[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.84,0:00:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a time\Nwhen simple infections were deadly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.86,0:00:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but now, thanks to the wide\Navailability of antibiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.32,0:00:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is merely a relic of the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.03,0:00:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actually, I should say "was,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.28,0:00:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because nowadays,\Nwe're using antibiotics so much
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.47,0:00:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the bacteria\Nthat cause these infections
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.90,0:00:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are becoming resistant.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.52,0:00:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that should really scare\Nthe hell out of all of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.12,0:00:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we do not change our behavior\Nand wean ourselves off antibiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.36,0:00:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the UN predicts that by 2050,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.73,0:00:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,antimicrobial resistance\Nwill become our single biggest killer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.89,0:00:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we must start to act.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.68,0:00:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But "where to begin"\Nis an interesting question,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.02,0:00:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we humans are not\Nthe only ones using antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.28,0:00:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Worldwide, 50 to 80 percent\Nof all antibiotics are used by animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.86,0:00:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not all of these are critical\Nfor human health,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.45,0:00:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if we do not get it\Nunder control right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.97,0:00:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're looking at a very scary future\Nfor humans and animals alike.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.81,0:01:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To begin, let's talk\Nabout how we ended up here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.20,0:01:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first large-scale use of antibiotics\Nwas in the early '50s of the last century.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.86,0:01:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Western world,\Nprosperity was increasing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.62,0:01:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people wanted to eat\Nmore animal protein.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.83,0:01:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When animals were sick,\Nyou could now treat them with antibiotics
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.92,0:01:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they did not die and kept growing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.99,0:01:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But soon, it was discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.41,0:01:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that adding small and regular amounts\Nof antibiotics to the feed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.73,0:01:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kept the animals healthy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.24,0:01:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made them grow faster
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.08,0:01:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and caused them to need less feed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.06,0:01:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these antibiotics worked well --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.35,0:01:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really well, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.04,0:01:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with increasing animal production,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.39,0:01:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also antibiotic use skyrocketed worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.03,0:01:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately,\Nso did antibiotic resistance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.07,0:01:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason your doctor tells you\Nto finish the entire bottle of antibiotics
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.42,0:01:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is if you shorten your dose,\Nyou will not kill all of the bugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.08,0:01:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the ones that stick around\Nbuild up the antibiotic resistance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.92,0:02:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the same problem with giving animals\Nsmall and regular doses of antibiotics:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.16,0:02:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some bad bugs die but not all of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.86,0:02:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spread that across an entire industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.30,0:02:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can understand\Nthat we accidentally build up
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.79,0:02:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a large reservoir\Nof antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.01,0:02:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I hate to break it to you --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.58,0:02:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the problem doesn't stop there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.100,0:02:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know who else takes antibiotics?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.68,0:02:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fluffy, your cat, and Rover, your dog.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.94,0:02:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.09,0:02:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pets rank even amongst\Nthe heaviest users of all,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.44,0:02:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they use antibiotics
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.86,0:02:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are much more critical\Nfor human health.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.71,0:02:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Combine this with how close\Nwe live with our companion animals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.86,0:02:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you understand the risk
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.60,0:02:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of you picking up antibiotic-resistant\Nbacteria from your own pet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.14,0:02:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do these\Nantibiotic-resistant bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.18,0:02:50.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in farm animals affect you?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.13,0:02:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you an example\Nwe have, actually, data on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.60,0:02:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The levels of antibiotic-resistant\Nsalmonella in pigs in Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.12,0:03:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against different types of antibiotics
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.57,0:03:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,range from less than a percent\Nto as high [as] 60 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.73,0:03:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which means that in most cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.65,0:03:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this antibiotic will not work anymore\Nto kill this salmonella.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.23,0:03:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was a high correlation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.19,0:03:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between antibiotic-resistant\Nsalmonella in the pig
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.13,0:03:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the final product.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.90,0:03:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether that is pork chop,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.83,0:03:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spare ribs or minced meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.95,0:03:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, luckily, typically\Nless than one percent
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.41,0:03:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all raw meat, fish or eggs
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.94,0:03:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will contain salmonella.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.85,0:03:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this only poses a risk\Nwhen not treated well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.53,0:03:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still, there are over 100,000\Nhuman salmonella cases in the EU
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.22,0:03:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more than a million cases in the US.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.82,0:03:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the US, leading\Nto 23,000 hospitalizations
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.13,0:03:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 450 people dead each year.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.20,0:03:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With antibiotic-resistant\Nsalmonella on the rise,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.54,0:03:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this death toll is likely to increase.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.42,0:03:58.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not only\Nabout consuming yourself.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.05,0:04:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This year, more\Nthan 100 people got infected
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.86,0:04:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a multidrug-resistant salmonella
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.68,0:04:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after feeding pig ears,\Nas a treat, to their dog.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.92,0:04:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we really must cut back\Non antibiotic use in animal production.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.95,0:04:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And luckily, this is starting to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.53,0:04:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The EU was the first region to ban
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.12,0:04:19.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,putting antibiotics\Nin low doses in the feed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.02,0:04:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From '99 on, in several steps,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.69,0:04:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the amount of different types\Nof antibiotics allowed was reduced,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.79,0:04:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in 2006, a complete ban\Nwent into place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.09,0:04:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Antibiotics were only allowed
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.80,0:04:33.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a veterinarian determined\Nthe animal was sick.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.17,0:04:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds great, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.35,0:04:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Problem solved.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.54,0:04:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, wait, not so fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.62,0:04:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As soon as the reduction program started,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.24,0:04:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was very quickly discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.28,0:04:45.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that antibiotics had been\Nthe perfect blanket
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.66,0:04:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to cover up a lot of bad farm practices.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.28,0:04:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More and more animals became sick
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.23,0:04:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and needed to be\Ncured with ... antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.35,0:04:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So instead of the total amount going down,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.82,0:04:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it actually increased.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.88,0:05:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Surely, that was not the way to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.18,0:05:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But luckily, that was not\Nthe end of the story.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.90,0:05:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The whole European agricultural sector\Nstarted on a journey,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.22,0:05:08.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think it's a journey\Nanybody can learn from.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.88,0:05:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is also the time\NI personally entered the scene.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.43,0:05:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I joined a large European feed compounder.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.18,0:05:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A feed compounder makes a total diet\Nfor a farmer to feed to his animals
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.83,0:05:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and often also provides the advice
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.80,0:05:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how to raise the animals\Nin the best way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.66,0:05:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was really motivated\Nto work together with my colleagues,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.48,0:05:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,veterinarians and, of course, the farmers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.88,0:05:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to figure out how to keep the animals\Nhealthy and antibiotic-free.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.21,0:05:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there are three major things\Nthat need to happen
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.74,0:05:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for antibiotic-free production.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.41,0:05:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me walk you through the playbook.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.39,0:05:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To start -- and it sounds very obvious --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.87,0:05:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our hygiene is the place to start.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.21,0:05:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Better cleaning of the stable\Nand the drinking-water lines
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.97,0:05:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making it harder for the disease\Nto come in and spread across the stable.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.42,0:05:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's all very important,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.96,0:05:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the part I was personally\Nmost interested in
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.42,0:05:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was better feeding for the animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.16,0:05:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better nutrition.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.76,0:06:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feeding a well-balanced diet is important.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.25,0:06:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it this way:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.44,0:06:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you yourself do not eat\Nenough fiber, you do not feel well.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.06,0:06:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Part of the food you consume\Nis not digested by yourself
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.12,0:06:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but fermented in your large\Nintestine by bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.38,0:06:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you're feeding those microbes\Nwith part of your diet.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.77,0:06:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Initially, most young animals\Nwere fed low-fiber,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.40,0:06:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high-starch and protein,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.23,0:06:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very finely ground\Nand highly digestible diets.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.04,0:06:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like being yourself on a diet\Nof hamburger buns,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.87,0:06:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rice, waffles and protein bars.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.34,0:06:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We changed this to a lower-protein,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.74,0:06:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,higher-fiber, coarser type of diet.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.81,0:06:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like being on a diet of whole grains,\Nsalad with meat or beans.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.36,0:06:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This shifted the bacterial flora\Nin the animals' guts
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.13,0:06:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the more beneficial ones
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.89,0:06:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reduced the chance\Nthat pathogens would flourish.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.46,0:06:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might be surprised
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.71,0:06:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not only diet composition,\Nalso diet structure plays a role.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.20,0:07:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simply the fact\Nthat the same diet is coarser
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.22,0:07:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will lead to a better-developed\Ndigestive tract,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.56,0:07:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus, a healthier animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.56,0:07:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the best part was that farmers\Nstarted to buy this actually, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.14,0:07:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike some other parts of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.11,0:07:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Western European farmers mainly still make\Ntheir independent buying decisions:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.25,0:07:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who to buy the feed from\Nand sell their animals to.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.15,0:07:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what you're actually selling in the end
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.22,0:07:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reflects the actual local need\Nof these farmers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.34,0:07:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.52,0:07:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the protein content in piglet diets
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.23,0:07:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in countries that are much more vigilant\Nin reducing antibiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.35,0:07:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, for example,\NGermany and the Netherlands,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.59,0:07:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were already 10 to 15 percent lower
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.96,0:07:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than in a country like the UK,\Nwhich was slower to pick this up.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.74,0:07:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, like with better hygiene,\Nbetter nutrition helps
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.12,0:07:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but will not totally prevent you\Nfrom becoming sick.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.04,0:07:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So more is needed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.76,0:07:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why we turned\Nto the microbiome.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.83,0:07:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Making the water with the feed more acidic
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.03,0:07:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helps to create an environment
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.84,0:07:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that benefits the more beneficial bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.23,0:07:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inhibits the pathogens.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.51,0:08:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like fermented food,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.69,0:08:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's yogurt, sauerkraut or salami,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.59,0:08:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll all spoil less quickly, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.02,0:08:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, with modern techniques,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.84,0:08:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the ones based on DNA testing,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.44,0:08:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see that there are many more\Ndifferent microorganisms present.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.16,0:08:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this ecosystem,\Nwhich we call the microbiome,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.18,0:08:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is much more complex.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.11,0:08:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turns out there are about eight times\Nmore microorganisms in your gut
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.40,0:08:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as tissue cells in your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.82,0:08:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for animals, the impact is no less.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.50,0:08:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we want to work\Nwithout antibiotics in animal production,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.61,0:08:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to make the animals\Nmuch more robust.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.61,0:08:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that when a disease strikes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.51,0:08:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the animals are much more resilient.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.92,0:08:44.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this three-pronged\Nnutribiosis approach
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.98,0:08:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involving the host, nutrition\Nand the microbiome
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.50,0:08:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the way to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.12,0:08:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the practice of raising animals\Non an antibiotic-containing
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.10,0:08:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or antibiotic-use-provoking diet\Nis a bit cheaper at farm level.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.13,0:09:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the end, we are talking about\Na few percent at the consumer level.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.93,0:09:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's actually quite affordable
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.49,0:09:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the middle- and high-income\Npart of the world population.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.66,0:09:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a very small price to pay
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.72,0:09:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when our own health\Nor our loved ones' health is at stake.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.96,0:09:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do you think,\Nwhat direction do we take?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.82,0:09:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do we allow antimicrobial resistance\Nto become our biggest killer,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.28,0:09:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at huge financial\Nand a special personal cost?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.97,0:09:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do we, besides reducing\Nhuman antibiotic consumption,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.52,0:09:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,truly start embracing\Nantibiotic-free animal production?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.37,0:09:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For me, the choice is very obvious.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.08,0:09:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to make this happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.62,0:09:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to set reduction targets
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.32,0:09:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make sure that they're followed\Nall around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.46,0:09:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because farmers compete with each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.43,0:09:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at a country level,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.80,0:09:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trading block or the global market,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.73,0:09:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,costs are very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.58,0:09:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also, we have to be realistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.28,0:09:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Farmers need to have the possibilities
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.48,0:09:56.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to invest more in better\Nmanagement and better feed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.70,0:09:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to achieve this reduction.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.47,0:10:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And besides legal limits,\Nthe market can play a role,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.55,0:10:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by offering antibiotic-reduced\Nor antibiotic-free products.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.04,0:10:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with growing consumer awareness,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.20,0:10:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these market forces\Nwill increase in power.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.68,0:10:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now everything I've been talking about\Nseems to be great for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.98,0:10:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what about the animals?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.18,0:10:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, guess what,\Ntheir lives get better, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.50,0:10:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Better health, less stress, happier life.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.84,0:10:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.18,0:10:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the knowledge\Nhow to produce meat, eggs and milk
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.35,0:10:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without or with very low\Namounts of antibiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.76,0:10:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'll argue it's a small price to pay
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.33,0:10:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to avoid a future\Nin which bacterial infections
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.45,0:10:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again become our biggest killer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.90,0:10:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.10,0:10:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)