1
00:00:01,912 --> 00:00:03,237
Hauwajui.

2
00:00:04,150 --> 00:00:05,436
Hauwaoni.

3
00:00:06,405 --> 00:00:08,408
Lakini daima wapo wanazunguka,

4
00:00:09,404 --> 00:00:11,084
wananong'oneza,

5
00:00:11,108 --> 00:00:12,922
wakitengeneza mipango ya siri,

6
00:00:13,700 --> 00:00:17,382
wakijenga jeshi la mamilioni ya wanajeshi.

7
00:00:18,826 --> 00:00:20,617
Na wanapoamua kushambulia,

8
00:00:21,435 --> 00:00:23,697
wanashambulia kwa wakati mmoja.

9
00:00:27,130 --> 00:00:28,909
Ninaongelea kuhusu bakteria.

10
00:00:28,933 --> 00:00:30,258
(Kicheko)

11
00:00:30,282 --> 00:00:32,517
Mlidhani ninaongelea kuhusu nani?

12
00:00:34,401 --> 00:00:37,595
Bakteria wanaishi kwenye jamii
kama tu binadamu.

13
00:00:37,619 --> 00:00:38,892
Wana familia,

14
00:00:38,916 --> 00:00:40,067
wanaongea,

15
00:00:40,091 --> 00:00:41,933
na wanapanga shughuli zao.

16
00:00:41,957 --> 00:00:44,614
Na kama tu binadamu, wanahila, waongo,

17
00:00:44,638 --> 00:00:46,772
na wengine hata wanadanganyana wenyewe.

18
00:00:48,127 --> 00:00:51,974
Je kama nikikuambia kua tunaweza
kusikiliza mazungumzo ya bakteria

19
00:00:51,998 --> 00:00:55,572
na kutafsiri taarifa zao za siri
kuwa lugha ya binadamu?

20
00:00:56,255 --> 00:01:01,053
Na kama je nikiwaambia kuwa kutafsiri
mazungumzo ya bakteria kutaokoa maisha?

21
00:01:02,519 --> 00:01:04,290
Nina PhD ya nanofizikia,

22
00:01:04,314 --> 00:01:08,690
na nimetumia teknolojia ya nano kuunda
chombo cha kutafsiri cha muda halisi

23
00:01:08,714 --> 00:01:11,033
kinachoweza kupeleleza kwenye jamii
za bakteria

24
00:01:11,057 --> 00:01:13,973
na kutupa rekodi za nini
bakteria wanafanya.

25
00:01:16,123 --> 00:01:17,719
Bakteria wanaishi kila sehemu.

26
00:01:17,743 --> 00:01:20,072
Wako kwenye udongo, kwenye samani zetu

27
00:01:20,096 --> 00:01:21,407
na ndani ya miili yetu.

28
00:01:22,083 --> 00:01:26,622
Ki ukweli, asilimia 90 ya seli zote hai
kwenye huu ukumbi ni bakteria.

29
00:01:27,685 --> 00:01:29,514
Baadhi ya bakteria ni wazuri
kwetu;

30
00:01:29,538 --> 00:01:32,750
wanatusaidia kumeng'enya chakula
au kutengeneza dawa.

31
00:01:32,774 --> 00:01:34,866
Na baadhi ya bakteria na wabaya kwetu:

32
00:01:34,890 --> 00:01:36,784
wanasababisha magonjwa na kifo.

33
00:01:37,794 --> 00:01:40,210
Kushirikisha kazi zote bakteria
walizonazo,

34
00:01:40,234 --> 00:01:42,306
wanatakiwa wawe na uwezo wa
kupanga,

35
00:01:42,330 --> 00:01:44,371
na wanafanya hivyo kama tu sisi
binadamu --

36
00:01:44,395 --> 00:01:45,554
kwa mawasiliano.

37
00:01:46,751 --> 00:01:48,226
Lakini badala ya kutumia
maneno,

38
00:01:48,250 --> 00:01:51,192
wanatumia molekuli za ishara
kuwasiliana wenyewe kwa wenyewe.

39
00:01:51,903 --> 00:01:53,340
Bakteria wanapokuwa wachche,

40
00:01:53,364 --> 00:01:56,107
molekuli za ishara zinatiririka nje,

41
00:01:56,131 --> 00:01:58,636
kama kelele za mtu peke yake
jangwani.

42
00:01:59,518 --> 00:02:03,510
Lakini kukiwa na bakteria wengi,
molekuli za ishara zinajikusanya,

43
00:02:03,534 --> 00:02:06,526
na bakteria wanaanza kuhisi kuwa
hawapo peke yao.

44
00:02:07,309 --> 00:02:08,643
Wanasikilizana wenyewe.

45
00:02:09,459 --> 00:02:12,275
Kwa njia hii, wanapima 
wako wangapi

46
00:02:12,299 --> 00:02:15,620
na wanapokuwa wengi wa kutosha
kuanzisha hatua mpya.

47
00:02:16,575 --> 00:02:20,432
Na pale molekuli za ishara zinafika
kizingiti flani,

48
00:02:20,456 --> 00:02:23,577
bakteria wote wanahisi kwa mara moja
kua wanahitaji kutenda

49
00:02:23,601 --> 00:02:24,919
kwa tendo hilo hilo.

50
00:02:25,967 --> 00:02:30,293
Hivyo mazungumzo ya bakteria yanakuwa
na mwanzo na jibu,

51
00:02:30,317 --> 00:02:33,389
uzalishaji wa molekuli
na majibu yake.

52
00:02:35,094 --> 00:02:38,434
Kwenye utafiti wangu, nimelenga kupeleleza
kwenye jamii za bakteria

53
00:02:38,458 --> 00:02:39,861
ndani ya mwili wa binadamu.

54
00:02:40,343 --> 00:02:41,588
Inafanyaje kazi?

55
00:02:42,385 --> 00:02:44,300
Tunasampuli kutoka kwa mgonjwa.

56
00:02:44,324 --> 00:02:46,862
Inaweza kuwa ni sampuli ya damu au mate.

57
00:02:47,304 --> 00:02:49,841
Tunapiga elektroni ndani ya sampuli,

58
00:02:49,865 --> 00:02:53,785
elektroni zitaingilia na molekuli
zozote za mazungumzo zilizopo,

59
00:02:53,809 --> 00:02:56,190
na huu muingiliano utatupa
taarifa

60
00:02:56,214 --> 00:02:58,105
ya aina ya bakteria,

61
00:02:58,129 --> 00:02:59,800
aina ya mawasiliano

62
00:02:59,824 --> 00:03:02,117
na kiasi gani bakteria wanazungumza.

63
00:03:04,269 --> 00:03:06,590
Lakini inakuaje pale
bakteria wakizungumza?

64
00:03:07,747 --> 00:03:11,507
Kabla sijaunda chombo cha kutafsiri,

65
00:03:11,531 --> 00:03:15,377
dhana yangu ya kwanza ilikua bakteria
watakua na lugha ya halisi,

66
00:03:15,401 --> 00:03:18,579
kama vichanga ambao bado hawajaunda
maneno na sentensi.

67
00:03:19,208 --> 00:03:22,129
Wanapocheka, wanafuraha;
wanapolia, wanahuzuni.

68
00:03:22,153 --> 00:03:23,303
Rahisi kama hivyo.

69
00:03:24,008 --> 00:03:28,123
Lakini bakteria walionekana kutokuwa
karibu na halisi kama nilivyodhani.

70
00:03:28,615 --> 00:03:30,855
Molekuli sio tu molekuli.

71
00:03:30,879 --> 00:03:33,633
Inaweza kumaanisha vitu tofauti
kulingana na muktadha,

72
00:03:34,404 --> 00:03:37,346
kama tu vilio vya watoto
vinavyomaanisha vitu tofauti:

73
00:03:37,370 --> 00:03:39,140
saa nyingine mtoto ana njaa,

74
00:03:39,164 --> 00:03:40,358
saa nyingine amelowa,

75
00:03:40,382 --> 00:03:42,401
saa nyingine ameumia au anaogopa.

76
00:03:42,425 --> 00:03:44,775
Wazazi wanajua jinsi ya kusoma hivi vilio.

77
00:03:45,624 --> 00:03:47,506
Na kua chombo kizuri cha kutafsiri,

78
00:03:47,530 --> 00:03:50,503
kinatakiwa kiwe na uwezo wa kusoma
molekuli za ishara

79
00:03:50,527 --> 00:03:54,588
na kuzitafsiri
kulingana na muktadha.

80
00:03:55,497 --> 00:03:56,648
Na nani anajua?

81
00:03:56,672 --> 00:03:58,833
Labda Tafsiri ya Google inaweza
kuiptisha hii.

82
00:03:58,857 --> 00:04:01,226
(Kicheko)

83
00:04:02,386 --> 00:04:04,104
Hebu niwape mfano.

84
00:04:04,128 --> 00:04:07,717
Nimeleta baadhi ya taarifa za bakteria
zinazoweza kuwa ngumu kuelewa

85
00:04:07,741 --> 00:04:08,892
kama hauna mafunzo,

86
00:04:08,916 --> 00:04:10,261
lakini jaribu kuangalia.

87
00:04:11,548 --> 00:04:13,467
(Kicheko)

88
00:04:14,959 --> 00:04:18,436
Hii ni familia ya bakteria yeye furaha
ambayo imemshambulia mgonjwa.

89
00:04:20,261 --> 00:04:22,294
Wacha tuwaite familia ya Montague.

90
00:04:23,920 --> 00:04:27,381
Wanatumia wote rasilimali,
wanazaliana, wanakua.

91
00:04:28,294 --> 00:04:30,273
Siku moja, wanapata mgeni mpya,

92
00:04:32,746 --> 00:04:34,513
familia ya bakteria Capulet.

93
00:04:34,537 --> 00:04:35,687
(Kicheko)

94
00:04:36,157 --> 00:04:38,947
Kila kitu ni sawa,
alimradi wanafanya kazi kwa pamoja.

95
00:04:40,377 --> 00:04:43,383
Lakini kitu kisichopangwa kinatokea.

96
00:04:44,449 --> 00:04:48,667
Romeo wa Montague anakua na mahusiano
na Juliet wa Capulet.

97
00:04:48,691 --> 00:04:49,841
(Kicheko)

98
00:04:50,978 --> 00:04:53,873
Na ndio, wanagawiana chembe za urithi.

99
00:04:53,897 --> 00:04:56,006
(Kicheko)

100
00:04:58,260 --> 00:05:01,381
Sasa, uhamisho wa kinasaba unaweza
kuwa hatari kwa wakina Montague

101
00:05:01,405 --> 00:05:05,365
waliokuwa na matarajio ya kuwa familia
pekee kwenye mgonjwa waliomshambulia,

102
00:05:05,365 --> 00:05:06,999
kugawana chembe za urithi
kunachangia

103
00:05:06,999 --> 00:05:09,777
kwa wakina Capulet kutengeneza
kinga kwa dawa.

104
00:05:11,747 --> 00:05:16,392
Hivyo wakina Montague wanaanza kuongea
kwa ndani kuondoa hii familia nyingine

105
00:05:16,416 --> 00:05:18,138
kwa kutoa molekuli hii.

106
00:05:18,688 --> 00:05:19,838
(Kicheko)

107
00:05:20,700 --> 00:05:22,062
Na kwa maelezo:

108
00:05:22,372 --> 00:05:23,978
[Hebu turatibu shambulizi.]

109
00:05:24,002 --> 00:05:25,293
(Kicheko)

110
00:05:25,639 --> 00:05:27,430
Hebu turatibu shambulizi.

111
00:05:29,148 --> 00:05:32,248
Na kila mtu mara moja akaitikia

112
00:05:32,272 --> 00:05:36,595
kwa kutoa sumu
itakayoua ile familia nyingine.

113
00:05:36,619 --> 00:05:38,387
[Ondoa!]

114
00:05:40,129 --> 00:05:42,261
(Kicheko)

115
00:05:43,338 --> 00:05:47,731
Wakina Capulet wakajibu kwa
kuita shambulizi la kujibu.

116
00:05:47,755 --> 00:05:48,911
[Shambulia!]

117
00:05:48,935 --> 00:05:50,360
Na wakawa na vita.

118
00:05:52,090 --> 00:05:56,708
Hii ni video ya bakteria wa ukweli
wakipigana na viumbe kama upanga,

119
00:05:56,732 --> 00:05:58,345
ambapo wanajaribu kuuana

120
00:05:58,369 --> 00:06:01,207
kwa kuchomana kihalisi
na kupasuana wenyewe.

121
00:06:02,784 --> 00:06:06,745
Familia ya yeyote atakayeshinda hii vita
anakuwa bakteria mkuu.

122
00:06:08,360 --> 00:06:11,633
Hivyo ninachoweza kufanya ni kuchunguza
mazungumzo ya bakteria

123
00:06:11,633 --> 00:06:13,725
yanayopelekea tabia
tofauti za kwa pamoja

124
00:06:13,725 --> 00:06:15,154
kama ugomvi mliyouona.

125
00:06:15,633 --> 00:06:18,550
Na nilichofanya ni kupeleleza
kwenye jamii za bakteria

126
00:06:18,574 --> 00:06:20,617
ndani ya mwili wa binadamu

127
00:06:20,641 --> 00:06:22,357
kwenye wagonjwa hospitalini.

128
00:06:22,737 --> 00:06:25,207
Nilifuatilia wagonjwa 62 kwenye jaribio,

129
00:06:25,231 --> 00:06:28,979
ambapo nilipima sampuli ya mgonjwa
kwa aina moja ya shambulizi,

130
00:06:29,003 --> 00:06:32,332
bila kujua majibu ya
vipimo vya kawaida.

131
00:06:32,356 --> 00:06:36,576
Basi, kwenye upimaji wa bakteria,

132
00:06:36,600 --> 00:06:38,581
sampuli inasambazwa kwenye kisahani,

133
00:06:38,605 --> 00:06:41,729
na kama bakteria watakua ndani ya siku
tano,

134
00:06:41,753 --> 00:06:44,117
mgonjwa anagunduliwa kama ameathirika.

135
00:06:45,842 --> 00:06:48,661
Nilipomaliza utafiti na
kulinganisha majibu ya chombo

136
00:06:48,685 --> 00:06:51,923
na vipimo vya kawaida
na vipimo vya kuhakikisha,

137
00:06:51,947 --> 00:06:53,347
nilishtuka.

138
00:06:53,371 --> 00:06:57,082
Ilikua inashangaza zaidi
kuliko nilivyowahi kutarajia.

139
00:06:58,011 --> 00:07:00,150
Ila kabla sijawaambia
nini chombo kilionyesha,

140
00:07:00,174 --> 00:07:03,168
ningependa kuwaambia kuhusu
mgonjwa mahsusi niliomfuatilia,

141
00:07:03,192 --> 00:07:04,359
binti mdogo.

142
00:07:04,803 --> 00:07:06,253
Alikua na cystic fibrosis,

143
00:07:06,277 --> 00:07:10,017
ugonjwa wa kurithi uliofanya mapafu yake
kuathiriwa kirahisi na bakteria.

144
00:07:10,837 --> 00:07:13,233
Huyu binti hakua sehemu ya
majaribio.

145
00:07:13,257 --> 00:07:16,084
Nilimfuatilia kwa sababu nilijua
kutoka kwenye taarifa zake

146
00:07:16,108 --> 00:07:18,208
kua hakuwahi kupata mashambulizi
kabla.

147
00:07:19,243 --> 00:07:21,558
Mara moja kwa mwezi, huyu binti
alienda hospitali

148
00:07:21,582 --> 00:07:24,236
kuweka sampuli ya kohozi
ambayo alitemea kwenye kikombe.

149
00:07:24,916 --> 00:07:28,042
Hii sampuli ilisafirishwa kwa
uchunguzi wa bakteria

150
00:07:28,066 --> 00:07:29,996
huko maabara kuu

151
00:07:30,020 --> 00:07:33,486
ili madaktari watende haraka
iwapi wangekuta shambulizi.

152
00:07:34,099 --> 00:07:36,973
Iliniruhusu mimi kupima chombo
changu kwa sampuli zake pia.

153
00:07:37,355 --> 00:07:40,767
Miezi miwili ya mwanzo nilipima
sampuli zake, hakukua na kitu.

154
00:07:41,794 --> 00:07:42,961
Lakini mwezi wa tatu,

155
00:07:42,985 --> 00:07:45,641
Niligundua mazungumzo ya
bakteria kwenye sampuli yake.

156
00:07:46,473 --> 00:07:49,585
Bakteria walikua wanashirikiana
kuharibu tishu ya pafu lake.

157
00:07:50,534 --> 00:07:54,545
Lakini vipimo vya kawaida
havikuonyesha bakteria kabisa.

158
00:07:55,711 --> 00:07:57,630
Nilipima tena mwezi ujao,

159
00:07:57,654 --> 00:08:01,282
na niliona kua yale mazungumzo ya
bakteria yamekua makali zaidi.

160
00:08:02,167 --> 00:08:04,919
Bado, vipimo vya kawaida
havikuonyesha chochote.

161
00:08:06,456 --> 00:08:10,100
Utafiti wangu ukaisha, lakini nusu mwaka
baadae, nikafuatilia hali yake

162
00:08:10,124 --> 00:08:13,365
kuona kama bakteria niliowajua
pekee walipotea

163
00:08:13,389 --> 00:08:15,404
bila muingilio wa tiba.

164
00:08:16,350 --> 00:08:17,500
Hawakupotea.

165
00:08:18,020 --> 00:08:20,853
Yule binti sasa alikua amegundulika
na mashambulio makali

166
00:08:20,877 --> 00:08:22,195
ya bakteria wabaya.

167
00:08:23,511 --> 00:08:27,589
Walikua ni wale wale bakteria
chombo changu kiligundua kabla.

168
00:08:28,537 --> 00:08:31,033
Na licha ya ukali wa
dawa za kutibu,

169
00:08:31,057 --> 00:08:33,586
ilikua inashindikana
kuondoa mashambulizi.

170
00:08:34,816 --> 00:08:37,898
Madaktari waliona kua asingeweza
kufikia miaka ya 20.

171
00:08:40,404 --> 00:08:42,509
Nilipopima kwenye sampuli ya binti huyu,

172
00:08:42,533 --> 00:08:44,732
kifaa changu kilikua kwenye
hatua za mwanzo.

173
00:08:44,756 --> 00:08:47,455
Sikujua hata
kama njia yangu ilifanya kazi kabisa,

174
00:08:47,479 --> 00:08:49,626
hivyo nikawa na makubaliano
na madaktari

175
00:08:49,650 --> 00:08:51,511
kutowaambia chombo changu
kilichoonyesha

176
00:08:51,535 --> 00:08:53,675
ili kutokuharibu matibabu yao.

177
00:08:53,861 --> 00:08:56,914
Hivyo nilipoona haya majibu
ambayo hata hayakuwa yamehakikishwa,

178
00:08:56,938 --> 00:08:58,290
sikudhubutu kusema

179
00:08:58,314 --> 00:09:01,121
ka sababu kutibu mgonjwa
bila mashambulizi halisi

180
00:09:01,145 --> 00:09:03,755
pia ina matokeo mabaya
kwa mgonjwa.

181
00:09:05,092 --> 00:09:06,714
Lakini sasa tunajua bora,

182
00:09:06,738 --> 00:09:10,137
na kuna wavulana na wasichana wadogo
wengi bado wanaweza kuokolewa

183
00:09:11,172 --> 00:09:14,596
kwa sababu, bahati mbaya,
hii hali inatokea mara nyingi.

184
00:09:14,620 --> 00:09:16,163
Wagonjwa wanaathirika,

185
00:09:16,187 --> 00:09:19,664
bakteria kwa namna flani hawaonekani
kwenye vipimo vya kawaida,

186
00:09:19,688 --> 00:09:23,540
na ghafla, maambukizi yanatokea
ndani ya mgojwa na dalili kali.

187
00:09:23,564 --> 00:09:25,722
Na kwenye mda huo, tayari tumechelewa.

188
00:09:27,219 --> 00:09:30,773
Majibu ya kushangaza ya
wagonjwa 62 niliowafuatilia

189
00:09:30,797 --> 00:09:33,340
yalikua chombo changu kilishika
mazungumzo ya bakteria

190
00:09:33,364 --> 00:09:35,580
kwa zaidi ya nusu ya sampuli za wagonjwa

191
00:09:35,604 --> 00:09:38,875
ambao walikua wamegundulika bila kitu
kwa njia za upimaji za kawaida.

192
00:09:39,381 --> 00:09:43,055
Kwa maneno mengine, zaidi ya nusu ya
hawa wagonjwa walirudi nyumbani wakiwaza

193
00:09:43,079 --> 00:09:44,764
kua wako huru na maambukizi,

194
00:09:44,788 --> 00:09:47,536
japokuwa kihalisi walibeba
bakteria hatari.

195
00:09:49,257 --> 00:09:51,554
Ndani ya wagonjwa waliopimwa vibaya,

196
00:09:51,578 --> 00:09:54,598
bakteria walikuwa wanaandaa shambulizi
la kuambatanishwa.

197
00:09:55,530 --> 00:09:57,218
Walikua wananong'onezana.

198
00:09:57,892 --> 00:09:59,523
Ninachoita "mnong'ono wa bakteria"

199
00:09:59,547 --> 00:10:02,551
ni bakteria ambao njia za kawaida
za upimjai haziwezi kuona.

200
00:10:03,383 --> 00:10:07,326
Mpaka sasa, ni chombo cha kutafsiri tu
kinachoweza kudaka hao wanong'onezaji.

201
00:10:08,364 --> 00:10:11,767
Ninaamini kua mda uliopo ambao
bakteria bado wananong'onezana

202
00:10:11,791 --> 00:10:14,778
ni nafasi nzuri ya matibabu
ya malengo.

203
00:10:15,608 --> 00:10:18,741
Kama yule binti angekua ametibiwwa
kwenye kuu mda wenye nafasi,

204
00:10:18,765 --> 00:10:21,266
ingekua inawezekana kuua
bakteria

205
00:10:21,290 --> 00:10:22,755
kwenye hatua yao ya mwanzo,

206
00:10:22,779 --> 00:10:24,885
kabla maambukizi kuwa nje ya uwezo.

207
00:10:27,131 --> 00:10:31,102
Nilichopitia na huyu binti mdogo
kumenifanya niamue kufanya ninachoweza

208
00:10:31,126 --> 00:10:33,331
kusukuma hii teknolojia kwenye hospitali.

209
00:10:34,212 --> 00:10:35,363
Pamoja na madaktari,

210
00:10:35,387 --> 00:10:38,356
tayari ninafanya kazi kutumia
hiki kifaa kwenye kliniki

211
00:10:38,380 --> 00:10:40,202
kutambua maambukizi ya kwanza.

212
00:10:41,319 --> 00:10:44,563
Japo bado haijajulikana jinsi
madaktari watatibu wagonjwa

213
00:10:44,587 --> 00:10:46,400
kwenye kipindi cha mnong'ono,

214
00:10:46,424 --> 00:10:50,127
hiki kifaa kinaweza kusaidia madaktari
kuwa makini na wagonjwa kwenye hatari.

215
00:10:50,548 --> 00:10:53,830
Kinaweza kuwasaidia kuhakikisha
kama tiba imefanya kazi au la,

216
00:10:53,854 --> 00:10:56,618
na inaweza kusaidia kujibu maswali rahisi:

217
00:10:56,642 --> 00:10:58,372
Mgonjwa ana mashambulizi?

218
00:10:58,396 --> 00:11:00,206
Na bakteria wako wanapanga nini?

219
00:11:00,958 --> 00:11:02,745
Bakteria wanaongea,

220
00:11:02,769 --> 00:11:04,795
wanatengeneza mipango ya siri,

221
00:11:04,819 --> 00:11:07,642
na wanatumiana taarifa za siri.


222
00:11:08,253 --> 00:11:10,932
Lakini sio tu kuawaangalia wenyewe
wakinong'onezana,

223
00:11:10,956 --> 00:11:13,423
sisi sote tunaweza kujifunza lugha ya siri

224
00:11:13,447 --> 00:11:16,326
na kua wenyewe wanong'onezi wa bakteria.

225
00:11:16,973 --> 00:11:18,687
Na, kama bakteria wangesema,

226
00:11:19,656 --> 00:11:22,754
"3-oxo-C12-aniline."

227
00:11:23,763 --> 00:11:24,931
(Kicheko)

228
00:11:24,955 --> 00:11:26,040
(Makofi)

229
00:11:26,064 --> 00:11:27,248
Asanteni.