In this talk today,
I want to present a different idea

for why investing
in early childhood education

makes sense as a public investment.

It's a different idea, because usually,

when people talk about
early childhood programs,

they talk about all the wonderful
benefits for participants

in terms of former participants,
in preschool,

they have better K-12 test scores,

better adult earnings.

Now that's all very important,

but what I want to talk about
is what preschool does

for state economies

and for promoting
state economic development.

And that's actually crucial

because if we're going
to get increased investment

in early childhood programs,

we need to interest
state governments in this.

The federal government
has a lot on its plate,

and state governments
are going to have to step up.

So we have to appeal to them,

the legislators in the state government,

and turn to something they understand,

that they have to promote
the economic development

of their state economy.

Now, by promoting economic development,

I don't mean anything magical.

All I mean is, is that
early childhood education

can bring more and better jobs to a state

and can thereby promote
higher per capita earnings

for the state's residents.

Now, I think it's fair to say
that when people think about

state and local economic development,

they don't generally think
first about what they're doing

about childcare
and early childhood programs.

I know this. I've spent most of my career
researching these programs.

I've talked to a lot of directors

of state economic development agencies
about these issues,

a lot of legislators about these issues.

When legislators and others think
about economic development,

what they first of all think
about are business tax incentives,

property tax abatements,
job creation tax credits,

you know, there are a million
of these programs all over the place.

So for example,
states compete very vigorously

to attract new auto plants
or expanded auto plants.

They hand out all kinds
of business tax breaks.

Now, those programs can make sense

if they in fact induce
new location decisions,

and the way they can make sense is,

by creating more and better jobs,

they raise employment rates, raise
per capita earnings of state residents.

So there is a benefit to state residents

that corresponds to the costs
that they're paying

by paying for these business tax breaks.

My argument is essentially
that early childhood programs

can do exactly the same thing,

create more and better jobs,
but in a different way.

It's a somewhat more indirect way.

These programs can promote
more and better jobs by,

you build it, you invest
in high-quality preschool,

it develops the skills
of your local workforce

if enough of them stick
around, and, in turn,

that higher-quality local workforce

will be a key driver of creating jobs

and creating higher earnings per capita
in the local community.

Now, let me turn to some numbers on this.

Okay. If you look
at the research evidence -

that's extensive - on how much
early childhood programs

affect the educational attainment,
wages and skills

of former participants
in preschool as adults,

you take those known effects,

you take how many of those folks
will be expected

to stick around the state or local economy
and not move out,

and you take research on how much
skills drive job creation,

you will conclude,

from these three separate
lines of research,

that for every dollar invested
in early childhood programs,

the per capita earnings of state residents

go up by two dollars and 78 cents,

so that's a three-to-one return.

Now you can get much higher returns,

of up to 16-to-one,
if you include anti-crime benefits,

if you include benefits
to former preschool participants

who move to some other state,

but there's a good reason
for focusing on these three dollars

because this is salient and important

to state legislators
and state policy makers,

and it's the states
that are going to have to act.

So there is this key benefit
that is relevant

to state policy makers in terms
of economic development.

Now, one objection you often hear,

or maybe you don't hear it because
people are too polite to say it, is,

why should I pay more taxes

to invest in other people's children?

What's in it for me?

And the trouble with that objection,

it reflects a total misunderstanding

of how much local economies

involve everyone being interdependent.

Specifically, the interdependency here is,

is that there are huge spillovers
of skills -

that when other people's children
get more skills,

that actually increases
the prosperity of everyone,

including people
whose skills don't change.

So for example, numerous
research studies have shown

if you look at what really drives

the growth rate of metropolitan areas,

it's not so much low taxes,
low cost, low wages;

it's the skills of the area.

Particularly, the proxy for skills

that people use is percentage
of college graduates in the area.

So when you look, for example,
at metropolitan areas

such as the Boston area,
Minneapolis-St. Paul,

Silicon Valley, these areas
are not doing well economically

because they're low-cost.

I don't know if you ever tried
to buy a house in Silicon Valley.

It's not exactly a low-cost proposition.

They are growing because they have
high levels of skills.

So when we invest
in other people's children,

and build up those skills,
we increase the overall job growth

of a metro area.

As another example, if we look

at what determines an individual's wages,

and we do statistical exploration of that,
what determines wages,

we know that the individual's wages
will depend, in part,

on that individual's education,

for example whether or not
they have a college degree.

One of the very interesting facts
is that, in addition,

we find that even once
we hold constant, statistically,

the effect of your own education,

the education of everyone else
in your metropolitan area

also affects your wages.

So specifically, if you hold constant
your education,

you stick in percentage of college
graduates in your metro area,

you will find that has a significant
positive effect on your wages

without changing your education at all.

In fact, this effect is so strong

that when someone gets a college degree,

the spillover effects of this on the wages

of others in the metropolitan area

are actually greater
than the direct effects.

So if someone gets a college degree,
their lifetime earnings

go up by a huge amount,
over 700,000 dollars.

There's an effect on everyone else
in the metro area

of driving up the percentage of college
graduates in the metro area,

and if you add that up -
it's a small effect for each person,

but if you add that up across
all the people in the metro area,

you actually get that the increase
in wages for everyone else

in the metropolitan area
adds up to almost a million dollars.

That's actually greater
than the direct benefits

of the person choosing to get education.

Now, what's going on here?

What can explain these huge
spillover effects of education?

Well, let's think about it this way.

I can be the most skilled person
in the world,

but if everyone else
at my firm lacks skills,

my employer is going
to find it more difficult

to introduce new technology,
new production techniques.

So as a result, my employer
is going to be less productive.

They will not be able to afford
to pay me as good wages.

Even if everyone at my firm
has good skills,

if the workers at the suppliers to my firm

do not have good skills,

my firm is going to be less competitive

competing in national
and international markets.

And again, the firm
that's less competitive

will not be able to pay as good wages,

and then, particularly
in high-tech businesses,

they're constantly stealing ideas
and workers from other businesses.

So clearly the productivity
of firms in Silicon Valley

has a lot to do with the skills
not only of the workers at their firm,

but the workers at all the other
firms in the metro area.

So as a result, if we can invest
in other people's children

through preschool and other
early childhood programs

that are high-quality,
we not only help those children,

we help everyone in the metropolitan area

gain in wages and we'll have
the metropolitan area

gain in job growth.

Another objection you sometimes hear

to invest in early childhood programs

is concern about people moving out.

So, you know, maybe
Ohio's thinking about investing

in more preschool education

for children in Columbus, Ohio,

but they're worried that these
little Buckeyes will,

for some strange reason,
decide to move to Ann Arbor, Michigan,

and become Wolverines.

And maybe Michigan
will be thinking about investing

in preschool in Ann Arbor, Michigan,
and be worried

these little Wolverines will end up
moving to Ohio and becoming Buckeyes.

And so they'll both under invest
because everyone's going to move out.

Well, the reality is,
if you look at the data,

Americans aren't as hyper-mobile
as people sometimes assume.

The data is that over 60 percent
of Americans

spend most of their working careers

in the state they were born in,
over 60 percent.

That percentage does not vary much
from state to state.

It doesn't vary much
with the state's economy,

whether it's depressed or booming,

it doesn't vary much over time.

So the reality is, if you invest in kids,

they will stay.

Or at least, enough of them will stay

that it will pay off
for your state economy.

Okay, so to sum up,
there is a lot of research evidence

that early childhood programs,
if run in a high-quality way,

pay off in higher adult skills.

There's a lot of research evidence

that those folks will stick around
the state economy,

and there's a lot of evidence
that having more workers

with higher skills in your local economy

pays off in higher wages and job growth
for your local economy,

and if you calculate
the numbers for each dollar,

we get about three dollars back

in benefits for the state economy.

So in my opinion,
the research evidence is compelling

and the logic of this is compelling.

So what are the barriers
to getting it done?

Well, one obvious barrier is cost.

So if you look at what it would cost

if every state government invested

in universal preschool at age four,
full-day preschool at age four,

the total annual national cost
would be roughly

30 billion dollars.

So, 30 billion dollars is a lot of money.

On the other hand, if you reflect on

that the U.S.'s population
is over 300 million,

we're talking about an amount of money

that amounts to 100 dollars per capita.

Okay? A hundred dollars
per capita, per person,

is something that any state government
can afford to do.

It's just a simple matter
of political will to do it.

And, of course, as I mentioned,

this cost has corresponding benefits.

I mentioned there's a multiplier
of about three,

2.78, for the state economy,

in terms of over 80 billion
in extra earnings.

And if we want to translate that
from just billions of dollars

to something that might mean something,

what we're talking about is that,
for the average low-income kid,

that would increase earnings
by about 10 percent

over their whole career,
just doing the preschool,

not improving K-12
or anything else after that,

not doing anything
with college tuition or access,

just directly improving preschool,

and we would get
five percent higher earnings

for middle-class kids.

So this is an investment

that pays off in very concrete terms

for a broad range of income groups
in the state's population

and produces large and tangible benefits.

Now, that's one barrier.

I actually think the more profound barrier

is the long-term nature of the benefits
from early childhood programs.

So the argument I'm making
is, is that we're increasing

the quality of our local workforce,

and thereby increasing
economic development.

Obviously if we have a preschool
with four-year-olds,

we're not sending these kids out
at age five

to work in the sweatshops, right?

At least I hope not.

So we're talking about an investment

that in terms of impacts
on the state economy

is not going to really pay off
for 15 or 20 years,

and of course America
is notorious for being

a short term-oriented society.

Now one response you can make to this,

and I sometimes have done this in talks,

is people can talk about,
there are benefits for these programs

in reducing special ed
and remedial education costs,

there are benefits,
parents care about preschool,

maybe we'll get some migration effects

from parents seeking good preschool,

and I think those are true,

but in some sense
they're missing the point.

Ultimately, this is something

we're investing in now for the future.

And so what I want to leave you with

is what I think is the ultimate question.

I mean, I'm an economist,
but this is ultimately

not an economic question,

it's a moral question:

Are we willing, as Americans,

are we as a society still capable

of making the political
choice to sacrifice now

by paying more taxes

in order to improve the long-term future

of not only our kids, but our community?

Are we still capable of that as a country?

And that's something
that each and every citizen

and voter needs to ask themselves.

Is that something that you
are still invested in,

that you still believe
in the notion of investment?

That is the notion of investment.

You sacrifice now for a return later.

So I think the research evidence

on the benefits
of early childhood programs

for the local economy is extremely strong.

However, the moral and political choice

is still up to us,
as citizens and as voters.

Thank you very much.
(Applause)