one child
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.79,0:04:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get piled onto the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.99,0:04:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We create categories\Nto make sense of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.30,0:04:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to assert some control and coherence
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.81,0:04:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the stimuli that we're constantly\Nbeing bombarded with.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.93,0:04:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Categorization and the bias that it seeds
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.92,0:04:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allow our brains to make judgments\Nmore quickly and efficiently,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.96,0:04:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we do this by instinctively\Nrelying on patterns
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.39,0:04:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that seem predictable.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.08,0:05:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, just as the categories we create\Nallow us to make quick decisions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.05,0:05:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they also reinforce bias.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.58,0:05:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the very things that help us\Nto see the world
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.10,0:05:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also can blind us to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.51,0:05:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They render our choices effortless,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.31,0:05:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,friction-free.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.96,0:05:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet they exact a heavy toll.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.16,0:05:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what can we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.51,0:05:26.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are all vulnerable to bias,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.02,0:05:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we don't act on bias all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.73,0:05:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are certain conditions\Nthat can bring bias alive
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.39,0:05:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other conditions that can muffle it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.95,0:05:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.66,0:05:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people are familiar\Nwith the tech company Nextdoor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.07,0:05:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, their whole purpose is to create\Nstronger, healthier, safer neighborhoods.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.47,0:05:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they offer this online space
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.41,0:05:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where neighbors can gather\Nand share information.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.59,0:06:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, Nextdoor soon found\Nthat they had a problem
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.74,0:06:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with racial profiling.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.01,0:06:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the typical case,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.00,0:06:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people would look outside their window
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.42,0:06:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see a black man\Nin their otherwise white neighborhood
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.50,0:06:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make the snap judgment\Nthat he was up to no good,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.24,0:06:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when there was no evidence\Nof criminal wrongdoing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.61,0:06:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many ways, how we behave online
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.57,0:06:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a reflection of how\Nwe behave in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.12,0:06:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we don't want to do\Nis create an easy-to-use system
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.09,0:06:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can amplify bias\Nand deepen racial disparities,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.13,0:06:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than dismantling them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.86,0:06:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the cofounder of Nextdoor\Nreached out to me and to others
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.32,0:06:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to figure out what to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.47,0:06:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they realized that\Nto curb racial profiling on the platform,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.44,0:06:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were going to have to add friction;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.39,0:06:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is, they were going\Nto have to slow people down.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.07,0:06:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Nextdoor had a choice to make,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.29,0:06:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and against every impulse,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.79,0:06:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they decided to add friction.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.40,0:07:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they did this by adding\Na simple checklist.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.86,0:07:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were three items on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.11,0:07:09.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, they asked users to pause
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.08,0:07:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think, "What was this person doing\Nthat made him suspicious?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.88,0:07:19.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The category "black man"\Nis not grounds for suspicion.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.43,0:07:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, they asked users to describe\Nthe person's physical features,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.60,0:07:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not simply their race and gender.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.64,0:07:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Third, they realized that a lot of people
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.05,0:07:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't seem to know\Nwhat racial profiling was,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.00,0:07:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor that they were engaging in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.46,0:07:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Nextdoor provided them\Nwith a definition
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.68,0:07:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and told them that it was\Nstrictly prohibited.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.07,0:07:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of you have seen\Nthose signs in airports
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.71,0:07:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in metro stations,\N"If you see something, say something."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.93,0:07:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nextdoor tried modifying this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.58,0:07:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If you see something suspicious,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.18,0:07:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say something specific."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.49,0:08:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And using this strategy,\Nby simply slowing people down,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.96,0:08:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nextdoor was able to curb\Nracial profiling by 75 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.50,0:08:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, people often will say to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.61,0:08:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You can't add friction\Nin every situation, in every context,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.35,0:08:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and especially for people who make\Nsplit-second decisions all the time."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.73,0:08:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out we can add friction
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.32,0:08:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to more situations than we think.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.03,0:08:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Working with the Oakland Police Department
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.13,0:08:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in California,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.57,0:08:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I and a number of my colleagues\Nwere able to help the department
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.45,0:08:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce the number of stops they made
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.14,0:08:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people who were not\Ncommitting any serious crimes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.77,0:08:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did this by pushing officers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.16,0:08:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ask themselves a question\Nbefore each and every stop they made:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.45,0:08:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Is this stop intelligence-led,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.49,0:08:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes or no?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.35,0:08:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.62,0:09:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do I have prior information\Nto tie this particular person
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.13,0:09:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a specific crime?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.59,0:09:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By adding that question
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.07,0:09:09.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the form officers complete\Nduring a stop,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.17,0:09:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they slow down, they pause,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.00,0:09:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they think, "Why am I considering\Npulling this person over?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.72,0:09:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2017, before we added that\Nintelligence-led question to the form,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.66,0:09:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,officers made about 32,000 stops\Nacross the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.62,0:09:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that next year,\Nwith the addition of this question,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.76,0:09:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fell to 19,000 stops.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.23,0:09:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,African-American stops alone\Nfell by 43 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.90,0:09:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And stopping fewer black people\Ndid not make the city any more dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.37,0:09:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the crime rate continued to fall,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.12,0:09:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the city became safer for everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.49,0:09:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one solution can come from reducing\Nthe number of unnecessary stops.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.28,0:10:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another can come from improving\Nthe quality of the stops
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.58,0:10:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,officers do make.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.51,0:10:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And technology can help us here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.13,0:10:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all know about George Floyd's death,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.50,0:10:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because those who tried to come to his aid\Nheld cell phone cameras
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.30,0:10:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to record that horrific, fatal\Nencounter with the police.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.75,0:10:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have all sorts of technology\Nthat we're not putting to good use.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.80,0:10:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Police departments across the country
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.33,0:10:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now required to wear body-worn cameras
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.91,0:10:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we have recordings of not only\Nthe most extreme and horrific encounters
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.86,0:10:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but of everyday interactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.64,0:10:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With an interdisciplinary\Nteam at Stanford,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.44,0:10:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've begun to use\Nmachine learning techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.15,0:10:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to analyze large numbers of encounters.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.54,0:10:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is to better understand\Nwhat happens in routine traffic stops.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.18,0:10:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we found was that
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.36,0:10:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when police officers\Nare behaving professionally,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.86,0:11:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they speak to black drivers\Nless respectfully than white drivers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.05,0:11:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, from the words\Nofficers use alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.15,0:11:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could predict whether they were talking\Nto a black driver or a white driver.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.34,0:11:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is that the vast majority\Nof the footage from these cameras
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.12,0:11:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not used by police departments
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.23,0:11:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand what's\Ngoing on on the street
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.53,0:11:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to train officers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.55,0:11:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a shame.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.80,0:11:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does a routine stop\Nturn into a deadly encounter?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.61,0:11:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did this happen\Nin George Floyd's case?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.59,0:11:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did it happen in others?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.69,0:11:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When my eldest son was 16 years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.11,0:11:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he discovered that\Nwhen white people look at him,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.28,0:11:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they feel fear.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.12,0:11:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Elevators are the worst, he said.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.31,0:11:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When those doors close,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.67,0:11:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people are trapped in this tiny space
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.78,0:12:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with someone they have been taught\Nto associate with danger.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.74,0:12:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My son senses their discomfort,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.99,0:12:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he smiles to put them at ease,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.17,0:12:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to calm their fears.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.35,0:12:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he speaks,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.32,0:12:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their bodies relax.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.44,0:12:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They breathe easier.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.37,0:12:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They take pleasure in his cadence,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.92,0:12:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his diction, his word choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.99,0:12:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He sounds like one of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.85,0:12:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I used to think that my son\Nwas a natural extrovert like his father.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.61,0:12:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I realized at that moment,\Nin that conversation,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.14,0:12:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that his smile was not a sign\Nthat he wanted to connect
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.24,0:12:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with would-be strangers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.92,0:12:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a talisman he used\Nto protect himself,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.60,0:12:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a survival skill he had honed\Nover thousands of elevator rides.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.39,0:12:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was learning to accommodate the tension\Nthat his skin color generated
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.03,0:13:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that put his own life at risk.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.62,0:13:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that the brain is wired for bias,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.43,0:13:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one way to interrupt that bias\Nis to pause and to reflect
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.92,0:13:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the evidence of our assumptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.24,0:13:14.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need to ask ourselves:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.02,0:13:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What assumptions do we bring\Nwhen we step onto an elevator?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.78,0:13:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or an airplane?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.53,0:13:28.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we make ourselves aware\Nof our own unconscious bias?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.16,0:13:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who do those assumptions keep safe?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.62,0:13:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who do they put at risk?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.65,0:13:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until we ask these questions
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.98,0:13:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and insist that our schools\Nand our courts and our police departments
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.63,0:13:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every institution do the same,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.84,0:13:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will continue to allow bias
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.69,0:13:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to blind us.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.35,0:13:54.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we do,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.07,0:13:59.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,none of us are truly safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.10,0:14:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.