0:00:01.080,0:00:03.840
Space, the final frontier.

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I first heard these words[br]when I was just six years old,

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and I was completely inspired.

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I wanted to explore strange new worlds.

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I wanted to seek out new life.

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I wanted to see everything[br]that the universe had to offer.

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And those dreams, those words,[br]they took me on a journey,

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a journey of discovery,

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through school, through university,

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to do a PhD and finally[br]to become a professional astronomer.

0:00:31.920,0:00:34.936
Now, I learned two amazing things,

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one slightly unfortunate,

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when I was doing my PhD.

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I learned that the reality was

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I wouldn't be piloting[br]a starship anytime soon.

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But I also learned that the universe[br]is strange, wonderful and vast,

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actually too vast[br]to be explored by spaceship.

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And so I turned my attention[br]to astronomy, to using telescopes.

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Now, I show you before you[br]an image of the night sky.

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You might see it anywhere in the world.

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And all of these stars are part[br]of our local galaxy, the Milky Way.

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Now, if you were to go[br]to a darker part of the sky,

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a nice dark site, perhaps in the desert,

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you might see the center[br]of our Milky Way galaxy

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spread out before you,[br]hundreds of billions of stars.

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And it's a very beautiful image.

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It's colorful.

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And again, this is just[br]a local corner of our universe.

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You can see there's[br]a sort of strange dark dust across it.

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Now, that is local dust

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that's obscuring the light of the stars.

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But we can do a pretty good job.

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Just with our own eyes, we can explore[br]our little corner of the universe.

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It's possible to do better.

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You can use wonderful telescopes[br]like the Hubble Space Telescope.

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Now, astronomers[br]have put together this image.

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It's called the Hubble Deep Field,

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and they've spent hundreds of hours[br]observing just a tiny patch of the sky

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no larger than your thumbnail[br]held at arm's length.

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And in this image

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you can see thousands of galaxies,

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and we know that there must be[br]hundreds of millions, billions of galaxies

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in the entire universe,

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some like our own and some very different.

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So you think, OK, well,[br]I can continue this journey.

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This is easy. I can just[br]use a very powerful telescope

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and just look at the sky, no problem.

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It's actually really missing out[br]if we just do that.

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Now, that's because[br]everything I've talked about so far

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is just using the visible spectrum,[br]just the thing that your eyes can see,

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and that's a tiny slice,

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a tiny, tiny slice[br]of what the universe has to offer us.

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Now, there's also two very important[br]problems with using visible light.

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Not only are we missing out[br]on all the other processes

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that are emitting other kinds of light,

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but there's two issues.

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Now, the first is that dust[br]that I mentioned earlier.

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The dust stops the visible light[br]from getting to us.

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So as we look deeper[br]into the universe, we see less light.

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The dust stops it getting to us.

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But there's a really strange problem[br]with using visible light

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in order to try and explore the universe.

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Now take a break for a minute.

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Say you're standing on a corner,[br]a busy street corner.

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There's cars going by.

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An ambulance approaches.

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It has a high-pitched siren.

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(Imitates a siren passing by)

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The siren appeared to change in pitch

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as it moved towards and away from you.

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The ambulance driver did not change[br]the siren just to mess with you.

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That was a product of your perception.

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The sound waves,[br]as the ambulance approached,

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were compressed,

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and they changed higher in pitch.

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As the ambulance receded,[br]the sound waves were stretched,

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and they sounded lower in pitch.

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The same thing happens with light.

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Objects moving towards us,

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their light waves are compressed[br]and they appear bluer.

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Objects moving away from us,

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their light waves are stretched,[br]and they appear redder.

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So we call these effects[br]blueshift and redshift.

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Now, our universe is expanding,

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so everything is moving away[br]from everything else,

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and that means[br]everything appears to be red.

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And oddly enough, as you look[br]more deeply into the universe,

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more distant objects[br]are moving away further and faster,

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so they appear more red.

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So if I come back to the Hubble Deep Field

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and we were to continue[br]to peer deeply into the universe

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just using the Hubble,

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as we get to a certain distance away,

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everything becomes red,

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and that presents something of a problem.

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Eventually, we get so far away

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everything is shifted into the infrared

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and we can't see anything at all.

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So there must be a way around this.

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Otherwise, I'm limited in my journey.

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I wanted to explore the whole universe,

0:04:45.160,0:04:49.080
not just whatever I can see,[br]you know, before the redshift kicks in.

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There is a technique.

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It's called radio astronomy.

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Astronomers have been[br]using this for decades.

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It's a fantastic technique.

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I show you the Parkes Radio Telescope,[br]affectionately known as "The Dish."

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You may have seen the movie.

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And radio is really brilliant.

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It allows us to peer much more deeply.

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It doesn't get stopped by dust,

0:05:08.720,0:05:10.976
so you can see everything in the universe,

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and redshift is less of a problem

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because we can build receivers[br]that receive across a large band.

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So what does Parkes see when we turn it[br]to the center of the Milky Way?

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We should see something fantastic, right?

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Well, we do see something interesting.

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All that dust has gone.

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As I mentioned, radio goes[br]straight through dust, so not a problem.

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But the view is very different.

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We can see that the center[br]of the Milky Way is aglow,

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and this isn't starlight.

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This is a light called[br]synchrotron radiation,

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and it's formed from electrons[br]spiraling around cosmic magnetic fields.

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So the plane is aglow with this light.

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And we can also see[br]strange tufts coming off of it,

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and objects which don't appear to line up

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with anything that we can see[br]with our own eyes.

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But it's hard to really[br]interpret this image,

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because as you can see,[br]it's very low resolution.

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Radio waves have a wavelength that's long,

0:06:07.680,0:06:09.976
and that makes their resolution poorer.

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This image is also black and white,

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so we don't really know[br]what is the color of everything in here.

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Well, fast-forward to today.

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We can build telescopes

0:06:19.520,0:06:22.136
which can get over these problems.

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Now, I'm showing you here an image[br]of the Murchison Radio Observatory,

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a fantastic place[br]to build radio telescopes.

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It's flat, it's dry,

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and most importantly, it's radio quiet:

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no mobile phones, no Wi-Fi, nothing,

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just very, very radio quiet,

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so a perfect place[br]to build a radio telescope.

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Now, the telescope that I've been[br]working on for a few years

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is called the Murchison Widefield Array,

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and I'm going to show you[br]a little time lapse of it being built.

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This is a group of undergraduate[br]and postgraduate students

0:06:54.040,0:06:55.296
located in Perth.

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We call them the Student Army,

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and they volunteered their time[br]to build a radio telescope.

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There's no course credit for this.

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And they're putting together[br]these radio dipoles.

0:07:05.240,0:07:10.200
They just receive at low frequencies,[br]a bit like your FM radio or your TV.

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And here we are deploying them[br]across the desert.

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The final telescope[br]covers 10 square kilometers

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of the Western Australian desert.

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And the interesting thing is,[br]there's no moving parts.

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We just deploy these little antennas

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essentially on chicken mesh.

0:07:25.880,0:07:27.296
It's fairly cheap.

0:07:27.320,0:07:29.296
Cables take the signals

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from the antennas

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and bring them[br]to central processing units.

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And it's the size of this telescope,

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the fact that we've built it[br]over the entire desert

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that gives us a better[br]resolution than Parkes.

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Now, eventually all those cables[br]bring them to a unit

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which sends it off[br]to a supercomputer here in Perth,

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and that's where I come in.

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(Sighs)

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Radio data.

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I have spent the last five years

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working with very difficult,[br]very interesting data

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that no one had really looked at before.

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I've spent a long time calibrating it,

0:08:02.680,0:08:06.576
running millions of CPU hours[br]on supercomputers

0:08:06.600,0:08:08.800
and really trying to understand that data.

0:08:09.360,0:08:11.296
And with this telescope,

0:08:11.320,0:08:12.576
with this data,

0:08:12.600,0:08:16.536
we've performed a survey[br]of the entire southern sky,

0:08:16.560,0:08:21.656
the GaLactic and Extragalactic[br]All-sky MWA Survey,

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or GLEAM, as I call it.

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And I'm very excited.

0:08:25.920,0:08:29.301
This survey is just about to be published,[br]but it hasn't been shown yet,

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so you are literally the first people

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to see this southern survey[br]of the entire sky.

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So I'm delighted to share with you[br]some images from this survey.

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Now, imagine you went to the Murchison,

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you camped out underneath the stars

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and you looked towards the south.

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You saw the south's celestial pole,

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the galaxy rising.

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If I fade in the radio light,

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this is what we observe with our survey.

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You can see that the galactic plane[br]is no longer dark with dust.

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It's alight with synchrotron radiation,

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and thousands of dots are in the sky.

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Our large Magellanic Cloud,[br]our nearest galactic neighbor,

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is orange instead[br]of its more familiar blue-white.

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So there's a lot going on in this.[br]Let's take a closer look.

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If we look back[br]towards the galactic center,

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where we originally saw the Parkes image[br]that I showed you earlier,

0:09:16.480,0:09:18.856
low resolution, black and white,

0:09:18.880,0:09:20.960
and we fade to the GLEAM view,

0:09:22.200,0:09:26.056
you can see the resolution[br]has gone up by a factor of a hundred.

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We now have a color view of the sky,

0:09:28.960,0:09:30.296
a technicolor view.

0:09:30.320,0:09:33.296
Now, it's not a false color view.

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These are real radio colors.

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What I've done is I've colored[br]the lowest frequencies red

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and the highest frequencies blue,

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and the middle ones green.

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And that gives us this rainbow view.

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And this isn't just false color.

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The colors in this image[br]tell us about the physical processes

0:09:50.160,0:09:51.400
going on in the universe.

0:09:51.974,0:09:54.736
So for instance, if you look[br]along the plane of the galaxy,

0:09:54.760,0:09:56.216
it's alight with synchrotron,

0:09:56.240,0:09:58.616
which is mostly reddish orange,

0:09:58.640,0:10:01.760
but if we look very closely,[br]we see little blue dots.

0:10:02.320,0:10:03.896
Now, if we zoom in,

0:10:03.920,0:10:06.456
these blue dots are ionized plasma

0:10:06.480,0:10:08.120
around very bright stars,

0:10:08.680,0:10:11.456
and what happens[br]is that they block the red light,

0:10:11.480,0:10:13.120
so they appear blue.

0:10:13.880,0:10:16.816
And these can tell us[br]about these star-forming regions

0:10:16.840,0:10:18.096
in our galaxy.

0:10:18.120,0:10:19.736
And we just see them immediately.

0:10:19.760,0:10:22.816
We look at the galaxy,[br]and the color tells us that they're there.

0:10:22.840,0:10:24.416
You can see little soap bubbles,

0:10:24.440,0:10:27.856
little circular images[br]around the galactic plane,

0:10:27.880,0:10:29.880
and these are supernova remnants.

0:10:30.600,0:10:32.296
When a star explodes,

0:10:32.320,0:10:34.776
its outer shell is cast off

0:10:34.800,0:10:38.096
and it travels outward into space[br]gathering up material,

0:10:38.120,0:10:40.080
and it produces a little shell.

0:10:40.800,0:10:44.176
It's been a long-standing[br]mystery to astronomers

0:10:44.200,0:10:46.280
where all the supernova remnants are.

0:10:46.960,0:10:51.296
We know that there must be a lot[br]of high-energy electrons in the plane

0:10:51.320,0:10:53.976
to produce the synchrotron[br]radiation that we see,

0:10:54.000,0:10:56.576
and we think they're produced[br]by supernova remnants,

0:10:56.600,0:10:58.376
but there don't seem to be enough.

0:10:58.400,0:11:02.296
Fortunately, GLEAM is really, really[br]good at detecting supernova remnants,

0:11:02.320,0:11:04.800
so we're hoping to have[br]a new paper out on that soon.

0:11:05.800,0:11:07.056
Now, that's fine.

0:11:07.080,0:11:09.416
We've explored our little local universe,

0:11:09.440,0:11:11.816
but I wanted to go deeper,[br]I wanted to go further.

0:11:11.840,0:11:13.920
I wanted to go beyond the Milky Way.

0:11:14.520,0:11:18.296
Well, as it happens, we can see a very[br]interesting object in the top right,

0:11:18.320,0:11:20.536
and this is a local radio galaxy,

0:11:20.560,0:11:21.800
Centaurus A.

0:11:22.240,0:11:23.496
If we zoom in on this,

0:11:23.520,0:11:26.920
we can see that there are[br]two huge plumes going out into space.

0:11:27.600,0:11:30.496
And if you look right in the center[br]between those two plumes,

0:11:30.520,0:11:32.896
you'll see a galaxy just like our own.

0:11:32.920,0:11:35.376
It's a spiral. It has a dust lane.

0:11:35.400,0:11:37.016
It's a normal galaxy.

0:11:37.040,0:11:40.656
But these jets[br]are only visible in the radio.

0:11:40.680,0:11:43.856
If we looked in the visible,[br]we wouldn't even know they were there,

0:11:43.880,0:11:46.920
and they're thousands of times larger[br]than the host galaxy.

0:11:47.480,0:11:49.880
What's going on?[br]What's producing these jets?

0:11:51.160,0:11:54.696
At the center of every galaxy[br]that we know about

0:11:54.720,0:11:56.976
is a supermassive black hole.

0:11:57.000,0:12:00.416
Now, black holes are invisible.[br]That's why they're called that.

0:12:00.440,0:12:03.456
All you can see is the deflection[br]of the light around them,

0:12:03.480,0:12:07.776
and occasionally, when a star[br]or a cloud of gas comes into their orbit,

0:12:07.800,0:12:10.536
it is ripped apart by tidal forces,

0:12:10.560,0:12:13.040
forming what we call an accretion disk.

0:12:13.640,0:12:16.856
The accretion disk[br]glows brightly in the x-rays,

0:12:16.880,0:12:21.296
and huge magnetic fields[br]can launch the material into space

0:12:21.320,0:12:23.040
at nearly the speed of light.

0:12:23.520,0:12:26.680
So these jets are visible in the radio

0:12:27.240,0:12:29.400
and this is what we pick up in our survey.

0:12:30.040,0:12:34.056
Well, very well, so we've seen[br]one radio galaxy. That's nice.

0:12:34.080,0:12:36.256
But if you just look[br]at the top of that image,

0:12:36.280,0:12:38.016
you'll see another radio galaxy.

0:12:38.040,0:12:41.280
It's a little bit smaller,[br]and that's just because it's further away.

0:12:41.800,0:12:44.456
OK. Two radio galaxies.

0:12:44.480,0:12:46.056
We can see this. This is fine.

0:12:46.080,0:12:47.816
Well, what about all the other dots?

0:12:47.840,0:12:49.400
Presumably those are just stars.

0:12:49.880,0:12:51.096
They're not.

0:12:51.120,0:12:52.720
They're all radio galaxies.

0:12:53.320,0:12:56.216
Every single one of the dots in this image

0:12:56.240,0:12:57.976
is a distant galaxy,

0:12:58.000,0:13:00.856
millions to billions of light-years away

0:13:00.880,0:13:03.496
with a supermassive[br]black hole at its center

0:13:03.520,0:13:07.096
pushing material into space[br]at nearly the speed of light.

0:13:07.120,0:13:08.880
It is mind-blowing.

0:13:09.680,0:13:13.416
And this survey is even larger[br]than what I've shown here.

0:13:13.440,0:13:15.976
If we zoom out to[br]the full extent of the survey,

0:13:16.000,0:13:20.096
you can see I found 300,000[br]of these radio galaxies.

0:13:20.120,0:13:23.016
So it's truly an epic journey.

0:13:23.040,0:13:25.696
We've discovered all of these galaxies

0:13:25.720,0:13:29.280
right back to the very first[br]supermassive black holes.

0:13:29.960,0:13:32.740
I'm very proud of this,[br]and it will be published next week.

0:13:33.280,0:13:36.096
Now, that's not all.

0:13:36.120,0:13:40.456
I've explored the furthest reaches[br]of the galaxy with this survey,

0:13:40.480,0:13:43.440
but there's something[br]even more in this image.

0:13:44.320,0:13:47.616
Now, I'll take you right back[br]to the dawn of time.

0:13:47.640,0:13:51.296
When the universe formed,[br]it was a big bang,

0:13:51.320,0:13:55.376
which left the universe[br]as a sea of hydrogen,

0:13:55.400,0:13:56.896
neutral hydrogen.

0:13:56.920,0:13:59.696
And when the very first stars[br]and galaxies switched on,

0:13:59.720,0:14:01.816
they ionized that hydrogen.

0:14:01.840,0:14:05.280
So the universe went[br]from neutral to ionized.

0:14:06.160,0:14:09.336
That imprinted a signal all around us.

0:14:09.360,0:14:11.096
Everywhere, it pervades us,

0:14:11.120,0:14:12.536
like the Force.

0:14:12.560,0:14:16.280
Now, because that happened so long ago,

0:14:17.000,0:14:18.800
the signal was redshifted,

0:14:19.560,0:14:22.856
so now that signal[br]is at very low frequencies.

0:14:22.880,0:14:25.336
It's at the same frequency as my survey,

0:14:25.360,0:14:26.736
but it's so faint.

0:14:26.760,0:14:30.640
It's a billionth the size[br]of any of the objects in my survey.

0:14:31.320,0:14:36.216
So our telescope may not be quite[br]sensitive enough to pick up this signal.

0:14:36.240,0:14:38.736
However, there's a new radio telescope.

0:14:38.760,0:14:40.416
So I can't have a starship,

0:14:40.440,0:14:41.696
but I can hopefully have

0:14:41.720,0:14:44.576
one of the biggest[br]radio telescopes in the world.

0:14:44.600,0:14:48.216
We're building the Square Kilometre Array,[br]a new radio telescope,

0:14:48.240,0:14:50.976
and it's going to be a thousand[br]times bigger than the MWA,

0:14:51.000,0:14:54.216
a thousand times more sensitive,[br]and have an even better resolution.

0:14:54.240,0:14:56.456
So we should find[br]tens of millions of galaxies.

0:14:56.480,0:14:58.816
And perhaps, deep in that signal,

0:14:58.840,0:15:03.016
I will get to look upon the very first[br]stars and galaxies switching on,

0:15:03.040,0:15:05.400
the beginning of time itself.

0:15:05.920,0:15:07.136
Thank you.

0:15:07.160,0:15:09.920
(Applause)