0:00:00.890,0:00:04.292
Four years after arriving[br]in the United States,

0:00:04.292,0:00:06.098
like any typical 16-year old,

0:00:06.098,0:00:08.259
I went to get my driver's permit.

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After I showed the clerk[br]my immigration papers, my green card,

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she told me it was fake.

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"Don't come back here again," she said.

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That's how I found out[br]I was in America illegally.

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And I'm still here illegally.

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I'm a journalist and filmmaker.

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I live in stories,

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and what I've learned

0:00:28.781,0:00:31.734
that what most people[br]don't understand about immigration

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is what they don't understand[br]about themselves:

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their families' old migration stories[br]and the processes they had to go through

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before green cards and walls even existed,

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or what shaped their understanding[br]of citizenship itself.

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I was born in the Philippines.

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When I was 12, my mother sent me[br]to live with her parents,

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my grandparents,

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or, as we say in Tagalog, Lolo and Lola.

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Lolo's name was ??.

0:00:57.453,0:01:01.711
When he legally emigrated to America[br]and became a naturalized citizen,

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he changed his name[br]from ?? to Ted,

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after Ted Danson

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from the TV show "Cheers."

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Can't get any more American than that.

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Lolo's favorite song[br]was Frank Sinatra's "My Way,"

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and when it came to figuring out[br]how to get his only grandson, me,

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to America,

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he decided to do it his way.

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According to Lolo, there was no easy[br]and simple way to get me here,

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so Lolo saved up 4,500 dollars --

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that's a lot of money for a security guard

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who made no more than[br]eight dollars an hour --

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to pay for the fake green card[br]and for a smuggler

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to bring me to the US.

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So that's how I got here.

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I can't tell you how many times[br]people tell me that their ancestors

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came to America "the right way,"

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to which I remind them,

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America's definition of "the right way"

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has been changing ever since[br]the first ship of settlers dropped anchor.

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America as we know it[br]is more than a piece of land,

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particularly because the land that now[br]makes up the United States of America

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used to belong to other people[br]in other countries.

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America as we know it is also[br]more than a nation of immigrants.

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There are two groups of Americans[br]who are not immigrants:

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Native Americans, who were[br]indigenous to this land,

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and who were killed in acts of genocide;

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and African Americans,[br]who were kidnapped, shipped, and enslaved

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to build this country.

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America is above all an idea,

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however unrealized and imperfect,

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one that only exists because[br]the first settlers came here freely

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without worry of citizenship.

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So where did you come from?

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How did you get here?

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Who paid?

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All across America,[br]in front of diverse audiences --

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conservatives and progressives,

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high school students[br]and senior citizens --

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I've asked those questions.

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As a person of color,[br]I always get asked where I'm from,

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as in, "Where are you from from?"

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So I've asked white people[br]where they're from from too.

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After asking a student[br]at the University of Georgia

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where he was from,

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he said, "I'm American."

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"I know," I said,[br]"but where are you from?"

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"I'm white," he replied.

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"But white is not a country," I said.

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"Where are your ancestors from?"

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When he replied with a shrug,

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I said,

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"Well where did you come from?

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How did you get here? Who paid?"

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He couldn't answer.

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I don't think you can talk[br]about America as America

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without answering those[br]three core questions.

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Immigration is America's lifeline,

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how this country has[br]replenished itself for centuries,

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from the settlers and the revolutionaries[br]who populated the original 13 colonies

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to the millions of immigrants,[br]predominantly from Europe,

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who relentlessly colonized this land.

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Even though Native Americans[br]were already here

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and had their own tribal identities[br]and ideas about citizenship,

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they were not considered US citizens[br]until the 1924 Indian Citizenship Act.

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The landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act[br]that Black Americans fought for

0:04:07.391,0:04:11.897
inspired the 1965[br]Immigration and Nationality Act,

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which ended America's[br]race-based exclusionary system

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that had lasted for 40 years.

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I could go on and on here,

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but my point, my larger point, is this.

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How much do any of us,

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whether immigrants[br]of the past or the present,

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know of these crucial parts[br]of American history?

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How much of this history makes up[br]the actual US citizenship test?

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Have you ever seen it?

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It's a mostly oral test,

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and government officers ask applicants[br]up to 10 of the 100 questions.

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To pass, applicants must get[br]at least six answers right.

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I looked at the test recently,

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and I was aghast at the questions posed,

0:04:53.866,0:04:57.962
what constitutes acceptable answers[br]to the glaring omissions.

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There's a question about[br]the Statue of Liberty, where it is.

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There's no question about Ellis Island,

0:05:03.882,0:05:06.204
about the United States[br]as an immigrant nation,

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and the countless anti-immigrant[br]laws that were passed.

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There's nothing about[br]Native American history.

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There's a question about[br]what Martin Luther King, Jr. did,

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but largely there's inadequate[br]and irresponsible contexts

0:05:19.322,0:05:21.201
about African Americans.

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Here's an example.

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Question number 74[br]under the American history section

0:05:26.605,0:05:32.286
asks applicants to "name one problem[br]that led to the Civil War."

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There are three acceptable answers:

0:05:35.037,0:05:36.913
slavery,

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states rights,

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economic reasons.

0:05:41.677,0:05:44.884
Did my Lola and Lolo get that question?

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If they did get the question,

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do they even understand[br]the history behind it?

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How about my uncles[br]and aunties and cousins

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and millions of other immigrants[br]who had to take that test

0:05:55.040,0:05:56.947
to become Americans.

0:05:56.947,0:05:59.983
What do immigrants know[br]about America before we get here?

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What kind of citizenship[br]are we applying for?

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And is that the same kind of citizenship[br]we actually want to be a part of?

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Come to think of it --[br]I've been thinking a lot about this --

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what does dignified citizenship look like?

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How can I ask for it when I[br]just arrived here 26 years ago,

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when Black and Native people

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who have been here in America[br]for hundreds of years

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are still waiting for theirs?

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One of my favorite writers[br]is Toni Morrison.

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In 1996, a year before I found out[br]I was in the country illegally,

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my eighth grade class was assigned[br]to read "The Bluest Eye,"

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Morrison's first book.

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Instantly, the book challenged me[br]to ask hard questions.

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Why does Pecola Breedlove,

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this young Black girl[br]at the center of the book,

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why did she want blue eyes?

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Who told her to want it?

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Why did she believe them?

0:06:55.440,0:07:00.141
Morrison said she wrote the book[br]to illustrate what happens

0:07:00.141,0:07:03.282
when a person surrenders[br]to what she called "the master narrative."

0:07:03.507,0:07:09.926
Definitions, Morrison said,[br]belonged to the definers, not the defined.

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Once I realized that I was here illegally,

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I convinced myself that if I was not[br]a legal citizen by birth or by law,

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another kind of citizenship was possible.

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Citizenship as participation.

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I engage.

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I engage with all kinds of Americans,[br]even Americans who don't want me here.

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Citizenship as contribution.

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I give back to my community[br]in whatever ways I can.

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As an undocumented entrepreneur,[br]and yes there is such a thing,

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I've employed many US citizens.

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Citizenship as education.

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We can't wait for others[br]to educate us about the past

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and how we got to this present.

0:07:52.472,0:07:55.340
We have to educate[br]ourselves and our circles.

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Citizenship as something[br]greater than myself.

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We are, I think,[br]individually and collectively,

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rewriting the master narrative of America.

0:08:06.809,0:08:10.093
The people who were once defined[br]are now doing the defining.

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They're asking the questions[br]that need to be asked.

0:08:13.315,0:08:16.661
A core part of that redefinition[br]is how we define

0:08:16.661,0:08:20.786
not only who is an American[br]but what constitute citizenship.

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Which, to me, is our[br]responsibility to each other.

0:08:25.166,0:08:29.163
So consider your own personal narrative

0:08:29.163,0:08:30.347
and ask yourself,

0:08:30.347,0:08:31.842
where did you come from?

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How did you get here?

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Who paid?