[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.02,0:00:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to take a look at this baby.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.18,0:00:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you're drawn to are her eyes\Nand the skin you love to touch.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.39,0:00:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But today I'm going to talk to you\Nabout something you can't see.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.55,0:00:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's going on\Nup in that little brain of hers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.14,0:00:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The modern tools of neuroscience\Nare demonstrating to us
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.08,0:00:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that what's going on up there\Nis nothing short of rocket science.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.74,0:00:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we're learning\Nis going to shed some light
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.20,0:00:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on what the romantic writers and poets\Ndescribed as the "celestial openness"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.12,0:00:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the child's mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.01,0:00:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we see here is a mother in India,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.50,0:00:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's speaking Koro,\Nwhich is a newly discovered language.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.80,0:00:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she's talking to her baby.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.09,0:00:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this mother --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.27,0:00:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the 800 people who speak\NKoro in the world --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.51,0:00:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understands is that,\Nto preserve this language,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.75,0:00:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they need to speak it to the babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.36,0:01:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therein lies a critical puzzle.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.26,0:01:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is it that you can't\Npreserve a language
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.53,0:01:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by speaking to you and I, to the adults?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.79,0:01:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's got to do with your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.54,0:01:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we see here is that language\Nhas a critical period for learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.00,0:01:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way to read this slide is to look\Nat your age on the horizontal axis.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.82,0:01:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.53,0:01:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you'll see on the vertical\Nyour skill at acquiring a second language.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.79,0:01:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The babies and children are geniuses\Nuntil they turn seven,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.67,0:01:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then there's a systematic decline.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After puberty, we fall off the map.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.93,0:01:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No scientists dispute this curve,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.49,0:01:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but laboratories all over the world
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.47,0:01:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are trying to figure out\Nwhy it works this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.52,0:01:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Work in my lab is focused on the first\Ncritical period in development,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.58,0:01:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is the period in which babies
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.44,0:01:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,try to master which sounds\Nare used in their language.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.83,0:01:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think, by studying\Nhow the sounds are learned,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.35,0:01:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll have a model\Nfor the rest of language,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.64,0:01:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perhaps for critical periods\Nthat may exist in childhood
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.60,0:02:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for social, emotional\Nand cognitive development.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.04,0:02:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've been studying the babies
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.00,0:02:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using a technique\Nthat we're using all over the world
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.53,0:02:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the sounds of all languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.41,0:02:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The baby sits on a parent's lap,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.22,0:02:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we train them to turn\Ntheir heads when a sound changes --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.17,0:02:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like from "ah" to "ee."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.65,0:02:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they do so at the appropriate time,\Nthe black box lights up
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.11,0:02:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a panda bear pounds a drum.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.11,0:02:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A six-monther adores the task.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.16,0:02:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What have we learned?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.34,0:02:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, babies all over the world
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.53,0:02:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are what I like to describe\Nas "citizens of the world."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.65,0:02:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can discriminate\Nall the sounds of all languages,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.60,0:02:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter what country we're testing\Nand what language we're using,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.85,0:02:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's remarkable\Nbecause you and I can't do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.87,0:02:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're culture-bound listeners.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.87,0:02:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can discriminate the sounds\Nof our own language,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.29,0:02:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not those of foreign languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.16,0:02:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question arises:\NWhen do those citizens of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.35,0:02:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turn into the language-bound\Nlisteners that we are?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.26,0:02:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer:\Nbefore their first birthdays.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.42,0:02:57.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here is performance\Non that head-turn task
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.57,0:03:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for babies tested in Tokyo\Nand the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.06,0:03:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here in Seattle,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.52,0:03:03.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they listened to "ra" and "la" --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.30,0:03:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sounds important to English,\Nbut not to Japanese.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.13,0:03:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at six to eight months,\Nthe babies are totally equivalent.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.53,0:03:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two months later,\Nsomething incredible occurs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.11,0:03:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The babies in the United States\Nare getting a lot better,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.81,0:03:16.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,babies in Japan are getting a lot worse,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.76,0:03:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but both of those groups of babies\Nare preparing for exactly the language
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.23,0:03:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they are going to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.75,0:03:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question is: What's happening\Nduring this critical two-month period?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.40,0:03:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the critical period\Nfor sound development,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.76,0:03:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what's going on up there?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.20,0:03:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there are two things going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.20,0:03:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is that the babies\Nare listening intently to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.10,0:03:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're taking statistics\Nas they listen to us talk --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.86,0:03:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're taking statistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.87,0:03:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So listen to two mothers\Nspeaking motherese --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.43,0:03:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the universal language\Nwe use when we talk to kids --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.50,0:03:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first in English and then in Japanese.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.73,0:03:52.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Ah, I love your big blue eyes --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.19,0:03:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so pretty and nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.05,0:04:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Japanese)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.45,0:04:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Patricia Kuhl: During the production\Nof speech, when babies listen,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.84,0:04:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they're doing is taking statistics\Non the language that they hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.35,0:04:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those distributions grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.29,0:04:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we've learned is that babies\Nare sensitive to the statistics,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.68,0:04:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the statistics of Japanese\Nand English are very, very different.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.54,0:04:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,English has a lot of Rs and Ls.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.22,0:04:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The distribution shows.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.00,0:04:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the distribution of Japanese\Nis totally different,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.86,0:04:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we see a group\Nof intermediate sounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.89,0:04:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is known as the Japanese "R."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.33,0:04:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So babies absorb\Nthe statistics of the language
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.46,0:04:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it changes their brains;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.16,0:04:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it changes them\Nfrom the citizens of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.34,0:04:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the culture-bound\Nlisteners that we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.31,0:04:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we as adults are no longer\Nabsorbing those statistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.04,0:04:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are governed\Nby the representations in memory
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.62,0:04:56.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were formed early in development.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.20,0:04:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we're seeing here
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.00,0:05:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is changing our models\Nof what the critical period is about.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.26,0:05:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're arguing from\Na mathematical standpoint
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.05,0:05:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the learning of language\Nmaterial may slow down
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.21,0:05:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when our distributions stabilize.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.62,0:05:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's raising lots of questions\Nabout bilingual people.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.92,0:05:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bilinguals must keep two sets\Nof statistics in mind at once
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.97,0:05:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and flip between them,\None after the other,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.88,0:05:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on who they're speaking to.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.68,0:05:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we asked ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.85,0:05:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can the babies take statistics\Non a brand new language?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.28,0:05:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we tested this\Nby exposing American babies
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.59,0:05:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who'd never heard a second language
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.30,0:05:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Mandarin for the first time\Nduring the critical period.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.04,0:05:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We knew that, when monolinguals\Nwere tested in Taipei and Seattle
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.60,0:05:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Mandarin sounds,\Nthey showed the same pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.29,0:05:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Six to eight months,\Nthey're totally equivalent.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.78,0:05:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two months later,\Nsomething incredible happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.34,0:05:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Taiwanese babies are getting\Nbetter, not the American babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.92,0:05:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we did was expose American babies,\Nduring this period, to Mandarin.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.82,0:05:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was like having Mandarin relatives\Ncome and visit for a month
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.86,0:06:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and move into your house\Nand talk to the babies for 12 sessions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.68,0:06:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's what it looked like\Nin the laboratory.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.91,0:06:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Mandarin)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.66,0:06:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PK: So what have we done\Nto their little brains?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.93,0:06:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.00,0:06:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had to run a control group to make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.70,0:06:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that coming into the laboratory\Ndidn't improve your Mandarin skills.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.93,0:06:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a group of babies came in\Nand listened to English.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.61,0:06:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can see from the graph
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.03,0:06:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that exposure to English\Ndidn't improve their Mandarin.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.64,0:06:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But look at what happened to the babies\Nexposed to Mandarin for 12 sessions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.26,0:06:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were as good as the babies in Taiwan
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.68,0:06:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who'd been listening\Nfor 10 and a half months.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.68,0:06:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What it demonstrated is that babies\Ntake statistics on a new language.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.53,0:06:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever you put in front of them,\Nthey'll take statistics on.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.00,0:06:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we wondered what role
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.61,0:07:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the human being played\Nin this learning exercise.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.17,0:07:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we ran another group of babies\Nin which the kids got the same dosage,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.51,0:07:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same 12 sessions,\Nbut over a television set.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.00,0:07:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And another group of babies\Nwho had just audio exposure
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.68,0:07:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and looked at a teddy bear on the screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.80,0:07:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What did we do to their brains?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.00,0:07:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here is the audio result --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.92,0:07:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no learning whatsoever --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.68,0:07:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the video result --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.24,0:07:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no learning whatsoever.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.10,0:07:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes a human being\Nfor babies to take their statistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.62,0:07:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The social brain is controlling
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.81,0:07:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the babies\Nare taking their statistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.94,0:07:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to get inside the brain\Nand see this thing happening
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.46,0:07:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as babies are in front of televisions,\Nas opposed to in front of human beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.42,0:07:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thankfully, we have a new machine,\Nmagnetoencephalography,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.14,0:07:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows us to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.46,0:07:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks like a hair dryer from Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.07,0:07:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's completely safe,\Ncompletely noninvasive and silent.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.57,0:08:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're looking at millimeter accuracy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.04,0:08:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with regard to spatial\Nand millisecond accuracy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.38,0:08:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using 306 SQUIDs --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.03,0:08:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are superconducting\Nquantum interference devices --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.15,0:08:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pick up the magnetic fields\Nthat change as we do our thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.25,0:08:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're the first in the world\Nto record babies in an MEG machine
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.88,0:08:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while they are learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.30,0:08:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is little Emma.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.00,0:08:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's a six-monther.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.93,0:08:31.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she's listening to various languages\Nin the earphones that are in her ears.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.07,0:08:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see, she can move around.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.32,0:08:37.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're tracking her head\Nwith little pellets in a cap,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.12,0:08:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so she's free to move\Ncompletely unconstrained.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.12,0:08:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a technical tour de force.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.35,0:08:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we seeing?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.96,0:08:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're seeing the baby brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.88,0:08:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the baby hears a word in her language,\Nthe auditory areas light up,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.19,0:08:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then subsequently areas surrounding it\Nthat we think are related to coherence,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.00,0:08:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting the brain coordinated\Nwith its different areas, and causality,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.00,0:09:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one brain area\Ncausing another to activate.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.60,0:09:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are embarking on a grand\Nand golden age of knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.01,0:09:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about child's brain development.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.27,0:09:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to be able\Nto see a child's brain
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.71,0:09:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they experience an emotion,\Nas they learn to speak and read,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.98,0:09:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they solve a math problem,\Nas they have an idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.52,0:09:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're going to be able to invent\Nbrain-based interventions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.89,0:09:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for children who have difficulty learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.57,0:09:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as the poets and writers described,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.66,0:09:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to be able to see, I think,\Nthat wondrous openness,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.84,0:09:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,utter and complete openness,\Nof the mind of a child.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.02,0:09:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In investigating the child's brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.72,0:09:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to uncover deep truths\Nabout what it means to be human,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.74,0:09:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.92,0:09:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we may be able to help keep\Nour own minds open to learning
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.02,0:09:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for our entire lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.73,0:09:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.00,0:09:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)