[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ [音乐] ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.09,0:00:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-[亚历克斯]在竞争市场中，\N我们知道价格等于边际成本
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.74,0:00:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,在垄断市场中\N我们知道价格会比边际成本高
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.15,0:00:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,但会高多少呢？\N是什么决定了利润？
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.48,0:00:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,我们今天这节课要讨论\N垄断的利润决定与需求弹性
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.94,0:00:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,让我们简要回顾一下上一节课
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.71,0:00:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,大家都应该很熟悉这张图表了
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.36,0:00:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,我们知道如何找到边际收益曲线\N曲线由垂直虚线出发
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.22,0:00:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,与需求曲线同一点出发，\N但有两倍的斜率
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.03,0:00:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,我们知道在当边际收益与边际成本相等时\N收益最大化
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.33,0:00:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,并且我们知道收益最大化时的价格\N是人们愿意购买这些数目商品的最高价格
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.14,0:01:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,在这个例子里，是$12.50
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.27,0:01:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,垄断利润是边际啊成本和价格的差别
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.92,0:01:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,我们知道在一个竞争性市场中\N价格会等于边际成本
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.47,0:01:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,而我们这里的平衡点，\N价格远高于边际成本，这就是垄断利润
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.60,0:01:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,我们开可以读这个图\N垄断者的利润要比普通利润高
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.18,0:01:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,利润是价格和平均成本的差别乘以数量
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.98,0:01:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,也就是途中的阴影部分\N好了，这就是上节课的回顾
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.10,0:01:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,现在让我们用直觉猜测\N是什么决定了垄断利润
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.17,0:01:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,让我们用药企的例子\N有两个因素提高了垄断利润
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.65,0:01:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,第一个\N“你不能没有他”效应
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.50,0:01:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,重病的人会对救命的药的\N价格敏感度变低
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.84,0:02:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,你没了它就活不了\N所以你会倾尽所有来拯救你的生命
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.40,0:02:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,如果救命药的价格上涨
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.48,0:02:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,他的需求并不会降低很多
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.34,0:02:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,因为消费者对它的价格不敏感\N垄断者会说
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.93,0:02:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“我可以涨价，他们还是会买\N因此我可以涨价
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.64,0:02:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,涨价可以让我的利益最大化。”
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.24,0:02:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,另外一个效应是\N“这是别人的钱”效应
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.57,0:02:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,如果别人付医药费\N消费者会降低对价格的敏感度
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.84,0:02:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,我们知道在制药业\N通常是保险公司，医保或政府项目
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.06,0:02:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,会支付医药费
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.85,0:02:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,因此需要药的人\N并不会支付费用
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.16,0:02:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,所以及时价格上涨\N他们还是会买
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.48,0:03:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,需求量不会降低太多\N因此我们在这的结论是
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.75,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,消费者对价格的敏感度越低\N垄断的利润越高
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.18,0:03:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,如果人们对价格完全不敏感\N垄断者会说
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.21,0:03:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“太好了，我可以抬高价格\N并保持之前的销量。“
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.77,0:03:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,换句话说需求曲线的弹性越低\N利润越高。这是基本点
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.07,0:03:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,现在我们有了知觉\N让我们需求曲线图表测试它
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.28,0:03:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,我们有两条需求曲线。\N那一条更有弹性？左边的还是右边的？
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.50,0:03:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,在左边的需求曲线更有弹性\N右边的需求曲线弹性较低
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.28,0:03:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,因此凭借我们的直觉\N我们可以预期左边有较低利润
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.87,0:03:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,而右边有较高利润，我们知道\N如何找到利润最大化的价格和产量
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.04,0:04:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,让我们做一下\N首先，从左边开始
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.91,0:04:06.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,我们可以看见，当需求曲线的弹性较高时\N想对边际成本，我们的利润较低
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.57,0:04:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,那右边的呢？
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.38,0:04:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,我们又一条相对弹性低的需求曲线\N我们可以看到价格远高于边际成本
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.26,0:04:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,我们有一个相对弹性低的需求\N我们可以抬高价格
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.22,0:04:32.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,请注意这两个市场的边际成本是相同的
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.41,0:04:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,区别就在于有变的需求曲线弹性较低\N记住这个逻辑
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.40,0:04:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,当垄断者发现顾客对价格不敏感时
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.92,0:04:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,那他就知道如果价格上涨\N需求量仅会降低一点点
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.96,0:04:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,因此，抬高价格可议提高垄断者的收益
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.68,0:05:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.47,0:05:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.45,0:05:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.92,0:05:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.49,0:05:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.71,0:05:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.45,0:05:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.22,0:05:41.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.69,0:05:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.14,0:05:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.45,0:05:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.37,0:06:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.15,0:06:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.94,0:06:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.94,0:06:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.87,0:06:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.17,0:06:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.84,0:06:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.22,0:06:39.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.23,0:06:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.73,0:06:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.79,0:06:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.58,0:07:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.77,0:07:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.39,0:07:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.33,0:07:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.17,0:07:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.26,0:07:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.33,0:07:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.08,0:07:38.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.65,0:07:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.82,0:07:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.24,0:07:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.77,0:08:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.93,0:08:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.16,0:08:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.84,0:08:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.80,0:08:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.90,0:08:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.92,0:08:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.87,0:08:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.15,0:08:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.72,0:08:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [广播]如果你想要测试自己\N请点击“练习题”
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.97,0:08:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,如果你准备好上下一课\N请点击“下一个视频”