[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.20,0:00:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our lives depend
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.68,0:00:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a world we can't see.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.32,0:00:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about your week so far.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.36,0:00:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you watched TV, used GPS,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.60,0:00:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,checked the weather or even ate a meal?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.12,0:00:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These many things\Nthat enable our daily lives
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.84,0:00:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rely either directly or indirectly
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.72,0:00:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on satellites.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.44,0:00:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while we often take for granted
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.40,0:00:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the services that satellites provide us,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.96,0:00:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the satellites themselves\Ndeserve our attention
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.80,0:00:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they are leaving a lasting mark
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.80,0:00:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the space they occupy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.12,0:00:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People around the world\Nrely on satellite infrastructure every day
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.76,0:00:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for information, entertainment\Nand to communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.84,0:00:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's agricultural\Nand environmental monitoring,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.72,0:00:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Internet connectivity, navigation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.80,0:00:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Satellites even play a role
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.52,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the operation of our financial\Nand energy markets.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.52,0:00:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these satellites that we rely on
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.44,0:01:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,day in and day out
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.12,0:01:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a finite life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.80,0:01:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They might run out of propellant,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.72,0:01:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could malfunction,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.28,0:01:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they may just naturally\Nreach the end of their mission life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.100,0:01:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this point, these satellites\Neffectively become space junk,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.16,0:01:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cluttering the orbital environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.28,0:01:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a framework that enables\Nsustainable practices in space
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.83,0:01:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is necessary.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.01,0:01:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such as the disposal of dead satellites,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.47,0:01:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the cleanup of debris.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.79,0:01:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.06,0:01:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,space will continue to be\Nour invisible landfill.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.22,0:01:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People always say to me, "Space is big,\Nthere's lots of room up there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.87,0:01:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we need to take action?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.20,0:01:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to answer that question,\NI want to paint a picture for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.16,0:01:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So imagine you're driving down the highway\Non a beautiful, sunny day
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.78,0:01:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out running errands.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.22,0:01:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got your music cranked,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.90,0:01:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your windows rolled down,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.38,0:01:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the cool breeze\Nblowing through your hair.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.10,0:01:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feels nice, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.94,0:01:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything is going smoothly
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.34,0:01:59.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until suddenly\Nyour car stutters and stalls
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.02,0:02:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right in the middle of the highway.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.38,0:02:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that instant moment of panic,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.01,0:02:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you scan your front dashboard\Nlooking for what could be wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.51,0:02:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you eye that your fule gauge\Nhas dropped below empty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.20,0:02:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're out of gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.92,0:02:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.16,0:02:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You naturally go to reach\Nfor your cell phone to call for help.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.50,0:02:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then you suddenly remember\Nthat this car you bought
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.53,0:02:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could never be fixed if a part breaks,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.99,0:02:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or refilled with gas if the tank runs out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.92,0:02:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just wasn't designed that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.96,0:02:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now you have no choice\Nbut to abandon your car
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.28,0:02:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it is on the highway.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.00,0:02:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe you were lucky enough
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.36,0:02:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to move it out of the way\Nand into a shoulder lane
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.28,0:02:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that it's out of the way\Nof other traffic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.44,0:02:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A couple of hours ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.72,0:02:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your car was a useful machine\Nthat you relied on in your everyday life.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.80,0:02:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's a useless hunk of metal
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.36,0:02:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking up space in a valuable\Ntransportation network.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.72,0:02:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And imagine international roadways\Nall cluttered with broken down vehicles
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.92,0:03:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are just getting in the way\Nof other traffic.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.80,0:03:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And imagine the debris\Nthat would be strewn everywhere
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.72,0:03:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if a collision actually happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.20,0:03:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands of smaller pieces of debris
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.60,0:03:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becoming new obstacles.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.48,0:03:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the paradigm\Nof the satellite industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.08,0:03:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Satellites that are no longer working
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.24,0:03:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are often left to deorbit\Nover many, many years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.08,0:03:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or only moved out of the way\Nas a temporary solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.64,0:03:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are no\Ninternational laws in space
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.92,0:03:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to enforce us to clean up after ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.95,0:03:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without disposing of dead satellites,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.22,0:03:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or taking action to clean up debris,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.67,0:03:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are already polluters in outer space.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.39,0:03:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is largely in part\Nbecause us, all of us here,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.83,0:03:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rely on the services\Nthat satellites provide us,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.04,0:03:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without really understanding the impacts\Nof our usage.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.59,0:03:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we want to keep using our phones,\Nchecking the weather,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.69,0:03:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so many other\Ntechnological conveniences
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.05,0:03:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,afforded to us because of satellites,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.60,0:04:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to have a clean up plan in place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.28,0:04:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the world's first satellite, Sputnik I,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.56,0:04:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was launched in 1957,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.84,0:04:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in that year, there were\Nonly a total of three launch attempts.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.12,0:04:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Decades later and dozens of countries\Nfrom all around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.68,0:04:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have launched thousands\Nof more satellites into orbit,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.08,0:04:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the frequency of launches\Nis only going to increase in the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.84,0:04:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially if you consider\Nthings like the possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.44,0:04:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of 900-plus satellite\Nconstellations being launched.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.16,0:04:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we send satellites\Nto different orbits
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.24,0:04:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on what they're needed for.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.32,0:04:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most common places\Nwe send satellites
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.68,0:04:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the low Earth orbit,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.28,0:04:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possibly to image the surface of Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.28,0:04:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at up to about 2,000 kilometers altitude.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.31,0:04:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Satellites there are naturally buffeted\Nby Earth's atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.50,0:04:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so their orbits naturally decay,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.46,0:04:49.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'll eventually burn up,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.02,0:04:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably within a couple of decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.74,0:04:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another common place we send satellites
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.86,0:04:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the geostationary orbit
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.54,0:04:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at about 35,000 kilometers altitude.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.62,0:05:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Satellites there remain in the same place\Nabove Earth as the Earth rotates,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.82,0:05:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which enables things like communications\Nor television broadcast, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.74,0:05:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Satellites in high orbits like these\Ncould remain there for centuries.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.26,0:05:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's the orbit\Ncoined "the graveyard,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.46,0:05:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ominous junk or disposal orbits,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.10,0:05:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where some satellites\Nare intentionally placed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.98,0:05:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the end of their life
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.22,0:05:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they're out of the way\Nof common operational orbits.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.00,0:05:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of the nearly 7,000 satellites\Nlaunched since the late 1950s,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.60,0:05:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only about one in seven\Nis currently operational,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.56,0:05:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in addition to the satellites\Nthat are no longer working,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.48,0:05:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's also hundreds of thousands\Nof marble-sized debris
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.00,0:05:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and millions of paint chip-sized debris
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.44,0:05:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are also orbiting around the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.08,0:05:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Space debris is a major risk\Nto space missions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.88,0:05:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also to the satellites\Nthat we rely on each and every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.72,0:06:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, because space debris and junk\Nhas become increasingly worrisome,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.16,0:06:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there have been some national\Nand international efforts
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.80,0:06:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop technical standards
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.32,0:06:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help us limit the generation\Nof additional debris.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.68,0:06:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, there are recommendations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.96,0:06:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for those low-Earth orbiting spacecraft
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.08,0:06:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be made to deorbit in under 25 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.52,0:06:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's still a really long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.64,0:06:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially if a satellite\Nhasn't been working for years.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.52,0:06:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's also mandates\Nfor those dead geostationary spacecraft
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.60,0:06:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be moved into a graveyard orbit.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.68,0:06:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But neither of these guidelines\Nis binding under international law,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.40,0:06:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the understanding is that they will be\Nimplemented through national mechanisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.20,0:06:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These guidelines are also not long-term,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.68,0:06:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not proactive,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.12,0:06:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor do they address\Nthe debris that's already up there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.48,0:06:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're only in place\Nto limit the future creation of debris.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.88,0:06:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Space junk is no one's responsibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.02,0:06:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I grew up with the huge appreciation\Nfor the outdoors
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.78,0:06:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the keen sense of our footprint\Non the environments we interact with.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.91,0:07:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the foremost codes\Nof outdoor conduct
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.32,0:07:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the "leave no trace" policy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.04,0:07:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we show care and respect
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.99,0:07:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for our wild [unclear] on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.84,0:07:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing our part to protect our resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.80,0:07:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here on Earth, it's a bit easier\Nto visualize waste
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.90,0:07:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our natural environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.64,0:07:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can see litter in our streets,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.89,0:07:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our neighborhoods\Nand even in our oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.80,0:07:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The orbital environment is no different -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.32,0:07:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it demands our care,\Nit demands our attention
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.48,0:07:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it demands our stewardship.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.75,0:07:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because space is simply\Na different kind of wilderness
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.02,0:07:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we need to protect.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.85,0:07:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need a "leave no trace"policy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.84,0:07:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extending all the way\Ninto the orbital environment and beyond.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.80,0:07:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And fostering a collective\Nsense of responsibility
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.90,0:07:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can help us reduce our impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.28,0:07:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Mount Everest is actually\Nan interesting comparison
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.16,0:07:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a new approach to how\Nwe interact with our environments,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.40,0:07:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it's often given the dubious honor
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.72,0:07:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being the world's highest garbage dump.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.64,0:08:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Decades after the first conquest\Nof the world's highest peak,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.92,0:08:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tons of rubbish left behind by climbers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.20,0:08:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has started to raise concern,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.16,0:08:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you may have read in the news\Nthat there's speculation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.92,0:08:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Nepal will crack down on mountaineers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.00,0:08:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with stricter enforcement\Nof penalties and legal obligations.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.70,0:08:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The goal, of course,\Nis to persuade climbers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.14,0:08:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to clean up after themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.34,0:08:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so maybe local not-for-profits will pay\Nclimbers who bring down extra waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.26,0:08:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or expeditions might organize\Nvoluntary cleanup trips.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.22,0:08:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet still many climbers feel
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.50,0:08:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that independent groups\Nshould police themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.22,0:08:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no simple or easy answer,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.06,0:08:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even well-intentioned\Nefforts at conservation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.14,0:08:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often run into problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.42,0:08:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that doesn't mean\Nwe shouldn't do everything in our power
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.54,0:08:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect the environments\Nthat we rely and depend on,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.54,0:08:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and like Everest, the remote location\Nand inadequate infrastructure
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.58,0:08:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the orbital environment
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.02,0:08:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make waste disposal a challenging problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.02,0:09:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we simply cannot reach new heights
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.58,0:09:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and create an even higher garbage dump,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.66,0:09:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that's out of this world.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.38,0:09:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reality of space
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.62,0:09:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that if a component\Non a satellite breaks down,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.22,0:09:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there really are limited\Nopportunities for repairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.14,0:09:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and only at great cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.86,0:09:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if we were smarter\Nabout how we designed satellites?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.38,0:09:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if all satellites,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.70,0:09:24.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regardless of what country\Nthey were built in,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.02,0:09:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had to be standardized in some way
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.94,0:09:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for recycling, servicing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.50,0:09:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or active deorbiting?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.66,0:09:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if there actually were\Ninternational laws with teeth
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.22,0:09:37.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that enforced end-of-life\Ndisposal of satellites
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.02,0:09:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of moving them out of the way
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.18,0:09:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a temporary solution?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.66,0:09:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or maybe satellite manufacturers\Nneed to be charged a deposit
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.62,0:09:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to even launch a satellite into orbit,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.94,0:09:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that deposit would only be returned
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.42,0:09:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the satellite was disposed of properly
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.98,0:09:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if they cleaned up\Nsome quota of debris.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.54,0:09:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or maybe a satellite\Nneeds to have technology on board
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.14,0:10:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help accelerate deorbit.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.82,0:10:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are some encouraging signs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.10,0:10:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The UK's TechDemoSat-1,\Nlaunched in 2014, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.82,0:10:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was designed for end-of-life disposal
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.78,0:10:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,via a small drag sail.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.74,0:10:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This works for the satellite\Nbecause it's small,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.34,0:10:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but satellites that are higher\Nor in larger orbits
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.06,0:10:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or are larger altogether,\Nlike the size of school buses,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.94,0:10:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will require other disposal options.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.38,0:10:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So maybe you get into things\Nlike high-powered lasers
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.38,0:10:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or tugging using nets or tethers,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.22,0:10:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as crazy as those sound in the short term.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.26,0:10:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then one really cool possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.18,0:10:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the idea of orbital tow trucks\Nor space mechanics.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.94,0:10:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if a robotic arm
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.58,0:10:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on some sort of space tow truck
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.46,0:10:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could fix the broken components\Non a satellite,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.78,0:10:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making them usable again.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.34,0:10:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or what if that very same robotic arm
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.30,0:10:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could refuel the propellant tank\Non a spacecraft
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.66,0:10:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that relies on chemical propulsion
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.66,0:10:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like you or I would refuel\Nthe fuel tanks on our cars?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.66,0:10:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Robotic repair and maintenance
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.34,0:11:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could extend the lives of hundreds\Nof satellites orbiting around the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.38,0:11:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever the disposal\Nor cleanup options we come up with,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.30,0:11:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's clearly not just a technical problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.30,0:11:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's also complex space laws\Nand politics that we have to sort out.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.38,0:11:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simply put, we haven't found a way\Nto use space sustainably yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.82,0:11:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Exploring, innovating\Nto change the way we live and work
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.74,0:11:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are what we as humans do,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.74,0:11:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in space exploration,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.26,0:11:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're literally moving\Nbeyond the boundaries of Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.54,0:11:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as we push thresholds\Nin the name of learning and innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.22,0:11:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we must remember that accountability\Nfor our environments never goes away.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.62,0:11:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is without doubt congestion\Nin the low Earth and geostationary orbits,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.82,0:11:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we cannot keep\Nlaunching new satellites
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.18,0:11:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to replace the ones that have broken down
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.50,0:11:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without doing something about them first,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.58,0:11:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like we would never\Nleave a broken down car
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.06,0:11:54.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the middle of the highway.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.20,0:11:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earth's orbit is not a limitless resource
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.46,0:11:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the problem will only get worse
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.29,0:12:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without a significant change\Nto our behaviors.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.29,0:12:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need a global and collective cimmitment
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.04,0:12:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to shared responsibilities\Nbeyond our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.24,0:12:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, today I want to leave each\Nand every one of you with a challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.76,0:12:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's to become a space steward.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.36,0:12:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next time you use your phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.96,0:12:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,check the weather or use your GPS,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.48,0:12:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think about the satellite technologies\Nthat make those activities possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.76,0:12:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also think about the very impact
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.64,0:12:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the satellites have\Non the environment surrounding Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.96,0:12:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and help spread the message\Nthat together we must reduce our impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.68,0:12:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earth orbit is breathtakingly beautiful
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.24,0:12:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our gateway to exploration.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.84,0:12:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's up to us to keep it that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.76,0:12:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.00,0:12:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)