[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.34,0:00:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm here to tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.02,0:00:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why I don't tell the truth about castles.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.21,0:00:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might think it's my job.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.91,0:00:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, we expect professionals
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.66,0:00:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to speak with authority\Nand give us clear-cut solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.11,0:00:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that makes us very, very nervous
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.11,0:00:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there's so much\Nwe simply don't know about history.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.93,0:00:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a result,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.93,0:00:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of things have become established\Nin our collective memory as the truth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.06,0:00:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply because someone said it once,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.34,0:00:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it sounded convincing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.10,0:00:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nobody since has stood up to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.87,0:00:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, we don't know exactly\Nwhat it was like,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.63,0:01:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it wasn't like that."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.12,0:01:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take Greek temples.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.17,0:01:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone knows they're made\Nof beautiful shining white marble.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.66,0:01:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've seen them that way for centuries,\Nfrom postcards to museums,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.86,0:01:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that establishes certain\Nseeing habits in our heads,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.65,0:01:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we've seen them this way so much\Nthat anything different just looks wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.09,0:01:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet today we know for a fact
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.98,0:01:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were painted\Nin bright garish colors;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.34,0:01:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're just a little unclear\Non some of the details.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.06,0:01:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've colored this one in myself\Nin about five minutes of research,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.86,0:01:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's likely to be wrong\Nin all the relevant places,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.79,0:01:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's still more correct\Nthan the white one.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.72,0:01:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why do we continue\Nto show them in white?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.82,0:01:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, there's two reasons for that:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.50,0:01:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is that we as humans like certainty.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.19,0:01:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we would prefer\Nto be absolutely certain
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.07,0:01:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if it's the absolute certainty\Nthat we are absolutely wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.07,0:01:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.07,0:02:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than to say, "Well,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.12,0:02:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe it could have been approximately,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.03,0:02:05.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think, something like …"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.97,0:02:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.17,0:02:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when we're trying to establish\Na new truth in people's heads,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.47,0:02:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we want it to be\Nthe correct truth this time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.99,0:02:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even if we're not\Nentirely clear on all the details,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.61,0:02:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that doesn't mean\Nwe can't make a statement.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.38,0:02:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you ask me right now what time it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.42,0:02:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't tell you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.25,0:02:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I don't have to shrug my shoulders\Nand just say, "I have no idea."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.04,0:02:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know this event is on\Nfrom 12:00 till 6:00,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.08,0:02:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that eliminates\Nhalf the clock right there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.39,0:02:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've had our first coffee break,\Nwe've not had the second,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.37,0:02:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's between 2:00 and 5:00.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.07,0:02:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know there were people ahead of me,\Nand I'm not being told I'm out of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.19,0:02:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it must be around 4:30.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.36,0:02:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that correct?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.04,0:02:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.99,0:02:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It might not be the truth,\Nbut I don't have to tell you the truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.42,0:02:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just have to know\Nhow correct I'm likely to be
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.59,0:03:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because how correct I am\Ncan be very, very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.21,0:03:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Me telling you it's about 4:30\Nis pretty useless
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.59,0:03:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you want to know\Nwhether you can still catch your bus;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.25,0:03:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in that case,\Nwe might have to ask more people,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.02,0:03:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might have to fill it in\Nwith more clues and so on;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.54,0:03:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's science.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.77,0:03:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We ask a question,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.22,0:03:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we fill in the unknown\Nand get more and more precise.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.13,0:03:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the scientific method\Nis pretty well-established:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.09,0:03:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You ask a question\Nabout the world around you,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.56,0:03:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you research what\Nyou already know about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.15,0:03:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you design an experiment\Nto test what you don't know about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.44,0:03:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you gather the data, you analyze them,\Nand you reach a conclusion;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.76,0:03:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that conclusion could be,\N"I need more data."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.41,0:03:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you go back,\Ndesign another experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.69,0:03:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,run it again, gather more data,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.46,0:03:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you get more data\Nand more data and more data,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.81,0:03:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and suddenly you're buried in data,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.48,0:03:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're dealing with big data,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.22,0:03:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where scientists now have this problem
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.42,0:03:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's so many data
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.54,0:03:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can never read them all\Nin one lifetime.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.06,0:03:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have to find new ways\Nto deal with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.89,0:03:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's me.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.97,0:04:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is me.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.29,0:04:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can tell I'm not\Nthe kind of scientist with a lab coat,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.35,0:04:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my data problem is slightly different.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.56,0:04:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically I'm dealing\Nwith one student's lab report
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.12,0:04:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they dropped on the floor,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.94,0:04:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lost half the pages\Nand then shuffled the rest,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.16,0:04:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's probably a coffee stain\Non the relevant bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.93,0:04:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I've got is I've got\Nhalf a broken castle,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.48,0:04:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slightly burned,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.07,0:04:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got a legal contract from 1388\Nthat was written by a guy
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.97,0:04:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who managed to spell the name "Arnold"\Nfour different ways in three pages,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.67,0:04:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got some rocks from the village
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.39,0:04:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may or may not have\Nbelonged to this castle,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.41,0:04:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have got a map\Nthat was done by a guy
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.28,0:04:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for whom this was a 10-minute squiggle\Nin an eighth-year campaign,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.34,0:04:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a painting that was drawn
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.69,0:04:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 300 years\Nafter the castle burnt down,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.36,0:04:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a book that was probably propaganda.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.25,0:04:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course I could go\Nlook in the archives,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.40,0:04:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can get another archaeological\Nexcavation going, and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.26,0:05:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but at some point, there's simply\Nno way to gather more data.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.21,0:05:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you expect me to take that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.51,0:05:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mash it all up\Ninto the truth about castles?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.30,0:05:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You want a reconstruction\Nthat's so realistic
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.61,0:05:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it feels like you're really there,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.23,0:05:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like every little pebble\Nin the courtyard is just right.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.69,0:05:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a reason that a lot\Nof sites and museums
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.97,0:05:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't use the word "reconstruction";
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.21,0:05:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead, you find a picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.76,0:05:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and next to it, it has the disclaimer\N"Artist's impression."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.32,0:05:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that doesn't mean\Nthey didn't do any research;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.66,0:05:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just means they didn't document\Nwhat they researched.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.28,0:05:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know who they talked to,\Nwhich books they read,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.90,0:05:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which conclusions they drew,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.65,0:05:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which other theories they discarded.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.33,0:05:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, imagine for a moment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.05,0:05:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we would treat a text the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.99,0:05:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You go into the museum.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.09,0:05:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a plaque, and it says,\N"Author's impression."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.60,0:05:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The author thinks there might\Nhave been a castle here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.74,0:05:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You wouldn't take that very seriously.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.16,0:05:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why do we treat text\Nso differently from models?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.13,0:06:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's because we've come to a consensus\Non what makes a scientific text,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.74,0:06:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's quite simply this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.96,0:06:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you're writing\Na scientific document,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.11,0:06:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you put in footnotes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.94,0:06:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you cite works by previous scholars,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.51,0:06:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you show your argumentation -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.68,0:06:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you simply give your document provenance -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.14,0:06:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because showing you a picture of the truth
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.45,0:06:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't going to help you\Nwithout me explaining why it's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.42,0:06:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The truth is, all of these\Nare correct at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.67,0:06:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the truth,\Nbut it's not a very helpful truth,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.58,0:06:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because without context,\Ndata are not information.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.56,0:06:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'll give you a little context.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.71,0:06:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for a little context,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.30,0:06:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this first clock shows\Nthe time in Luxembourg,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.50,0:06:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the second one\Nhas the time in Tokyo,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.12,0:06:53.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the third one is one\Nof those annoying clocks
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.22,0:06:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everyone had in their kitchens\Nabout 10 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.50,0:06:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually run counterclockwise,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.16,0:06:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fourth one is not a clock,\Nit's a barometer -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.64,0:07:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you just wouldn't know that\Nby looking at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.58,0:07:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in historic research,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.78,0:07:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we deal with images,\Nwe know what to do:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.42,0:07:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We give those provenance\Nthrough metadata and paradata.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.46,0:07:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Metadata you've probably heard.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.51,0:07:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Metadata are data about the data.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.04,0:07:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see those when\Nyou're browsing your computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.52,0:07:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see who made a file,\Nwhen it was made,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.86,0:07:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it was last opened, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.10,0:07:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paradata are slightly more complex.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.07,0:07:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paradata are data\Nthat give context for the data,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.33,0:07:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so like how they were gathered,\Nhow they were processed,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.94,0:07:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which decisions were made\Nabout them, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.41,0:07:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The metadata for this image
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.95,0:07:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be that it was taken by me\Non the first of June, 2017
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.30,0:07:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a Sony compact camera.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.57,0:07:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The paradata are that it was\Npicture 111 in a series of 128
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.36,0:07:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I took it on my first\Nresearch trip to this castle.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.31,0:07:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I love to show this picture
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.23,0:07:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this picture has everything in it\Nthat is wrong with models.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.92,0:08:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You walk up the stairs in this castle,\Nyou come to the attic,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.79,0:08:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a big glass box\Nwith this model sitting in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.50,0:08:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I love about it
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.64,0:08:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that there are no data\Nattached to it whatsoever.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.26,0:08:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have a scale bar.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.96,0:08:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have a date\Nit was made or who made it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.06,0:08:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have a date\Nit's supposed to represent.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.36,0:08:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's nothing even to say
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.65,0:08:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's supposed to be this castle\Nthat you're standing in.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.48,0:08:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you're talking\Nabout decision-making processes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.96,0:08:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the reconstruction,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.02,0:08:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you take a closer look\Nat that center tower there,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.56,0:08:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it becomes very, very obvious
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.33,0:08:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the size of that tower was not based\Non an archeological excavation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.90,0:08:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or because there was\Na foundation there or something.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.39,0:08:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, that's the size\Nof the toilet paper roll they had.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.92,0:08:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.14,0:08:43.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this model makes me happy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.39,0:08:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's everything\NI'm trying to avoid.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.15,0:08:51.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not the only person\Ntrying to avoid this kind of thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.11,0:08:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of intelligent people\Nare working and avoiding this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.59,0:08:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are some hugely\Ncomplex systems these days
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.54,0:08:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that go into great detail on data,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.89,0:09:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,metadata, paradata,\Nhow they all relate, and so forth;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.78,0:09:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my favorite one\Ntakes about six months to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.51,0:09:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that's bad enough for me\Nas a researcher,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.72,0:09:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but imagine that you,\Nas a museum visitor,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.79,0:09:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to go on a six-month\Ntraining course
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.84,0:09:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand what you're seeing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.52,0:09:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, instead, I have a system\Nthat's just good enough for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.77,0:09:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I simply take my model,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.69,0:09:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I tell you which parts are true\Nand which ones are not.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.79,0:09:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So probably true is the easiest.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.89,0:09:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the category of things\Nthat I think are true
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.83,0:09:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're still there,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.86,0:09:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that could be things\Nlike the castle ruins.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.76,0:09:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, pretty close to true,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.98,0:09:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have a lot of evidence for those.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.70,0:09:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.70,0:09:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was saying foundations,\Ntowers on foundations -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.62,0:09:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we fill in the gaps\Nwhat we have good evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.25,0:09:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Third stage, extrapolation,\Ncould be true - maybe not.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.96,0:09:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's where I'm working\Non secondary and tertiary data,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.58,0:09:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the maps and images.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.25,0:10:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's my favorite category -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.02,0:10:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stuff that's not really true.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.90,0:10:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these things I need\Nto put in my model
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.71,0:10:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the model would be\Nmissing something without it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.33,0:10:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I didn't put these in,\NI would be telling you a lie,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.01,0:10:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I have no idea what to really put in.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.48,0:10:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an interesting problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.82,0:10:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's things like I know\Nthe great hall had paintings on the walls,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.88,0:10:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will never know what exactly\Nwas painted on them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.26,0:10:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I have to make something up,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.83,0:10:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if I left them as a blank stone\Nthe way they are now,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.63,0:10:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be making a statement.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.40,0:10:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, of course, I need to attach\Nmy metadata and my paradata,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.77,0:10:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tell you why it's in that category.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.06,0:10:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, I need\Nto make very, very sure
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.17,0:10:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you don't only know\Nwhy it's in that category
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.53,0:10:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but which part exactly\NI'm talking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.49,0:10:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you remember that clock from earlier,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.47,0:10:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, I can tell you for a fact\Nthat it's Friday afternoon.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.09,0:10:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can also tell you\Nwith absolute certainty
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.79,0:10:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sometime in the last two millennia,\Nwe had a castle on this hill.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.54,0:11:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I cannot tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.54,0:11:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is whether in that window, in 1548,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.12,0:11:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had an archway\Nand that archway had a stone
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.72,0:11:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that stone was exactly\N312 millimeters wide.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.23,0:11:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could have been 317,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.10,0:11:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but my drawing is going to say\None way or the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.60,0:11:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is the really, really\Ninteresting point for future researchers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.95,0:11:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if I've told you\NI have no idea what was here,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.53,0:11:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can use that point to research,\Nand then they can say,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.53,0:11:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Look, we found more data,\Nand actually you're completely wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.54,0:11:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was 483 millimeters."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.02,0:11:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I can say, "Hooray!"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.57,0:11:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that advances\Nour state of collective knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.02,0:11:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if I'm doing science properly,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.13,0:11:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want people to be able\Nto prove me wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.39,0:11:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's why I'm not going to tell you\Nthe truth about castles,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.45,0:11:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why I make it\Nvery, very clear to you
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.80,0:11:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I'm just making it up.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.34,0:11:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.49,0:11:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.74,0:12:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)