[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.98,0:00:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to talk about two planets
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.83,0:00:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the title is really,\N"A tale of two planets" -
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.70,0:00:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earth and Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.14,0:00:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to talk about\N4.6 billion years of history
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.90,0:00:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 18 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.60,0:00:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's 300 million years per minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.99,0:00:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's begin the talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.08,0:00:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start with the first photograph\NNASA obtained
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.60,0:00:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of planet Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.60,0:00:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is fly-by, Mariner IV.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.60,0:00:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was taken in 1965.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.20,0:00:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When this picture appeared,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.20,0:00:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that well-known scientific journal,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.20,0:01:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The New York Times,\Nwrote in its editorial,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.20,0:01:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Mars is uninteresting.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.20,0:01:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a dead world.\NNASA should not spend
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.22,0:01:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any time or effort studying Mars anymore."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.91,0:01:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, our leaders in Washington
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.20,0:01:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at NASA headquarters knew better
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.20,0:01:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we began a very extensive study
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.04,0:01:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the red planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.06,0:01:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the key questions\Nin all of science,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.70,0:01:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Is there life outside of Earth?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.20,0:01:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that Mars\Nis the most likely target
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.98,0:01:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for life outside the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.74,0:01:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to show you in a few minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.79,0:01:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some amazing measurements that suggest
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.40,0:01:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there may be life on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.40,0:01:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let me start with a Viking photograph.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.45,0:01:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a composite\Ntaken by Viking in 1976.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.74,0:01:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Viking was developed and managed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.60,0:01:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the NASA Langley Research Center.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.60,0:01:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We sent two orbiters and two landers\Nin the summer of 1976.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.14,0:01:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had four spacecraft, two around Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.60,0:02:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two on the surface -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.57,0:02:03.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an amazing accomplishment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.36,0:02:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the first photograph taken
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.60,0:02:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the surface of any planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.60,0:02:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a Viking Lander photograph
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.60,0:02:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the surface of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.60,0:02:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yes, the red planet is red.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.40,0:02:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars is half the size of the Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.88,0:02:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because two-thirds\Nof the Earth is covered by water,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.15,0:02:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the land area on Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.68,0:02:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is comparable to the land area on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.72,0:02:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Mars is a pretty big place\Neven though it's half the size.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.61,0:02:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have obtained topographic measurements
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.63,0:02:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the surface of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.26,0:02:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We understand the elevation differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.40,0:02:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know a lot about Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.40,0:02:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars has the largest volcano\Nin the solar system,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.40,0:02:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Olympus Mons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.28,0:02:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars has the Grand Canyon
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.40,0:02:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the solar system, Valles Marineris.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.40,0:02:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very, very interesting planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.40,0:02:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars has the largest
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.38,0:02:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,impact crater in the solar system,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.92,0:03:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hellas Basin.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.40,0:03:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is 2,000 miles across.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.95,0:03:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you happened to be on Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.40,0:03:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when this impactor hit,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.40,0:03:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was a really bad day on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.74,0:03:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.30,0:03:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Olympus Mons.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.30,0:03:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is bigger than the state of Arizona.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.32,0:03:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Volcanoes are important, because volcanoes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.02,0:03:22.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produce atmospheres\Nand they produce oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.30,0:03:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're looking at Valles Marineris,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.30,0:03:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the largest canyon in the solar system,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.30,0:03:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,superimposed on a map\Nof the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.30,0:03:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3,000 miles across.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.12,0:03:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most intriguing features\Nabout Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.10,0:03:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the National Academy of Science says
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.10,0:03:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the 10 major mysteries\Nof the space age,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.80,0:03:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is why certain areas of Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.24,0:03:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are so highly magnetized.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.31,0:03:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call this crustal magnetism.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.33,0:03:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are regions on Mars, where,\Nfor some reason -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.36,0:03:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't understand why at this point -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.100,0:03:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the surface is very,\Nvery highly magnetized.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.02,0:04:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Crustal magnetism.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.18,0:04:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there water on Mars?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.92,0:04:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is no, there is no liquid water
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.94,0:04:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the surface of Mars today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.96,0:04:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is intriguing evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.33,0:04:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that suggests\Nthat in early history of Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.20,0:04:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there may have been rivers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.52,0:04:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fast flowing water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.20,0:04:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today Mars is very very dry.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.20,0:04:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We believe there's some water\Nin the polar caps,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.85,0:04:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are polar caps\Nof North Pole and South Pole.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.60,0:04:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are some recent images.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.60,0:04:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is from Spirit and Opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.14,0:04:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These images that show at one time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.55,0:04:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was very fast flowing water\Non the surface of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.23,0:04:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is water important?\NWater is important
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.26,0:04:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if you want life\Nyou have to have water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.46,0:04:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Water is the key ingredient
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.60,0:04:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the evolution,\Nthe origin of life on a planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.90,0:04:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is some picture of Antarctica
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.12,0:04:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a picture of Olympus Mons,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.60,0:04:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very similar features, glaciers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.20,0:05:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is frozen water.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.20,0:05:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is ice water on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.71,0:05:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is my favorite picture.\NThis was just taken a few weeks ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.45,0:05:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has not been seen publicly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.40,0:05:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is European space agency
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.06,0:05:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars Express, image of a crater on Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.38,0:05:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the middle of the crater
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.10,0:05:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have liquid water, we have ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.60,0:05:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very intriguing photograph.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.59,0:05:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now believe\Nthat in the early history of Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.40,0:05:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is 4.6 billion years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.40,0:05:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,4.6 billion years ago,\NMars was very Earth-like.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.00,0:05:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars had rivers, Mars had lakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.71,0:05:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but more important\NMars had planetary-scale oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.00,0:05:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We believe that the oceans\Nwere in the northern hemisphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.58,0:05:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this area in blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.66,0:05:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which shows a depression\Nof about four miles,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.96,0:05:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the ancient ocean area
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.00,0:05:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the surface of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.64,0:05:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where did the ocean's worth\Nof water on Mars go?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.00,0:06:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we have an idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.93,0:06:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a measurement\Nwe obtained a few years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.00,0:06:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a Mars-orbiting satellite\Ncalled Odyssey.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.67,0:06:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sub-surface water on Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.00,0:06:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,frozen in the form of ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.27,0:06:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this shows the percent.\NIf it's a blueish color,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.79,0:06:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means 16 percent by weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.50,0:06:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sixteen percent, by weight,\Nof the interior
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.02,0:06:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contains frozen water, or ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.83,0:06:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, there is a lot of water\Nbelow the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.80,0:06:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most intriguing\Nand puzzling measurement,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.52,0:06:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my opinion, we've obtained of Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.80,0:06:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was released earlier this year
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.80,0:06:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the magazine Science.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.80,0:06:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we're looking at\Nis the presence of the gas methane,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.41,0:06:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CH4, in the atmosphere of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.23,0:06:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see there are three\Ndistinct regions of methane.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.80,0:06:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is methane important?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.80,0:06:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because on Earth, almost all -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.80,0:07:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,99.9 percent - of the methane
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.80,0:07:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is produced by living systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.80,0:07:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not little green men, but microscopic life
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.80,0:07:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,below the surface or at the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.20,0:07:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now have evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.20,0:07:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that methane is in the atmosphere of Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.20,0:07:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a gas that, on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.20,0:07:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is biogenic in origin,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.20,0:07:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produced by living systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.68,0:07:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the three plumes: A, B1, B2.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.10,0:07:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the terrain it appears over,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.10,0:07:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we know from geological studies
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.10,0:07:38.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these regions\Nare the oldest regions on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.74,0:07:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the Earth and Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.10,0:07:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are both 4.6 billion years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.63,0:07:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The oldest rock on Earth\Nis only 3.6 billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.68,0:07:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason there is a billion-year gap
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.70,0:07:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our geological understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.74,0:07:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because of plate tectonics,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.76,0:07:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The crust of the Earth has been recycled.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.78,0:08:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the oldest rock on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.83,0:08:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a billion years after the Earth formed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.58,0:08:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have no geological record prior
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.60,0:08:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first billion years.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.60,0:08:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That record exists on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.60,0:08:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this terrain that we're looking at
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.95,0:08:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dates back to 4.6 billion years
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.60,0:08:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Earth and Mars were formed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.60,0:08:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a Tuesday.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.60,0:08:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.60,0:08:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a map that shows
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.60,0:08:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we've put our spacecraft\Non the surface of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.60,0:08:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is Viking I, Viking II.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.62,0:08:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Opportunity. This is Spirit.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.21,0:08:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Mars Pathfinder.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.97,0:08:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Phoenix,\Nwe just put two years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.78,0:08:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice all of our rovers\Nand all of our landers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.60,0:08:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have gone to the northern hemisphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.00,0:08:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because the northern hemisphere
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.35,0:08:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the region of the ancient
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.00,0:08:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ocean basin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.46,0:08:56.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There aren't many craters.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.39,0:08:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because the water\Nprotected the basin
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.63,0:09:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from being impacted\Nby asteroids and meteorites.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.00,0:09:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But look in the southern hemisphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.16,0:09:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the southern hemisphere\Nthere are impact craters,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.13,0:09:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are volcanic craters.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.62,0:09:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's Hellas Basin,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.35,0:09:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very very different place, geologically.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.59,0:09:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look where the methane is,\Nthe methane is in a very
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.51,0:09:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rough terrain area.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.36,0:09:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the best way to unravel
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.60,0:09:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mysteries on Mars that exist?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.00,0:09:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We asked this question 10 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.51,0:09:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We invited 10 of the top Mars scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.00,0:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Langley Research Center\Nfor two days.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.28,0:09:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We addressed on the board
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.47,0:09:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the major questions\Nthat have not been answered.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.00,0:09:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we spent two days deciding
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.59,0:09:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to best answer this question.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.00,0:09:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the result of our meeting -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.81,0:09:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two day meeting, on the best way\Nto solve these questions on Mars -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.95,0:10:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a robotic rocket-powered airplane\Nwe call ARES.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.02,0:10:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an Aerial Regional-scale\NEnvironmental Surveyor.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.13,0:10:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a model of ARES here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.36,0:10:13.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No speaker has made mention to it before,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.23,0:10:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's been here\Nsince last night when I brought it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.48,0:10:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a 20-percent scale model.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.19,0:10:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This airplane was designed\Nat the Langley Research Center.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.15,0:10:25.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If any place in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.17,0:10:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can build an airplane to fly on Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.37,0:10:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the Langley Research Center,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.60,0:10:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for almost 100 years
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.60,0:10:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a leading center of aeronautics\Nin the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.20,0:10:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We fly about a mile above the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.89,0:10:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We cover hundreds of miles,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.94,0:10:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we fly about 450 miles an hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.98,0:10:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do things that rovers can't do
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.00,0:10:48.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and landers can't do:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.00,0:10:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can fly above mountains,\Nvolcanoes, impact craters;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.00,0:10:53.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we fly over valleys;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.02,0:10:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can fly over surface magnetism,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.18,0:10:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the polar caps, subsurface water;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.76,0:11:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can search for life on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.60,0:11:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, of equal importance,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.60,0:11:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we fly through the atmosphere of Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.89,0:11:11.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we transmit that journey,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.18,0:11:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first flight of an airplane\Noutside of the Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.30,0:11:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we transmit those images back to Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.42,0:11:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our goal is to inspire\Nthe American public
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.60,0:11:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is paying for this mission\Nthrough tax dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.60,0:11:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But more important we will
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.60,0:11:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inspire the next generation of scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.60,0:11:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technologists, engineers\Nand mathematicians.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.60,0:11:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a critical area\Nof national security
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.60,0:11:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and economic vitality, to make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.60,0:11:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we produce the next generation
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.60,0:11:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of scientists, engineers,\Nmathematicians and technologists.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.00,0:11:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what ARES looks like
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.57,0:11:52.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it flies over Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.60,0:11:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We preprogram it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.19,0:11:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will fly where the methane is.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.78,0:11:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will have instruments aboard the plane
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.33,0:12:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will sample, every three minutes,\Nthe atmosphere of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.32,0:12:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will look for methane
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.86,0:12:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as other gasses
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.75,0:12:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produced by living systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.52,0:12:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will pinpoint\Nwhere these gases emanate from,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.26,0:12:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we can measure the gradient\Nwhere it comes from,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.63,0:12:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there, we can direct the next mission
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.13,0:12:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to land right in that area.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.38,0:12:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we transport an airplane to Mars?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.80,0:12:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In two words, very carefully.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.80,0:12:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is we don't fly it to Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.56,0:12:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we put it in a spacecraft
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.22,0:12:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we send it to Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.16,0:12:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is the spacecraft's
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.80,0:12:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,largest diameter is nine feet;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.13,0:12:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ARES is 21-foot wingspan, 17 feet long.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.80,0:12:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we get it to Mars?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.80,0:12:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We fold it,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.06,0:12:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we transport it in a spacecraft.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.11,0:13:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have it in something\Ncalled an aeroshell.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.58,0:13:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how we do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.34,0:13:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have a little video\Nthat describes the sequence.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.24,0:13:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Video: Seven, six. Green board.\NFive, four, three, two, one.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.13,0:13:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Main engine start, and liftoff.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.60,0:13:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Joel Levine: This is a launch\Nfrom the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.60,0:13:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the spacecraft taking nine months
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.39,0:13:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get to Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.14,0:13:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It enters the atmosphere of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.18,0:13:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of heating, frictional heating.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.20,0:13:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going 18 thousand miles an hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.20,0:13:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A parachute opens up to slow it down.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.20,0:13:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thermal tiles fall off.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.27,0:13:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The airplane is exposed\Nto the atmosphere for the first time.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.85,0:14:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It unfolds.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.68,0:14:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rocket engine begins.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.17,0:14:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We believe that in a one-hour flight
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.19,0:14:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can rewrite the textbook on Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.36,0:14:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by making high-resolution measurements\Nof the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.53,0:14:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking for gases of biogenic origin,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.06,0:14:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking for gases of volcanic origin,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.32,0:14:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,studying the surface,\Nstudying the magnetism
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.58,0:14:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the surface, which we don't understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.92,0:14:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as about a dozen other areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.97,0:14:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Practice makes perfect.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.80,0:14:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we know we can do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.62,0:14:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we have tested ARES model,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.33,0:14:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several models\Nin a half a dozen wind tunnels
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.22,0:14:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the NASA Langley Research Center\Nfor eight years,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.25,0:14:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under Mars conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.80,0:14:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of equal importance
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.84,0:14:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, we test ARES\Nin the Earth's atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.63,0:14:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 100,000 feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.71,0:15:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is comparable\Nto the density and pressure
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.58,0:15:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the atmosphere on Mars where we'll fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.30,0:15:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, 100,000 feet, if you fly\Ncross-country to Los Angeles,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.79,0:15:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you fly 37,000 feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.98,0:15:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do our tests at 100,000 feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.84,0:15:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to show you one of our tests.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.78,0:15:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a half-scale model.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.64,0:15:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a high-altitude helium balloon.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.54,0:15:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is over Tilamook, Oregon.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.43,0:15:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We put the folded airplane\Non the balloon -
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.20,0:15:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it took about three hours\Nto get up there -
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.62,0:15:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we released it on command
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.60,0:15:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 103,000 feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.60,0:15:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we deploy the airplane\Nand everything works perfectly.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.80,0:15:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've done
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.80,0:15:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high-altitude and low-altitude tests,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.80,0:15:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just to perfect this technique.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.58,0:15:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're ready to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.14,0:15:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a scale model here.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.82,0:15:56.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have a full-scale model
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.20,0:15:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in storage at the NASA\NLangley Research Center.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.40,0:16:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're ready to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.00,0:16:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All we need is a check\Nfrom NASA headquarters
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.00,0:16:05.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.00,0:16:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to cover the costs.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.00,0:16:10.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm prepared to donate\Nmy honorarium for today's talk
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.00,0:16:12.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this mission.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.00,0:16:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's actually no honorarium\Nfor anyone for this thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.25,0:16:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the ARES team;
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.30,0:16:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have about 150 scientists, engineers;
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.17,0:16:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we're working\Nwith Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.58,0:16:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goddard Space Flight Center,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.20,0:16:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ames Research Center\Nand half a dozen major universities
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.63,0:16:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and corporations in developing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.90,0:16:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a large effort.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.44,0:16:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's all led\Nat NASA Langley Research Center.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.78,0:16:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let me conclude by saying
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.80,0:16:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not too far from here,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.65,0:16:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right down the road in Kittyhawk,\NNorth Carolina,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.45,0:16:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little more than 100 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.64,0:16:50.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history was made
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.13,0:16:53.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we had the first powered flight\Nof an airplane on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.15,0:16:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in Anna McGowan's talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.17,0:16:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you heard about\Nwhere we're going in the next 100 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.74,0:17:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are on the verge right now
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.79,0:17:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the first flight of an airplane
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.66,0:17:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside the Earth's atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.68,0:17:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are prepared to fly this on Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.45,0:17:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rewrite the textbook about Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.38,0:17:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're interested in more information,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.40,0:17:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have a website\Nthat describes this exciting
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.32,0:17:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and intriguing mission,\Nand why we want to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.04,0:17:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.55,0:17:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)