WEBVTT

00:00:01.912 --> 00:00:03.237
Hauwajui.

00:00:04.150 --> 00:00:05.436
Hauwaoni.

00:00:06.405 --> 00:00:08.408
Lakini daima wapo wanazunguka,

00:00:09.404 --> 00:00:11.084
wananong'oneza,

00:00:11.108 --> 00:00:12.922
wakitengeneza mipango ya siri,

00:00:13.700 --> 00:00:17.382
wakijenga jeshi la mamilioni ya wanajeshi.

00:00:18.826 --> 00:00:20.617
Na wanapoamua kushambulia,

00:00:21.435 --> 00:00:23.697
wanashambulia kwa wakati mmoja.

00:00:27.130 --> 00:00:28.909
Ninaongelea kuhusu bakteria.

NOTE Paragraph

00:00:28.933 --> 00:00:30.258
(Kicheko)

NOTE Paragraph

00:00:30.282 --> 00:00:32.517
Mlidhani ninaongelea kuhusu nani?

NOTE Paragraph

00:00:34.401 --> 00:00:37.595
Bakteria wanaishi kwenye jamii
kama tu binadamu.

00:00:37.619 --> 00:00:38.892
Wana familia,

00:00:38.916 --> 00:00:40.067
wanaongea,

00:00:40.091 --> 00:00:41.933
na wanapanga shughuli zao.

00:00:41.957 --> 00:00:44.614
Na kama tu binadamu, wanahila, waongo,

00:00:44.638 --> 00:00:46.772
na wengine hata wanadanganyana wenyewe.

00:00:48.127 --> 00:00:51.974
Je kama nikikuambia kua tunaweza
kusikiliza mazungumzo ya bakteria

00:00:51.998 --> 00:00:55.572
na kutafsiri taarifa zao za siri
kuwa lugha ya binadamu?

00:00:56.255 --> 00:01:01.053
Na kama je nikiwaambia kuwa kutafsiri
mazungumzo ya bakteria kutaokoa maisha?

00:01:02.519 --> 00:01:04.290
Nina PhD ya nanofizikia,

00:01:04.314 --> 00:01:08.690
na nimetumia teknolojia ya nano kuunda
chombo cha kutafsiri cha muda halisi

00:01:08.714 --> 00:01:11.033
kinachoweza kupeleleza kwenye jamii
za bakteria

00:01:11.057 --> 00:01:13.973
na kutupa rekodi za nini
bakteria wanafanya.

NOTE Paragraph

00:01:16.123 --> 00:01:17.719
Bakteria wanaishi kila sehemu.

00:01:17.743 --> 00:01:20.072
Wako kwenye udongo, kwenye samani zetu

00:01:20.096 --> 00:01:21.407
na ndani ya miili yetu.

00:01:22.083 --> 00:01:26.622
Ki ukweli, asilimia 90 ya seli zote hai
kwenye huu ukumbi ni bakteria.

00:01:27.685 --> 00:01:29.514
Baadhi ya bakteria ni wazuri
kwetu;

00:01:29.538 --> 00:01:32.750
wanatusaidia kumeng'enya chakula
au kutengeneza dawa.

00:01:32.774 --> 00:01:34.866
Na baadhi ya bakteria na wabaya kwetu:

00:01:34.890 --> 00:01:36.784
wanasababisha magonjwa na kifo.

00:01:37.794 --> 00:01:40.210
Kushirikisha kazi zote bakteria
walizonazo,

00:01:40.234 --> 00:01:42.306
wanatakiwa wawe na uwezo wa
kupanga,

00:01:42.330 --> 00:01:44.371
na wanafanya hivyo kama tu sisi
binadamu --

00:01:44.395 --> 00:01:45.554
kwa mawasiliano.

00:01:46.751 --> 00:01:48.226
Lakini badala ya kutumia
maneno,

00:01:48.250 --> 00:01:51.192
wanatumia molekuli za ishara
kuwasiliana wenyewe kwa wenyewe.

00:01:51.903 --> 00:01:53.340
Bakteria wanapokuwa wachche,

00:01:53.364 --> 00:01:56.107
molekuli za ishara zinatiririka nje,

00:01:56.131 --> 00:01:58.636
kama kelele za mtu peke yake
jangwani.

00:01:59.518 --> 00:02:03.510
Lakini kukiwa na bakteria wengi,
molekuli za ishara zinajikusanya,

00:02:03.534 --> 00:02:06.526
na bakteria wanaanza kuhisi kuwa
hawapo peke yao.

00:02:07.309 --> 00:02:08.643
Wanasikilizana wenyewe.

00:02:09.459 --> 00:02:12.275
Kwa njia hii, wanapima 
wako wangapi

00:02:12.299 --> 00:02:15.620
na wanapokuwa wengi wa kutosha
kuanzisha hatua mpya.

00:02:16.575 --> 00:02:20.432
Na pale molekuli za ishara zinafika
kizingiti flani,

00:02:20.456 --> 00:02:23.577
bakteria wote wanahisi kwa mara moja
kua wanahitaji kutenda

00:02:23.601 --> 00:02:24.919
kwa tendo hilo hilo.

NOTE Paragraph

00:02:25.967 --> 00:02:30.293
Hivyo mazungumzo ya bakteria yanakuwa
na mwanzo na jibu,

00:02:30.317 --> 00:02:33.389
uzalishaji wa molekuli
na majibu yake.

00:02:35.094 --> 00:02:38.434
Kwenye utafiti wangu, nimelenga kupeleleza
kwenye jamii za bakteria

00:02:38.458 --> 00:02:39.861
ndani ya mwili wa binadamu.

00:02:40.343 --> 00:02:41.588
Inafanyaje kazi?

00:02:42.385 --> 00:02:44.300
Tunasampuli kutoka kwa mgonjwa.

00:02:44.324 --> 00:02:46.862
Inaweza kuwa ni sampuli ya damu au mate.

00:02:47.304 --> 00:02:49.841
Tunapiga elektroni ndani ya sampuli,

00:02:49.865 --> 00:02:53.785
elektroni zitaingilia na molekuli
zozote za mazungumzo zilizopo,

00:02:53.809 --> 00:02:56.190
na huu muingiliano utatupa
taarifa

00:02:56.214 --> 00:02:58.105
ya aina ya bakteria,

00:02:58.129 --> 00:02:59.800
aina ya mawasiliano

00:02:59.824 --> 00:03:02.117
na kiasi gani bakteria wanazungumza.

NOTE Paragraph

00:03:04.269 --> 00:03:06.590
Lakini inakuaje pale
bakteria wakizungumza?

00:03:07.747 --> 00:03:11.507
Kabla sijaunda chombo cha kutafsiri,

00:03:11.531 --> 00:03:15.377
dhana yangu ya kwanza ilikua bakteria
watakua na lugha ya halisi,

00:03:15.401 --> 00:03:18.579
kama vichanga ambao bado hawajaunda
maneno na sentensi.

00:03:19.208 --> 00:03:22.129
Wanapocheka, wanafuraha;
wanapolia, wanahuzuni.

00:03:22.153 --> 00:03:23.303
Rahisi kama hivyo.

00:03:24.008 --> 00:03:28.123
Lakini bakteria walionekana kutokuwa
karibu na halisi kama nilivyodhani.

00:03:28.615 --> 00:03:30.855
Molekuli sio tu molekuli.

00:03:30.879 --> 00:03:33.633
Inaweza kumaanisha vitu tofauti
kulingana na muktadha,

00:03:34.404 --> 00:03:37.346
kama tu vilio vya watoto
vinavyomaanisha vitu tofauti:

00:03:37.370 --> 00:03:39.140
saa nyingine mtoto ana njaa,

00:03:39.164 --> 00:03:40.358
saa nyingine amelowa,

00:03:40.382 --> 00:03:42.401
saa nyingine ameumia au anaogopa.

00:03:42.425 --> 00:03:44.775
Wazazi wanajua jinsi ya kusoma hivi vilio.

00:03:45.624 --> 00:03:47.506
Na kua chombo kizuri cha kutafsiri,

00:03:47.530 --> 00:03:50.503
kinatakiwa kiwe na uwezo wa kusoma
molekuli za ishara

00:03:50.527 --> 00:03:54.588
na kuzitafsiri
kulingana na muktadha.

00:03:55.497 --> 00:03:56.648
Na nani anajua?

00:03:56.672 --> 00:03:58.833
Labda Tafsiri ya Google inaweza
kuiptisha hii.

NOTE Paragraph

00:03:58.857 --> 00:04:01.226
(Kicheko)

NOTE Paragraph

00:04:02.386 --> 00:04:04.104
Hebu niwape mfano.

00:04:04.128 --> 00:04:07.717
Nimeleta baadhi ya taarifa za bakteria
zinazoweza kuwa ngumu kuelewa

00:04:07.741 --> 00:04:08.892
kama hauna mafunzo,

00:04:08.916 --> 00:04:10.261
lakini jaribu kuangalia.

NOTE Paragraph

00:04:11.548 --> 00:04:13.467
(Kicheko)

NOTE Paragraph

00:04:14.959 --> 00:04:18.436
Hii ni familia ya bakteria yeye furaha
ambayo imemshambulia mgonjwa.

00:04:20.261 --> 00:04:22.294
Wacha tuwaite familia ya Montague.

00:04:23.920 --> 00:04:27.381
Wanatumia wote rasilimali,
wanazaliana, wanakua.

00:04:28.294 --> 00:04:30.273
Siku moja, wanapata mgeni mpya,

00:04:32.746 --> 00:04:34.513
familia ya bakteria Capulet.

NOTE Paragraph

00:04:34.537 --> 00:04:35.687
(Kicheko)

NOTE Paragraph

00:04:36.157 --> 00:04:38.947
Kila kitu ni sawa,
alimradi wanafanya kazi kwa pamoja.

00:04:40.377 --> 00:04:43.383
Lakini kitu kisichopangwa kinatokea.

00:04:44.449 --> 00:04:48.667
Romeo wa Montague anakua na mahusiano
na Juliet wa Capulet.

NOTE Paragraph

00:04:48.691 --> 00:04:49.841
(Kicheko)

NOTE Paragraph

00:04:50.978 --> 00:04:53.873
Na ndio, wanagawiana chembe za urithi.

NOTE Paragraph

00:04:53.897 --> 00:04:56.006
(Kicheko)

NOTE Paragraph

00:04:58.260 --> 00:05:01.381
Sasa, uhamisho wa kinasaba unaweza
kuwa hatari kwa wakina Montague

00:05:01.405 --> 00:05:05.365
waliokuwa na matarajio ya kuwa familia
pekee kwenye mgonjwa waliomshambulia,

00:05:05.365 --> 00:05:06.999
kugawana chembe za urithi
kunachangia

00:05:06.999 --> 00:05:09.777
kwa wakina Capulet kutengeneza
kinga kwa dawa.

00:05:11.747 --> 00:05:16.392
Hivyo wakina Montague wanaanza kuongea
kwa ndani kuondoa hii familia nyingine

00:05:16.416 --> 00:05:18.138
kwa kutoa molekuli hii.

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:18.688 --> 00:05:19.838
(Kicheko)

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:20.700 --> 00:05:22.062
Na kwa maelezo:

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:22.372 --> 00:05:23.978
[Hebu turatibu shambulizi.]

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:24.002 --> 00:05:25.293
(Kicheko)

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:25.639 --> 00:05:27.430
Hebu turatibu shambulizi.

00:05:29.148 --> 00:05:32.248
Na kila mtu mara moja akaitikia

00:05:32.272 --> 00:05:36.595
kwa kutoa sumu
itakayoua ile familia nyingine.

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:36.619 --> 00:05:38.387
[Ondoa!]

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:40.129 --> 00:05:42.261
(Kicheko)

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:43.338 --> 00:05:47.731
Wakina Capulet wakajibu kwa
kuita shambulizi la kujibu.

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:47.755 --> 00:05:48.911
[Shambulia!]

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:48.935 --> 00:05:50.360
Na wakawa na vita.

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:52.090 --> 00:05:56.708
Hii ni video ya bakteria wa ukweli
wakipigana na viumbe kama upanga,

00:05:56.732 --> 00:05:58.345
ambapo wanajaribu kuuana

00:05:58.369 --> 00:06:01.207
kwa kuchomana kihalisi
na kupasuana wenyewe.

00:06:02.784 --> 00:06:06.745
Familia ya yeyote atakayeshinda hii vita
anakuwa bakteria mkuu.

NOTE Paragraph

00:06:08.360 --> 00:06:11.633
Hivyo ninachoweza kufanya ni kuchunguza
mazungumzo ya bakteria

00:06:11.633 --> 00:06:13.725
yanayopelekea tabia
tofauti za kwa pamoja

00:06:13.725 --> 00:06:15.154
kama ugomvi mliyouona.

00:06:15.633 --> 00:06:18.550
Na nilichofanya ni kupeleleza
kwenye jamii za bakteria

00:06:18.574 --> 00:06:20.617
ndani ya mwili wa binadamu

00:06:20.641 --> 00:06:22.357
kwenye wagonjwa hospitalini.

00:06:22.737 --> 00:06:25.207
Nilifuatilia wagonjwa 62 kwenye jaribio,

00:06:25.231 --> 00:06:28.979
ambapo nilipima sampuli ya mgonjwa
kwa aina moja ya shambulizi,

00:06:29.003 --> 00:06:32.332
bila kujua majibu ya
vipimo vya kawaida.

NOTE Paragraph

00:06:32.356 --> 00:06:36.576
Basi, kwenye upimaji wa bakteria,

00:06:36.600 --> 00:06:38.581
sampuli inasambazwa kwenye kisahani,

00:06:38.605 --> 00:06:41.729
na kama bakteria watakua ndani ya siku
tano,

00:06:41.753 --> 00:06:44.117
mgonjwa anagunduliwa kama ameathirika.

00:06:45.842 --> 00:06:48.661
Nilipomaliza utafiti na
kulinganisha majibu ya chombo

00:06:48.685 --> 00:06:51.923
na vipimo vya kawaida
na vipimo vya kuhakikisha,

00:06:51.947 --> 00:06:53.347
nilishtuka.

00:06:53.371 --> 00:06:57.082
Ilikua inashangaza zaidi
kuliko nilivyowahi kutarajia.

NOTE Paragraph

00:06:58.011 --> 00:07:00.150
Ila kabla sijawaambia
nini chombo kilionyesha,

00:07:00.174 --> 00:07:03.168
ningependa kuwaambia kuhusu
mgonjwa mahsusi niliomfuatilia,

00:07:03.192 --> 00:07:04.359
binti mdogo.

00:07:04.803 --> 00:07:06.253
Alikua na cystic fibrosis,

00:07:06.277 --> 00:07:10.017
ugonjwa wa kurithi uliofanya mapafu yake
kuathiriwa kirahisi na bakteria.

00:07:10.837 --> 00:07:13.233
Huyu binti hakua sehemu ya
majaribio.

00:07:13.257 --> 00:07:16.084
Nilimfuatilia kwa sababu nilijua
kutoka kwenye taarifa zake

00:07:16.108 --> 00:07:18.208
kua hakuwahi kupata mashambulizi
kabla.

00:07:19.243 --> 00:07:21.558
Mara moja kwa mwezi, huyu binti
alienda hospitali

00:07:21.582 --> 00:07:24.236
kuweka sampuli ya kohozi
ambayo alitemea kwenye kikombe.

00:07:24.916 --> 00:07:28.042
Hii sampuli ilisafirishwa kwa
uchunguzi wa bakteria

00:07:28.066 --> 00:07:29.996
huko maabara kuu

00:07:30.020 --> 00:07:33.486
ili madaktari watende haraka
iwapi wangekuta shambulizi.

00:07:34.099 --> 00:07:36.973
Iliniruhusu mimi kupima chombo
changu kwa sampuli zake pia.

NOTE Paragraph

00:07:37.355 --> 00:07:40.767
Miezi miwili ya mwanzo nilipima
sampuli zake, hakukua na kitu.

00:07:41.794 --> 00:07:42.961
Lakini mwezi wa tatu,

00:07:42.985 --> 00:07:45.641
Niligundua mazungumzo ya
bakteria kwenye sampuli yake.

00:07:46.473 --> 00:07:49.585
Bakteria walikua wanashirikiana
kuharibu tishu ya pafu lake.

00:07:50.534 --> 00:07:54.545
Lakini vipimo vya kawaida
havikuonyesha bakteria kabisa.

00:07:55.711 --> 00:07:57.630
Nilipima tena mwezi ujao,

00:07:57.654 --> 00:08:01.282
na niliona kua yale mazungumzo ya
bakteria yamekua makali zaidi.

00:08:02.167 --> 00:08:04.919
Bado, vipimo vya kawaida
havikuonyesha chochote.

00:08:06.456 --> 00:08:10.100
Utafiti wangu ukaisha, lakini nusu mwaka
baadae, nikafuatilia hali yake

00:08:10.124 --> 00:08:13.365
kuona kama bakteria niliowajua
pekee walipotea

00:08:13.389 --> 00:08:15.404
bila muingilio wa tiba.

00:08:16.350 --> 00:08:17.500
Hawakupotea.

00:08:18.020 --> 00:08:20.853
Yule binti sasa alikua amegundulika
na mashambulio makali

00:08:20.877 --> 00:08:22.195
ya bakteria wabaya.

00:08:23.511 --> 00:08:27.589
Walikua ni wale wale bakteria
chombo changu kiligundua kabla.

00:08:28.537 --> 00:08:31.033
Na licha ya ukali wa
dawa za kutibu,

00:08:31.057 --> 00:08:33.586
ilikua inashindikana
kuondoa mashambulizi.

00:08:34.816 --> 00:08:37.898
Madaktari waliona kua asingeweza
kufikia miaka ya 20.

NOTE Paragraph

00:08:40.404 --> 00:08:42.509
Nilipopima kwenye sampuli ya binti huyu,

00:08:42.533 --> 00:08:44.732
kifaa changu kilikua kwenye
hatua za mwanzo.

00:08:44.756 --> 00:08:47.455
Sikujua hata
kama njia yangu ilifanya kazi kabisa,

00:08:47.479 --> 00:08:49.626
hivyo nikawa na makubaliano
na madaktari

00:08:49.650 --> 00:08:51.511
kutowaambia chombo changu
kilichoonyesha

00:08:51.535 --> 00:08:53.675
ili kutokuharibu matibabu yao.

00:08:53.861 --> 00:08:56.914
Hivyo nilipoona haya majibu
ambayo hata hayakuwa yamehakikishwa,

00:08:56.938 --> 00:08:58.290
sikudhubutu kusema

00:08:58.314 --> 00:09:01.121
ka sababu kutibu mgonjwa
bila mashambulizi halisi

00:09:01.145 --> 00:09:03.755
pia ina matokeo mabaya
kwa mgonjwa.

00:09:05.092 --> 00:09:06.714
Lakini sasa tunajua bora,

00:09:06.738 --> 00:09:10.137
na kuna wavulana na wasichana wadogo
wengi bado wanaweza kuokolewa

00:09:11.172 --> 00:09:14.596
kwa sababu, bahati mbaya,
hii hali inatokea mara nyingi.

00:09:14.620 --> 00:09:16.163
Wagonjwa wanaathirika,

00:09:16.187 --> 00:09:19.664
bakteria kwa namna flani hawaonekani
kwenye vipimo vya kawaida,

00:09:19.688 --> 00:09:23.540
na ghafla, maambukizi yanatokea
ndani ya mgojwa na dalili kali.

00:09:23.564 --> 00:09:25.722
Na kwenye mda huo, tayari tumechelewa.

NOTE Paragraph

00:09:27.219 --> 00:09:30.773
Majibu ya kushangaza ya
wagonjwa 62 niliowafuatilia

00:09:30.797 --> 00:09:33.340
yalikua chombo changu kilishika
mazungumzo ya bakteria

00:09:33.364 --> 00:09:35.580
kwa zaidi ya nusu ya sampuli za wagonjwa

00:09:35.604 --> 00:09:38.875
ambao walikua wamegundulika bila kitu
kwa njia za upimaji za kawaida.

00:09:39.381 --> 00:09:43.055
Kwa maneno mengine, zaidi ya nusu ya
hawa wagonjwa walirudi nyumbani wakiwaza

00:09:43.079 --> 00:09:44.764
kua wako huru na maambukizi,

00:09:44.788 --> 00:09:47.536
japokuwa kihalisi walibeba
bakteria hatari.

00:09:49.257 --> 00:09:51.554
Ndani ya wagonjwa waliopimwa vibaya,

00:09:51.578 --> 00:09:54.598
bakteria walikuwa wanaandaa shambulizi
la kuambatanishwa.

00:09:55.530 --> 00:09:57.218
Walikua wananong'onezana.

00:09:57.892 --> 00:09:59.523
Ninachoita "mnong'ono wa bakteria"

00:09:59.547 --> 00:10:02.551
ni bakteria ambao njia za kawaida
za upimjai haziwezi kuona.

00:10:03.383 --> 00:10:07.326
Mpaka sasa, ni chombo cha kutafsiri tu
kinachoweza kudaka hao wanong'onezaji.

00:10:08.364 --> 00:10:11.767
Ninaamini kua mda uliopo ambao
bakteria bado wananong'onezana

00:10:11.791 --> 00:10:14.778
ni nafasi nzuri ya matibabu
ya malengo.

00:10:15.608 --> 00:10:18.741
Kama yule binti angekua ametibiwwa
kwenye kuu mda wenye nafasi,

00:10:18.765 --> 00:10:21.266
ingekua inawezekana kuua
bakteria

00:10:21.290 --> 00:10:22.755
kwenye hatua yao ya mwanzo,

00:10:22.779 --> 00:10:24.885
kabla maambukizi kuwa nje ya uwezo.

NOTE Paragraph

00:10:27.131 --> 00:10:31.102
Nilichopitia na huyu binti mdogo
kumenifanya niamue kufanya ninachoweza

00:10:31.126 --> 00:10:33.331
kusukuma hii teknolojia kwenye hospitali.

00:10:34.212 --> 00:10:35.363
Pamoja na madaktari,

00:10:35.387 --> 00:10:38.356
tayari ninafanya kazi kutumia
hiki kifaa kwenye kliniki

00:10:38.380 --> 00:10:40.202
kutambua maambukizi ya kwanza.

NOTE Paragraph

00:10:41.319 --> 00:10:44.563
Japo bado haijajulikana jinsi
madaktari watatibu wagonjwa

00:10:44.587 --> 00:10:46.400
kwenye kipindi cha mnong'ono,

00:10:46.424 --> 00:10:50.127
hiki kifaa kinaweza kusaidia madaktari
kuwa makini na wagonjwa kwenye hatari.

00:10:50.548 --> 00:10:53.830
Kinaweza kuwasaidia kuhakikisha
kama tiba imefanya kazi au la,

00:10:53.854 --> 00:10:56.618
na inaweza kusaidia kujibu maswali rahisi:

00:10:56.642 --> 00:10:58.372
Mgonjwa ana mashambulizi?

00:10:58.396 --> 00:11:00.206
Na bakteria wako wanapanga nini?

NOTE Paragraph

00:11:00.958 --> 00:11:02.745
Bakteria wanaongea,

00:11:02.769 --> 00:11:04.795
wanatengeneza mipango ya siri,

00:11:04.819 --> 00:11:07.642
na wanatumiana taarifa za siri.


00:11:08.253 --> 00:11:10.932
Lakini sio tu kuawaangalia wenyewe
wakinong'onezana,

00:11:10.956 --> 00:11:13.423
sisi sote tunaweza kujifunza lugha ya siri

00:11:13.447 --> 00:11:16.326
na kua wenyewe wanong'onezi wa bakteria.

00:11:16.973 --> 00:11:18.687
Na, kama bakteria wangesema,

00:11:19.656 --> 00:11:22.754
"3-oxo-C12-aniline."

NOTE Paragraph

00:11:23.763 --> 00:11:24.931
(Kicheko)

NOTE Paragraph

00:11:24.955 --> 00:11:26.040
(Makofi)

NOTE Paragraph

00:11:26.064 --> 00:11:27.248
Asanteni.