[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.99,0:00:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't know them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.15,0:00:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't see them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.40,0:00:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they're always around,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.40,0:00:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whispering,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.11,0:00:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making secret plans,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.70,0:00:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building armies with millions of soldiers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.83,0:00:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when they decide to attack,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.44,0:00:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they all attack at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.13,0:00:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm talking about bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.93,0:00:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.28,0:00:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who did you think I was talking about?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.40,0:00:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bacteria live in communities\Njust like humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.62,0:00:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have families,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.92,0:00:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.09,0:00:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they plan their activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.96,0:00:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just like humans, they trick, deceive,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.64,0:00:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some might even cheat on each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.13,0:00:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if I tell you that we can listen\Nto bacterial conversations
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.100,0:00:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and translate their confidential\Ninformation into human language?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.26,0:01:01.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what if I tell you that translating\Nbacterial conversations can save lives?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.52,0:01:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hold a PhD in nanophysics,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.31,0:01:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've used nanotechnology\Nto develop a real-time translation tool
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.71,0:01:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can spy on bacterial communities
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.06,0:01:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give us recordings\Nof what bacteria are up to.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.12,0:01:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bacteria live everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.74,0:01:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're in the soil, on our furniture
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.10,0:01:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inside our bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.08,0:01:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, 90 percent of all the live cells\Nin this theater are bacterial.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.92,0:01:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some bacteria are good for us;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.54,0:01:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they help us digest food\Nor produce antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.77,0:01:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some bacteria are bad for us;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.89,0:01:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they cause diseases and death.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.79,0:01:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To coordinate all\Nthe functions bacteria have,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.23,0:01:42.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have to be able to organize,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.33,0:01:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they do that just like us humans --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.40,0:01:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by communicating.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.75,0:01:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But instead of using words,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.25,0:01:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they use signaling molecules\Nto communicate with each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.08,0:01:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When bacteria are few,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.36,0:01:56.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the signaling molecules just flow away,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.13,0:01:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the screams of a man\Nalone in the desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.52,0:02:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when there are many bacteria,\Nthe signaling molecules accumulate,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.53,0:02:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the bacteria start sensing\Nthat they're not alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.31,0:02:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They listen to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.46,0:02:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this way, they keep track\Nof how many they are
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.30,0:02:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they're many enough\Nto initiate a new action.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.58,0:02:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when the signaling molecules\Nhave reached a certain threshold,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.46,0:02:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the bacteria sense at once\Nthat they need to act
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.60,0:02:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the same action.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.97,0:02:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So bacterial conversation consists\Nof an initiative and a reaction,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.32,0:02:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a production of a molecule\Nand the response to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.09,0:02:38.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my research, I focused on spying\Non bacterial communities
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.46,0:02:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the human body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.34,0:02:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does it work?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.38,0:02:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a sample from a patient.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.32,0:02:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could be a blood or spit sample.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.30,0:02:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We shoot electrons into the sample,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.86,0:02:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the electrons will interact with any\Ncommunication molecules present,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.81,0:02:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this interaction\Nwill give us information
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.21,0:02:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the identity of the bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.13,0:02:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the type of communication
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.82,0:03:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how much the bacteria are talking.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.27,0:03:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what is it like\Nwhen bacteria communicate?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.75,0:03:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before I developed the translation tool,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.53,0:03:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my first assumption was that bacteria\Nwould have a primitive language,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.40,0:03:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like infants that haven't developed\Nwords and sentences yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.21,0:03:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they laugh, they're happy;\Nwhen they cry, they're sad.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.15,0:03:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simple as that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.01,0:03:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But bacteria turned out to be nowhere\Nas primitive as I thought they would be.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.62,0:03:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A molecule is not just a molecule.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.88,0:03:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can mean different things\Ndepending on the context,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.40,0:03:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like the crying of babies\Ncan mean different things:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.37,0:03:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes the baby is hungry,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.16,0:03:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes it's wet,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.38,0:03:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes it's hurt or afraid.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.42,0:03:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Parents know how to decode those cries.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.62,0:03:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to be a real translation tool,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.53,0:03:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it had to be able to decode\Nthe signaling molecules
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.53,0:03:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and translate them\Ndepending on the context.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.50,0:03:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And who knows?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.67,0:03:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe Google Translate\Nwill adopt this soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.86,0:04:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.39,0:04:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.13,0:04:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've brought some bacterial data\Nthat can be a bit tricky to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.74,0:04:08.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're not trained,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.92,0:04:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but try to take a look.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.55,0:04:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.96,0:04:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a happy bacterial family\Nthat has infected a patient.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.26,0:04:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's call them the Montague family.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.92,0:04:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They share resources,\Nthey reproduce, and they grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.29,0:04:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One day, they get a new neighbor,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.75,0:04:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bacterial family Capulet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.54,0:04:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.16,0:04:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything is fine,\Nas long as they're working together.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.38,0:04:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then something unplanned happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.45,0:04:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Romeo from Montague has a relationship\Nwith Juliet from Capulet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.69,0:04:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.98,0:04:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yes, they share genetic material.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.90,0:04:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.63,0:05:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this gene transfer\Ncan be dangerous to the Montagues
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.40,0:05:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have the ambition to be the only\Nfamily in the patient they have infected,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.50,0:05:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sharing genes contributes
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.94,0:05:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Capulets developing\Nresistance to antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.75,0:05:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Montagues start talking internally\Nto get rid of this other family
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.42,0:05:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by releasing this molecule.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.69,0:05:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.70,0:05:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with subtitles:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.37,0:05:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Let us coordinate an attack.]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.00,0:05:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.64,0:05:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's coordinate an attack.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.15,0:05:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then everybody at once responds
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.27,0:05:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by releasing a poison\Nthat will kill the other family.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.62,0:05:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Eliminate!]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.13,0:05:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.34,0:05:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Capulets respond\Nby calling for a counterattack.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.76,0:05:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Counterattack!]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.94,0:05:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they have a battle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.09,0:05:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a video of real bacteria\Ndueling with swordlike organelles,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.73,0:05:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they try to kill each other
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.37,0:06:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by literally stabbing\Nand rupturing each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.78,0:06:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whoever's family wins this battle\Nbecomes the dominant bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.36,0:06:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I can do is to detect\Nbacterial conversations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.66,0:06:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lead to different\Ncollective behaviors
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.72,0:06:15.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the fight you just saw.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.63,0:06:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I did was to spy\Non bacterial communities
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.57,0:06:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the human body
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.64,0:06:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in patients at a hospital.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.74,0:06:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I followed 62 patients in an experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.23,0:06:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I tested the patient samples\Nfor one particular infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.00,0:06:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without knowing the results\Nof the traditional diagnostic test.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.36,0:06:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in bacterial diagnostics,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.60,0:06:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a sample is smeared out on a plate,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.60,0:06:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if the bacteria grow within five days,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.75,0:06:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the patient is diagnosed as infected.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.84,0:06:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I finished the study\Nand I compared the tool results
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.68,0:06:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the traditional diagnostic test\Nand the validation test,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.95,0:06:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was shocked.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.37,0:06:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was far more astonishing\Nthan I had ever anticipated.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.01,0:07:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before I tell you\Nwhat the tool revealed,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.17,0:07:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like to tell you about\Na specific patient I followed,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.19,0:07:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a young girl.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.80,0:07:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had cystic fibrosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.28,0:07:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a genetic disease that made her lungs\Nsusceptible to bacterial infections.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.84,0:07:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This girl wasn't a part\Nof the clinical trial.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.26,0:07:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I followed her because I knew\Nfrom her medical record
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.11,0:07:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that she had never had\Nan infection before.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.45,0:07:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once a month, this girl\Nwent to the hospital
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.58,0:07:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to cough up a sputum sample\Nthat she spit in a cup.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.92,0:07:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This sample was transferred\Nfor bacterial analysis
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.07,0:07:29.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the central laboratory
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.02,0:07:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the doctors could act quickly\Nif they discovered an infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.10,0:07:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it allowed me to test my device\Non her samples as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.36,0:07:40.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first two months I measured\Non her samples, there was nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.79,0:07:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the third month,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.98,0:07:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I discovered some bacterial\Nchatter in her sample.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.47,0:07:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bacteria were coordinating\Nto damage her lung tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.53,0:07:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the traditional diagnostics\Nshowed no bacteria at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.71,0:07:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I measured again the next month,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.65,0:08:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I could see that the bacterial\Nconversations became even more aggressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.17,0:08:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still, the traditional\Ndiagnostics showed nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.46,0:08:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My study ended, but a half a year later,\NI followed up on her status
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.12,0:08:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see if the bacteria\Nonly I knew about had disappeared
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.39,0:08:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without medical intervention.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.35,0:08:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They hadn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.02,0:08:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the girl was now diagnosed\Nwith a severe infection
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.88,0:08:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of deadly bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.51,0:08:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the very same bacteria\Nmy tool discovered earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.54,0:08:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And despite aggressive\Nantibiotic treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.06,0:08:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was impossible\Nto eradicate the infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.82,0:08:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Doctors deemed that she would not\Nsurvive her 20s.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.40,0:08:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I measured on this girl's samples,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.53,0:08:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my tool was still in the initial stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.76,0:08:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't even know\Nif my method worked at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.48,0:08:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,therefore I had an agreement\Nwith the doctors
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.65,0:08:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to tell them what my tool revealed
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.54,0:08:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order not to compromise\Ntheir treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.11,0:08:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I saw these results\Nthat weren't even validated,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.94,0:08:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't dare to tell
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.31,0:09:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because treating a patient\Nwithout an actual infection
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.14,0:09:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also has negative\Nconsequences for the patient.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.09,0:09:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now we know better,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.74,0:09:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are many young boys\Nand girls that still can be saved
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.17,0:09:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, unfortunately,\Nthis scenario happens very often.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.62,0:09:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Patients get infected,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.19,0:09:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bacteria somehow don't show\Non the traditional diagnostic test,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.69,0:09:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and suddenly, the infection breaks out\Nin the patient with severe symptoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.56,0:09:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at that point, it's already too late.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.22,0:09:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The surprising result\Nof the 62 patients I followed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.80,0:09:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that my device\Ncaught bacterial conversations
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.36,0:09:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in more than half of the patient samples
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.60,0:09:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were diagnosed as negative\Nby traditional methods.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.50,0:09:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, more than half\Nof these patients went home thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.08,0:09:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were free from infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.79,0:09:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although they actually carried\Ndangerous bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.26,0:09:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside these wrongly diagnosed patients,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.58,0:09:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bacteria were coordinating\Na synchronized attack.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.53,0:09:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were whispering to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.89,0:09:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I call "whispering bacteria"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.55,0:10:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are bacteria that traditional\Nmethods cannot diagnose.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.38,0:10:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So far, it's only the translation tool\Nthat can catch those whispers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.36,0:10:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that the time frame\Nin which bacteria are still whispering
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.79,0:10:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a window of opportunity\Nfor targeted treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.61,0:10:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the girl had been treated\Nduring this window of opportunity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.76,0:10:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it might have been possible\Nto kill the bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.29,0:10:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their initial stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.78,0:10:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the infection got out of hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.13,0:10:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I experienced with this young girl\Nmade me decide to do everything I can
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.13,0:10:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to push this technology into the hospital.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.21,0:10:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Together with doctors,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.39,0:10:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm already working\Non implementing this tool in clinics
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.38,0:10:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to diagnose early infections.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.32,0:10:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although it's still not known\Nhow doctors should treat patients
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.59,0:10:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the whispering phase,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.42,0:10:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this tool can help doctors\Nkeep a closer eye on patients in risk.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.55,0:10:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could help them confirm\Nif a treatment had worked or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.85,0:10:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it could help answer simple questions:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.64,0:10:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is the patient infected?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.40,0:11:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what are the bacteria up to?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.96,0:11:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bacteria talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.77,0:11:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they make secret plans,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.82,0:11:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they send confidential\Ninformation to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.25,0:11:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not only can we catch them whispering,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.96,0:11:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can all learn their secret language
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.45,0:11:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and become ourselves bacterial whisperers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.97,0:11:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, as bacteria would say,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.66,0:11:22.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"3-oxo-C12-aniline."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.76,0:11:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.96,0:11:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.06,0:11:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.