[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.75,0:00:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We often hear these days\Nthat the immigration system is broken. Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.23,0:00:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to make the case today that\Nour immigration conversation is broken Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.82,0:00:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to suggest some ways that together\Nwe might build a better one. Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.97,0:00:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to do that, I'm going\Nto propose some new questions Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.45,0:00:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about immigration, Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.64,0:00:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the United States and the world, Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.92,0:00:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,questions that might move the borders\Nof the immigration debate. Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.91,0:00:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not going to begin with the feverish\Nargument that we're currently having, Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.78,0:00:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even as the lives and wellbeing\Nof immigrants are being put at risk Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.39,0:00:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the US borders and far beyond it. Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.81,0:00:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead I'm going to begin\Nwith me in graduate school Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.25,0:00:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in New Jersey in the mid-1990s\Nearnestly studying US history, Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.20,0:00:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what I currently\Nteach as a professor Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.06,0:00:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Vanderbilt University\Nin Nashville, Tennessee. Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.67,0:00:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I wasn't studying, Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.30,0:00:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes to avoid\Nwriting my dissertation, Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.56,0:00:58.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my friends and I would go into town Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.45,0:01:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hand out neon-colored flyers Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.20,0:01:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protesting legislation Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.09,0:01:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was threatening to take away\Nimmigrants' rights. Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.54,0:01:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our flyers were sincere,\Nthey were well-meaning, Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.62,0:01:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were factually accurate, Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.66,0:01:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I realize now they were also\Nkind of a problem. Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.79,0:01:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's what they said: Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.93,0:01:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Don't take away immigrant rights\Nto public education, Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.95,0:01:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to medical services,\Nto the social safety net. Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.16,0:01:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They work hard. They pay taxes. Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.70,0:01:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're law-abiding. Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.53,0:01:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They use social services\Nless than Americans do. Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.02,0:01:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're eager to learn English, Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.34,0:01:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their children serve\Nin the US military all over the world." Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.53,0:01:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now these are of course arguments\Nthat we hear every day. Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.62,0:01:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Immigrants and their advocates use them Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.70,0:01:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they confront those who would\Ndeny immigrants their rights Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.34,0:01:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even exclude them from society. Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.53,0:01:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And up to a certain point,\Nit makes perfect sense Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.33,0:02:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these would be the kinds of claims\Nthat immigrants' defenders would turn to. Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.54,0:02:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the long term,\Nand maybe even in the short term, Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.29,0:02:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think these arguments\Ncan be counterproductive. Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.09,0:02:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.60,0:02:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it's always an uphill battle Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.82,0:02:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to defend yourself\Non your opponents' terrain, Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.36,0:02:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, unwittingly, Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.67,0:02:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the handouts that my friends\Nand I were handing out Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.87,0:02:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the versions of these arguments\Nthat we hear today, Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.08,0:02:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're actually playing\Nthe anti-immigrants' game. Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.67,0:02:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were playing that game\Nin part by envisioning Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.46,0:02:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that immigrants were outsiders, Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.48,0:02:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than, as I'm hoping\Nto suggest in a few minutes, Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.13,0:02:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people that are already,\Nin important ways, on the inside. Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.56,0:02:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's those who are hostile\Nto immigrants, the nativists, Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.32,0:02:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have succeeded\Nin framing the immigration debate Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.14,0:02:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around three main questions. Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.76,0:02:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, there's the question of whether\Nimmigrants can be useful tools. Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.46,0:03:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we use immigrants? Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.06,0:03:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will they make us richer and stronger? Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.60,0:03:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nativist answer\Nto this question is no, Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.96,0:03:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immigrants have little\Nor nothing to offer. Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.66,0:03:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second questions is whether\Nimmigrants are others. Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.90,0:03:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can immigrants become more like us? Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.16,0:03:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are they capable of becoming more like us?\NAre they capable of assimilating? Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.07,0:03:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are they willing to assimilate? Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.43,0:03:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, again, the nativist answer is no, Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.08,0:03:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immigrants and permanently\Ndifferent from us and inferior to us. Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.95,0:03:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third question is whether\Nimmigrants are parasites. Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.80,0:03:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are they dangerous to us?\NAnd will they drain our resources? Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.34,0:03:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, the nativist answer is yes and yes, Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.13,0:03:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immigrants pose a threat\Nand they sap our wealth. Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.45,0:04:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would suggest that these three questions\Nand the nativist animus behind them Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.46,0:04:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have succeeded in framing the larger\Ncontours of the immigration debate. Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.82,0:04:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These questions are anti-immigrant\Nand nativist at their core, Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.70,0:04:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built around a kind of hierarchical\Ndivision of insiders and outsiders, Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.25,0:04:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,us and them, Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.03,0:04:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which only we matter and they don't. Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.11,0:04:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what gives these questions\Ntraction and power Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.09,0:04:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond the circle of committed nativists\Nis the way that they tap into Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.47,0:04:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an everyday, seemingly harmless\Nsense of national belonging Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.55,0:04:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and activate it, heighten it, Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.90,0:04:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inflame it. Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.95,0:04:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nativists commit themselves\Nto making stark distinctions Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.36,0:04:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between insiders and outsiders, Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.81,0:04:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the distinction itself is at the heart\Nof the way nations define themselves. Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.27,0:04:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fissures between inside and outside, Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.79,0:04:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which often run deepest\Nalong lines of race and religion, Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.89,0:05:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are always there to be\Ndeepened and exploited. Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.55,0:05:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that potentially\Ngives nativist approaches resonance Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.84,0:05:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,far beyond those who consider\Nthemselves anti-immigrant, Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.88,0:05:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and remarkably even among some\Nwho consider themselves pro-immigrant. Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.48,0:05:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.06,0:05:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when immigrants' allies Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.06,0:05:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,answer these questions\Nthe nativists are posing, Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.87,0:05:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they take them seriously. Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.45,0:05:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They legitimate those questions,\Nand, to some extent, Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.76,0:05:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the anti-immigrant assumptions\Nthat are behind them. Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.78,0:05:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we take these questions seriously\Nwithout even knowing it, Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.52,0:05:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're reinforcing the closed,\Nexclusionary borders Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.11,0:05:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the immigration conversation. Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.74,0:05:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how did we get here? Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.85,0:05:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did these become the leading ways\Nthat we talk about immigration? Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.69,0:05:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we need some backstory, which is\Nwhere my history training comes in. Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.14,0:05:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the first century Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.52,0:05:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the US's status\Nas an independent nation, Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.56,0:06:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it did very little to restrict\Nimmigration at the national level. Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.82,0:06:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, many policymakers\Nand employers worked hard Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.72,0:06:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to recruit immigrants Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.42,0:06:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build up industry Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.93,0:06:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to serve as settlers,\Nto seize the continent. Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.09,0:06:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But after the Civil War, Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.40,0:06:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nativist voices rose\Nin volume and in power. Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.82,0:06:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Asian, Latin American,\NCaribbean and European immigrants Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.75,0:06:31.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who dug Americans' canals, Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.45,0:06:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cooked their dinners, Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.55,0:06:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fought their wars, Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.00,0:06:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put their children to bed at night, Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.64,0:06:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were met with a new and intense xenophobia Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.70,0:06:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which cast immigrants\Nas permanent outsiders Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.95,0:06:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who should never be allowed\Nto become insiders. Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.86,0:06:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the mid-1920s, the nativists had won, Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.85,0:06:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,erecting racist laws Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.14,0:06:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that closed our untold numbers\Nof vulnerable immigrants and refugees. Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.39,0:07:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Immigrants and their allies\Ndid their best to fight back, Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.63,0:07:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they found themselves\Non the defensive, Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.61,0:07:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caught in some ways\Nin the nativists' frames. Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.100,0:07:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When nativists said\Nthat immigrants weren't useful, Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.93,0:07:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their allies said yes, they are. Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.12,0:07:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When nativists accused\Nimmigrants of being others, Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.20,0:07:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their allies promised\Nthat they would assimilate. Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.79,0:07:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When nativists charged that immigrants\Nwere dangerous parasites, Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.13,0:07:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their allies emphasized\Ntheir loyalty, their obedience, Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.33,0:07:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their hard work, and their thrift. Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.55,0:07:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even as advocates welcomed immigrants, Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.94,0:07:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many still regarded\Nimmigrants as outsiders Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.36,0:07:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be pitied, to be rescued, Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.18,0:07:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be uplifted and to be tolerated, Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.45,0:07:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but never fully brought inside\Nas equals in rights and respect. Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.24,0:08:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After World War II, and especially\Nfrom the mid-1960s until really recently, Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.25,0:08:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immigrants and their allies\Nturned the tide, Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.68,0:08:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overthrowing mid-20th century restriction Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.05,0:08:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and winning instead a new system\Nthat prioritized family reunification, Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.88,0:08:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the admission of refugees, Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.72,0:08:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the admission of those\Nwith special skills. Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.74,0:08:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even then, Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.93,0:08:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they didn't succeed in fundamentally\Nchanging the terms of the debate, Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.84,0:08:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so that framework endured, Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.38,0:08:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ready to be taken up again\Nin our own convulsive moment. Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.07,0:08:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That conversation is broken. Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.10,0:08:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The old questions\Nare harmful and divisive. Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.75,0:08:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we get from that conversation Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.29,0:08:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to one that's more likely to get us\Ncloser to a world that is fairer, Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.04,0:08:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is more just, Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.47,0:08:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's more secure? Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.21,0:08:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to suggest that what we have to do Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.08,0:09:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the hardest thing\Nthat any society can do: Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.19,0:09:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to redraw the boundaries of who counts, Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.38,0:09:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of whose life, whose rights, Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.09,0:09:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whose thriving matters. Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.91,0:09:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to redraw the boundaries. Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.18,0:09:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to redraw the borders of us. Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.24,0:09:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to do that, we need to first\Ntake on a worldview that's widely held Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.81,0:09:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also seriously flawed. Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.34,0:09:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to that worldview, Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.63,0:09:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's the inside\Nof the national boundaries, Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.77,0:09:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the nation which is where we\Nlive, work and mind our own business, Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.10,0:09:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then there's the outside,\Nthere's everywhere else. Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.50,0:09:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to this worldview,\Nwhen immigrants cross into the nation, Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.90,0:09:48.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're moving from\Nthe outside to the inside, Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.63,0:09:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they remain outsiders. Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.50,0:09:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any power or resources they receive Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.60,0:09:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are gifts from us rather than rights. Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.16,0:09:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it's not hard to see why\Nthis is such a commonly held worldview. Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.66,0:10:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's reinforced in everyday way\Nthat we talk and act and behave Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.32,0:10:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to the bordered maps\Nthat we hang up in our schoolrooms. Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.37,0:10:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem with this worldview\Nis that it just doesn't correspond Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.07,0:10:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the way the world actually works\Nand the way it has worked in the past. Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.22,0:10:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, American workers\Nhave built up wealth in society, Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.14,0:10:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but so have immigrants, Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.87,0:10:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly in parts of the American\Neconomy that are indispensable Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.18,0:10:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where few Americans work,\Nlike agriculture. Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.84,0:10:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since the nation's founding, Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.87,0:10:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Americans have been inside\Nthe American workforce. Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.87,0:10:46.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, Americans have built up\Ninstitutions and society Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.74,0:10:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that guaranteed rights, Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.57,0:10:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but so have immigrants. Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.02,0:10:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've been there during\Nevery major social movement, Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.34,0:10:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like civil rights and organized labor, Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.82,0:11:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have fought to expand\Nrights and society for everyone. Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.62,0:11:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So immigrants are already inside Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.64,0:11:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the struggle for rights,\Ndemocracy and freedom. Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.35,0:11:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, Americans\Nand other citizens of the Global North Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.68,0:11:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,haven't minded their own business, Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.72,0:11:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they haven't stayed\Nwithin their own borders. Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.88,0:11:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They haven't respected\Nother nations' borders. Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.52,0:11:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've gone out into\Nthe world with their armies, Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.71,0:11:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've taken over\Nterritories and resources, Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.07,0:11:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they've extracted enormous profits\Nfrom many of the countries Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.85,0:11:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that immigrants are from. Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.78,0:11:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this sense, many immigrants are \Nactually already inside American power. Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.52,0:11:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this different map\Nof inside and outside in mind, Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.48,0:11:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the question isn't whether\Nreceiving countries Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.75,0:11:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to let immigrants in. Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.42,0:11:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're already in. Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.37,0:11:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The question is whether\Nthe United States and other countries Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.62,0:11:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to give immigrants\Naccess to the rights and resources Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.44,0:12:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that their work, their activism,\Nand their home countries Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.37,0:12:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have already played\Na fundamental role in creating. Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.75,0:12:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this new map in mind, Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.00,0:12:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can turn to a set of tough,\Nnew, urgently needed questions Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.66,0:12:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,radically different from the ones\Nwe've asked before, Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.12,0:12:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,questions that might change\Nthe borders of the immigration debate. Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.80,0:12:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our three questions are\Nabout workers' rights, Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.48,0:12:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about responsibility Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.77,0:12:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about equality. Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.06,0:12:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, we need to be asking\Nabout workers' rights. Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.22,0:12:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do existing policies make it harder\Nfor immigrants to defend themselves Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.08,0:12:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and easier for them to be exploited, Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.04,0:12:46.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,driving down wages, rights\Nand protections for everyone? Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.100,0:12:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When immigrants are threatened\Nwith roundups, detention and deportations, Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.66,0:12:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their employers know\Nthat they can be abused, Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.89,0:12:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they can be told Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.20,0:12:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if they fight back,\Nthey'll be turned over to ICE. Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.42,0:13:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When employers know Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.20,0:13:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they can terrorize an immigrant\Nwith his lack of papers, Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.31,0:13:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes that worker hyper-exploitable, Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.54,0:13:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that has impacts\Nnot only for immigrant workers Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.100,0:13:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for all workers. Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.65,0:13:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, we need to ask questions\Nabout responsibility. Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.84,0:13:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What role have rich, powerful countries\Nlike the United States played Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.41,0:13:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in making it hard or impossible Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.69,0:13:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for immigrants to stay\Nin their home countries? Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.51,0:13:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Picking up and moving from your country\Nis difficult and dangerous, Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.96,0:13:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many immigrants simply do not\Nhave the option of staying home Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.81,0:13:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they want to survive. Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.94,0:13:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wars, trade agreements, Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.00,0:13:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and consumer habits\Nrooted in the Global North Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.12,0:13:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,play a major and devastating role here. Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.29,0:13:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What responsibilities\Ndo the United States, Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.68,0:13:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the European Union, and China -- Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.54,0:13:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world's leading carbon emitters -- Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.07,0:13:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to the millions of people\Nalready uprooted by global warming? Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.22,0:14:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And third, we need to ask\Nquestions about equality. Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.05,0:14:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Global inequality is a wrenching,\Nintensifying problem. Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.80,0:14:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Income and wealth gaps\Nare widening around the world. Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.16,0:14:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Increasingly what determines\Nwhether you're rich or poor Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.97,0:14:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than anything else\Nis what country you're born in, Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.32,0:14:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which might seem great\Nif you're from a prosperous country, Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.13,0:14:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it actually means\Na profoundly unjust distribution Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.77,0:14:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the chances for a long,\Nhealthy, fulfilling life. Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.74,0:14:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When immigrants send money\Nor goods home to their family, Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.30,0:14:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it plays a significant role\Nin narrowing these gaps, Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.55,0:14:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if a very incomplete one. Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.26,0:14:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It does more than all\Nof the foreign aid programs Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.13,0:14:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world combined. Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.09,0:14:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We began with the nativist questions, Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.06,0:14:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about immigrants as tools, Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.60,0:14:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as others, and as parasites. Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.57,0:14:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where might these new questions\Nabout worker rights, Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.00,0:15:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about responsibility, Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.97,0:15:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about equality, Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.38,0:15:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take us? Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.97,0:15:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These questions reject pity Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.67,0:15:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they embrace justice. Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.43,0:15:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These questions reject\Nthe nativist and nationalist division Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.78,0:15:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of us versus them. Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.16,0:15:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're going to help prepare us\Nfor problems that are coming Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.62,0:15:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and problems like global warming Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.02,0:15:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are already upon us. Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.45,0:15:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not going to be easy to turn away\Nfrom the questions that we've been asking Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.54,0:15:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards this new set of questions. Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.70,0:15:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's no small challenge Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.82,0:15:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take on and broaden the borders of us. Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.78,0:15:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will take wit, inventiveness Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.97,0:15:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and courage. Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.60,0:15:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The old questions have been\Nwith us for a long time, Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.16,0:15:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're not going\Nto give way on their own, Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.90,0:15:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're not going\Nto give way overnight. Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.50,0:15:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even if we manage\Nto change the questions, Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.05,0:15:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the answers are going to be complicated\Nand they're going to require Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.18,0:15:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sacrifices and tradeoffs. Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.83,0:16:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in an unequal world, we're always\Ngoing to have to pay attention Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.60,0:16:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the question of who has the power\Nto join the conversation Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.76,0:16:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who doesn't. Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.10,0:16:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the borders of the immigration debate Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.18,0:16:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be moved. Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.70,0:16:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's up to all of us to move them. Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.54,0:16:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.62,0:16:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)