[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.47,0:00:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We often hear these days\Nthat the immigration system is broken.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.95,0:00:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to make the case today that\Nour immigration conversation is broken
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.62,0:00:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to suggest some ways that, together,\Nwe might build a better one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.74,0:00:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to do that, I'm going\Nto propose some new questions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.66,0:00:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about immigration,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.05,0:00:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.28,0:00:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.62,0:00:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,questions that might move the borders\Nof the immigration debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.50,0:00:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not going to begin with the feverish\Nargument that we're currently having,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.68,0:00:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even as the lives and well-being\Nof immigrants are being put at risk
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.21,0:00:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the US border and far beyond it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.57,0:00:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, I'm going to begin\Nwith me in graduate school
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.22,0:00:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in New Jersey in the mid-1990s,\Nearnestly studying US history,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.93,0:00:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what I currently teach\Nas a professor at Vanderbilt University
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.37,0:00:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Nashville, Tennessee.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.60,0:00:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I wasn't studying,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.11,0:00:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes to avoid\Nwriting my dissertation,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.38,0:00:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my friends and I would go into town
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.23,0:01:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hand out neon-colored flyers,\Nprotesting legislation
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.09,0:01:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was threatening to take away\Nimmigrants' rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.48,0:01:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our flyers were sincere,\Nthey were well-meaning,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.31,0:01:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were factually accurate ...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.56,0:01:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I realize now, they were also\Nkind of a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.64,0:01:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's what they said:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.84,0:01:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Don't take away immigrant rights\Nto public education,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.37,0:01:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to medical services,\Nto the social safety net.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.11,0:01:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They work hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.68,0:01:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They pay taxes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.60,0:01:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're law-abiding.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.48,0:01:32.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They use social services\Nless than Americans do.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.05,0:01:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're eager to learn English,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.14,0:01:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their children serve\Nin the US military all over the world."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.42,0:01:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these are, of course, arguments\Nthat we hear every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.94,0:01:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Immigrants and their advocates use them
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.44,0:01:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they confront those who would\Ndeny immigrants their rights
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.20,0:01:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even exclude them from society.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.45,0:01:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And up to a certain point,\Nit makes perfect sense
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.12,0:02:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these would be the kinds of claims\Nthat immigrants' defenders would turn to.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.60,0:02:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the long term,\Nand maybe even in the short term,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.45,0:02:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think these arguments\Ncan be counterproductive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.100,0:02:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.52,0:02:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it's always an uphill battle
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.64,0:02:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to defend yourself\Non your opponent's terrain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.67,0:02:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, unwittingly, the handouts\Nmy friends and I were handing out
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.66,0:02:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the versions of these arguments\Nthat we hear today
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.08,0:02:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were actually playing\Nthe anti-immigrants game.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.70,0:02:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were playing that game\Nin part by envisioning
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.46,0:02:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that immigrants were outsiders,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.71,0:02:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than, as I'm hoping\Nto suggest in a few minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.88,0:02:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people that are already,\Nin important ways, on the inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.30,0:02:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's those who are hostile\Nto immigrants, the nativists,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.86,0:02:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have succeeded\Nin framing the immigration debate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.68,0:02:50.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around three main questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.59,0:02:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, there's the question of whether\Nimmigrants can be useful tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.24,0:03:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we use immigrants?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.78,0:03:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will they make us richer and stronger?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.75,0:03:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nativist answer\Nto this question is no,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.69,0:03:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immigrants have little\Nor nothing to offer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.99,0:03:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second question is whether\Nimmigrants are others.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.20,0:03:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can immigrants become more like us?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.70,0:03:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are they capable of becoming more like us?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.40,0:03:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are they capable of assimilating?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.05,0:03:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are they willing to assimilate?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.48,0:03:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, again, the nativist answer is no,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.84,0:03:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immigrants are permanently\Ndifferent from us and inferior to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.16,0:03:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third question is whether\Nimmigrants are parasites.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.74,0:03:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are they dangerous to us?\NAnd will they drain our resources?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.18,0:03:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, the nativist answer is yes and yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.78,0:03:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immigrants pose a threat\Nand they sap our wealth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.76,0:03:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would suggest that these three questions\Nand the nativist animus behind them
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.87,0:04:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have succeeded in framing the larger\Ncontours of the immigration debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.98,0:04:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These questions are anti-immigrant\Nand nativist at their core,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.86,0:04:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built around a kind of hierarchical\Ndivision of insiders and outsiders,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.78,0:04:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,us and them,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.36,0:04:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which only we matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.04,0:04:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.20,0:04:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what gives these questions\Ntraction and power
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.64,0:04:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond the circle of committed nativists
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.83,0:04:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the way they tap into an everyday,\Nseemingly harmless sense
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.50,0:04:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of national belonging
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.25,0:04:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and activate it, heighten it
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.94,0:04:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inflame it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.74,0:04:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nativists commit themselves\Nto making stark distinctions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.20,0:04:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between insiders and outsiders.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.74,0:04:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the distinction itself is at the heart\Nof the way nations define themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.66,0:04:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fissures between inside and outside,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.44,0:04:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which often run deepest\Nalong lines of race and religion,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.15,0:05:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are always there to be\Ndeepened and exploited.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.37,0:05:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that potentially\Ngives nativist approaches resonance
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.52,0:05:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,far beyond those who consider\Nthemselves anti-immigrant,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.38,0:05:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and remarkably, even among some\Nwho consider themselves pro-immigrant.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.32,0:05:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example,\Nwhen Immigrants Act allies
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.76,0:05:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,answer these questions\Nthe nativists are posing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.98,0:05:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they take them seriously.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.34,0:05:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They legitimate those questions\Nand, to some extent,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.52,0:05:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the anti-immigrant assumptions\Nthat are behind them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.41,0:05:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we take these questions seriously\Nwithout even knowing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.15,0:05:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're reinforcing the closed,\Nexclusionary borders
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.100,0:05:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the immigration conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.46,0:05:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how did we get here?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.65,0:05:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did these become the leading ways\Nthat we talk about immigration?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.52,0:05:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, we need some backstory,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.98,0:05:53.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is where my history\Ntraining comes in.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.33,0:05:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the first century of the US's\Nstatus as an independent nation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.56,0:06:03.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it did very little to restrict\Nimmigration at the national level.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.30,0:06:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, many policymakers\Nand employers worked hard
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.85,0:06:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to recruit immigrants
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.39,0:06:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build up industry
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.03,0:06:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to serve as settlers,\Nto seize the continent.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.95,0:06:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But after the Civil War,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.56,0:06:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nativist voices rose\Nin volume and in power.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.37,0:06:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Asian, Latin American,\NCaribbean and European immigrants
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.31,0:06:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who dug Americans' canals,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.10,0:06:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cooked their dinners,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.93,0:06:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fought their wars
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.64,0:06:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put their children to bed at night
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.87,0:06:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were met with a new\Nand intense xenophobia,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.45,0:06:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which cast immigrants\Nas permanent outsiders
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.04,0:06:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who should never be allowed\Nto become insiders.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.15,0:06:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the mid-1920s, the nativists had won,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.89,0:06:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,erecting racist laws
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.64,0:06:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that closed out untold numbers\Nof vulnerable immigrants and refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.16,0:07:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Immigrants and their allies\Ndid their best to fight back,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.36,0:07:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they found themselves\Non the defensive,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.85,0:07:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caught in some ways\Nin the nativists' frames.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.78,0:07:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When nativists said\Nthat immigrants weren't useful,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.63,0:07:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their allies said yes, they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.93,0:07:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When nativists accused\Nimmigrants of being others,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.90,0:07:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their allies promised\Nthat they would assimilate.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.79,0:07:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When nativists charged that immigrants\Nwere dangerous parasites,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.84,0:07:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their allies emphasized\Ntheir loyalty, their obedience,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.98,0:07:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their hard work and their thrift.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.29,0:07:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even as advocates welcomed immigrants,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.77,0:07:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many still regarded immigrants\Nas outsiders to be pitied, to be rescued,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.21,0:07:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be uplifted
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.05,0:07:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to be tolerated,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.22,0:07:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but never fully brought inside\Nas equals in rights and respect.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.19,0:08:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After World War II, and especially\Nfrom the mid-1960s until really recently,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.91,0:08:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immigrants and their allies\Nturned the tide,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.30,0:08:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overthrowing mid-20th century restriction
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.72,0:08:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and winning instead a new system\Nthat prioritized family reunification,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.34,0:08:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the admission of refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.98,0:08:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the admission of those\Nwith special skills.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.64,0:08:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even then,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.84,0:08:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they didn't succeed in fundamentally\Nchanging the terms of the debate,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.48,0:08:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so that framework endured,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.72,0:08:34.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ready to be taken up again\Nin our own convulsive moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.74,0:08:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That conversation is broken.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.79,0:08:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The old questions\Nare harmful and divisive.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.49,0:08:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we get from that conversation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.03,0:08:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to one that's more likely to get us\Ncloser to a world that is fairer,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.60,0:08:52.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is more just,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.20,0:08:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's more secure?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.04,0:08:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to suggest that what we have to do
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.40,0:09:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the hardest things\Nthat any society can do:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.11,0:09:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to redraw the boundaries of who counts,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.11,0:09:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of whose life, whose rights
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.31,0:09:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whose thriving matters.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.48,0:09:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to redraw the boundaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.31,0:09:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to redraw the borders of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.24,0:09:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to do that, we need to first\Ntake on a worldview that's widely held
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.54,0:09:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also seriously flawed.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.08,0:09:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to that worldview,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.37,0:09:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's the inside of the national\Nboundaries, inside the nation,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.10,0:09:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is where we live, work\Nand mind our own business.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.77,0:09:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's the outside;\Nthere's everywhere else.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.64,0:09:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to this worldview,\Nwhen immigrants cross into the nation,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.48,0:09:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're moving from\Nthe outside to the inside,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.47,0:09:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they remain outsiders.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.14,0:09:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any power or resources they receive
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.34,0:09:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are gifts from us rather than rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.37,0:10:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's not hard to see why\Nthis is such a commonly held worldview.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.24,0:10:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's reinforced in everyday ways\Nthat we talk and act and behave,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.04,0:10:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to the bordered maps\Nthat we hang up in our schoolrooms.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.73,0:10:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem with this worldview\Nis that it just doesn't correspond
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.38,0:10:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the way the world actually works,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.64,0:10:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the way it has worked in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.11,0:10:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, American workers\Nhave built up wealth in society.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.39,0:10:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But so have immigrants,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.61,0:10:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly in parts of the American\Neconomy that are indispensable
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.48,0:10:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where few Americans work,\Nlike agriculture.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.84,0:10:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since the nation's founding,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.46,0:10:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Americans have been inside\Nthe American workforce.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.66,0:10:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, Americans have built up\Ninstitutions in society
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.01,0:10:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that guarantee rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.20,0:10:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But so have immigrants.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.70,0:10:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've been there during\Nevery major social movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.10,0:10:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like civil rights and organized labor,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.58,0:10:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have fought to expand\Nrights in society for everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.36,0:11:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So immigrants are already\Ninside the struggle
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.84,0:11:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for rights, democracy and freedom.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.98,0:11:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, Americans\Nand other citizens of the Global North
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.12,0:11:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,haven't minded their own business,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.54,0:11:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they haven't stayed\Nwithin their own borders.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.91,0:11:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They haven't respected\Nother nations' borders.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.08,0:11:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've gone out into the world\Nwith their armies,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.44,0:11:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've taken over\Nterritories and resources,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.92,0:11:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they've extracted enormous profits\Nfrom many of the countries
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.62,0:11:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that immigrants are from.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.40,0:11:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this sense, many immigrants are\Nactually already inside American power.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.27,0:11:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this different map\Nof inside and outside in mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.18,0:11:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the question isn't whether\Nreceiving countries
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.14,0:11:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to let immigrants in.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.90,0:11:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're already in.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.03,0:11:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The question is whether\Nthe United States and other countries
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.97,0:11:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to give immigrants\Naccess to the rights and resources
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.05,0:12:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that their work, their activism\Nand their home countries
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.03,0:12:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have already played\Na fundamental role in creating.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.47,0:12:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this new map in mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.83,0:12:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can turn to a set of tough,\Nnew, urgently needed questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.37,0:12:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,radically different from the ones\Nwe've asked before --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.12,0:12:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,questions that might change\Nthe borders of the immigration debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.51,0:12:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our three questions are\Nabout workers' rights,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.80,0:12:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about responsibility
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.50,0:12:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about equality.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.93,0:12:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, we need to be asking\Nabout workers' rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.40,0:12:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do existing policies make it harder\Nfor immigrants to defend themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.72,0:12:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and easier for them to be exploited,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.62,0:12:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,driving down wages, rights\Nand protections for everyone?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.74,0:12:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When immigrants are threatened\Nwith roundups, detention and deportations,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.40,0:12:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their employers know\Nthat they can be abused,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.54,0:12:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they can be told\Nthat if they fight back,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.99,0:12:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll be turned over to ICE.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.46,0:12:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When employers know
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.73,0:13:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they can terrorize an immigrant\Nwith his lack of papers,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.16,0:13:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes that worker hyper-exploitable,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.24,0:13:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that has impacts\Nnot only for immigrant workers
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.12,0:13:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for all workers.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.38,0:13:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, we need to ask questions\Nabout responsibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.00,0:13:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What role have rich, powerful\Ncountries like the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.95,0:13:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,played in making it hard or impossible
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.46,0:13:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for immigrants to stay\Nin their home countries?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.33,0:13:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Picking up and moving from your country\Nis difficult and dangerous,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.59,0:13:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many immigrants simply do not have\Nthe option of staying home
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.32,0:13:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they want to survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.53,0:13:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wars, trade agreements
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.28,0:13:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and consumer habits\Nrooted in the Global North
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.96,0:13:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,play a major and devastating role here.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.49,0:13:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What responsibilities\Ndo the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.56,0:13:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the European Union and China --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.62,0:13:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world's leading carbon emitters --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.88,0:13:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to the millions of people\Nalready uprooted by global warming?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.98,0:14:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And third, we need to ask\Nquestions about equality.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.57,0:14:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Global inequality is a wrenching,\Nintensifying problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.04,0:14:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Income and wealth gaps\Nare widening around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.50,0:14:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Increasingly, what determines\Nwhether you're rich or poor,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.86,0:14:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than anything else,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.20,0:14:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what country you're born in,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.06,0:14:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which might seem great\Nif you're from a prosperous country.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.13,0:14:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it actually means\Na profoundly unjust distribution
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.72,0:14:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the chances for a long,\Nhealthy, fulfilling life.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.46,0:14:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When immigrants send money\Nor goods home to their family,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.18,0:14:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it plays a significant role\Nin narrowing these gaps,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.35,0:14:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if a very incomplete one.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.77,0:14:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It does more than all\Nof the foreign aid programs
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.83,0:14:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world combined.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.78,0:14:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We began with the nativist questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.37,0:14:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about immigrants as tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.01,0:14:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as others
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.64,0:14:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as parasites.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.67,0:14:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where might these new questions\Nabout worker rights,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.18,0:15:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about responsibility
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.80,0:15:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about equality
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.38,0:15:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take us?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.40,0:15:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These questions reject pity,\Nand they embrace justice.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.89,0:15:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These questions reject\Nthe nativist and nationalist division
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.64,0:15:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of us versus them.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.08,0:15:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're going to help prepare us\Nfor problems that are coming
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.30,0:15:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and problems like global warming\Nthat are already upon us.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.49,0:15:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not going to be easy to turn away\Nfrom the questions that we've been asking
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.31,0:15:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards this new set of questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.28,0:15:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's no small challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.72,0:15:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take on and broaden the borders of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.87,0:15:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will take wit,\Ninventiveness and courage.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.23,0:15:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The old questions have been\Nwith us for a long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.86,0:15:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're not going\Nto give way on their own,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.60,0:15:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're not going\Nto give way overnight.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.91,0:15:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even if we manage\Nto change the questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.10,0:15:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the answers are going to be complicated,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.07,0:15:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're going to require\Nsacrifices and tradeoffs.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.38,0:16:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in an unequal world, we're always\Ngoing to have to pay attention
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.68,0:16:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the question of who has the power\Nto join the conversation
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.18,0:16:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who doesn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.88,0:16:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the borders of the immigration debate
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.34,0:16:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be moved.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.10,0:16:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's up to all of us to move them.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.54,0:16:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.77,0:16:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)