[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.09,0:00:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is something about physics
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.30,0:00:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has been really bothering me\Nsince I was a little kid.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.01,0:00:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's related to a question
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.84,0:00:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that scientists have been asking\Nfor almost 100 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.11,0:00:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.11,0:00:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do the smallest things in nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.14,0:00:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the particles of the quantum world,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.32,0:00:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,match up with the largest\Nthings in nature --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.37,0:00:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,planets and stars and galaxies\Nheld together by gravity?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.25,0:00:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a kid, I would puzzle\Nover questions just like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.05,0:00:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would fiddle around\Nwith microscopes and electromagnets,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.96,0:00:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would read\Nabout the forces of the small
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.18,0:00:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about quantum mechanics
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.54,0:00:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would marvel at how well\Nthat description matched up
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.13,0:00:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to our observation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.22,0:00:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then I would look at the stars,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.83,0:00:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would read about how well\Nwe understand gravity,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.38,0:00:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would think surely,\Nthere must be some elegant way
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.75,0:00:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these two systems match up.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.02,0:00:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's not.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.67,0:01:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the books would say,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.86,0:01:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yeah, we understand a lot\Nabout these two realms separately,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.06,0:01:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when we try to link\Nthem mathematically,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.70,0:01:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything breaks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.67,0:01:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for 100 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.01,0:01:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,none of our ideas as to how to solve\Nthis basically physics disaster,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.06,0:01:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has ever been supported by evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.27,0:01:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to little old me --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.95,0:01:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little, curious, skeptical James --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.78,0:01:24.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was a supremely unsatisfying answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.01,0:01:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm still a skeptical little kid.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.27,0:01:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Flash-forward now\Nto December of 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.03,0:01:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I found myself smack in the middle
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.53,0:01:38.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the physics world\Nbeing flipped on its head.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.100,0:01:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It all started when we at CERN\Nsaw something intriguing in our data:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.34,0:01:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a hint of a new particle,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.64,0:01:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an inkling of a possibly extraordinary\Nanswer to this question.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.78,0:01:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm still a skeptical\Nlittle kid, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.93,0:01:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'm also now a particle hunter.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.08,0:01:59.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am a physicist at CERN's\NLarge Hadron Collider,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.57,0:02:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the largest science\Nexperiment ever mounted.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.88,0:02:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a 27-kilometer tunnel\Non the border of France and Switzerland
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.44,0:02:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buried 100 meters underground.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.31,0:02:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this tunnel,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.49,0:02:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we use superconducting magnets\Ncolder than outer space
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.46,0:02:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to accelerate protons\Nto almost the speed of light
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.55,0:02:21.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and slam them into each other\Nmillions of times per second,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.45,0:02:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collecting the debris of these collisions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.30,0:02:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to search for new, undiscovered\Nfundamental particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.73,0:02:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its design and construction\Ntook decades of work
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.22,0:02:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by thousands of physicists\Nfrom around the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.27,0:02:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the summer of 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.84,0:02:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had been working tirelessly\Nto switch on the LHC
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.28,0:02:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the highest energy that humans\Nhave ever used in a collider experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.74,0:02:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, higher energy is important
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.28,0:02:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because for particles,\Nthere is an equivalence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.49,0:02:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between energy and particle mass,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.72,0:02:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mass is just a number\Nput there by nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.07,0:02:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To discover new particles,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.41,0:02:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to reach these bigger numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.56,0:03:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to do that, we have to build\Na bigger, higher energy collider,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.83,0:03:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the biggest, highest\Nenergy collider in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.42,0:03:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the Large Hadron Collider.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.27,0:03:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, we collide protons\Nquadrillions of times,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.19,0:03:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we collect this data very slowly,\Nover months and months.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.81,0:03:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then new particles might show up\Nin our data as bumps --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.17,0:03:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slight deviations from what you expect,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.64,0:03:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little clusters of data points\Nthat make a smooth line not so smooth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.38,0:03:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, this bump,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.01,0:03:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after months of data-taking in 2012,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.57,0:03:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led to the discovery\Nof the Higgs particle --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.72,0:03:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Higgs boson --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.95,0:03:42.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to a Nobel Prize\Nfor the confirmation of its existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.97,0:03:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This jump up in energy in 2015
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.63,0:03:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represented the best chance\Nthat we as a species had ever had
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.94,0:03:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of discovering new particles --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.44,0:03:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new answers to these\Nlong-standing questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.58,0:03:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was almost\Ntwice as much energy as we used
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.70,0:04:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we discovered the Higgs boson.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.65,0:04:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of my colleagues had been working\Ntheir entire careers for this moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.41,0:04:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and frankly, to little curious me,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.51,0:04:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was the moment\NI'd been waiting for my entire life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.45,0:04:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So 2015 was go time.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.65,0:04:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So June 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.72,0:04:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the LHC is switched back on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.04,0:04:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleagues and I held our breath\Nand bit our fingernails,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.94,0:04:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then finally we saw\Nthe first proton collisions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.48,0:04:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at this highest energy ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.46,0:04:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Applause, champagne, celebration.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.56,0:04:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a milestone for science,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.18,0:04:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had no idea what we would find\Nin this brand-new data.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.99,0:04:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then a few weeks later,\Nwe found a bump.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.19,0:04:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't a very big bump,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.95,0:04:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was big enough to make\Nyou raise your eyebrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.49,0:04:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on a scale of one to 10\Nfor eyebrow raises,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.76,0:04:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if 10 indicates that you've\Ndiscovered a new particle,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.40,0:04:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this eyebrow raise is about a four.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.15,0:04:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.43,0:05:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I spent hours, days, weeks\Nin secret meetings,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.67,0:05:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arguing with my colleagues\Nover this little bump,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.05,0:05:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poking and prodding it with our most\Nruthless experimental sticks
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.31,0:05:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see if it would withstand scrutiny.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.99,0:05:15.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even after months\Nof working feverishly --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.47,0:05:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sleeping in our offices\Nand not going home,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.93,0:05:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,candy bars for dinner,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.03,0:05:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coffee by the bucketful --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.62,0:05:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physicists are machines\Nfor turning coffee into diagrams --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.89,0:05:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.31,0:05:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little bump would not go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.70,0:05:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after a few months,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.87,0:05:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we presented our little bump to the world\Nwith a very clear message:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.46,0:05:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this little bump is interesting\Nbut it's not definitive,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.19,0:05:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so let's keep an eye on it\Nas we take more data.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.87,0:05:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we were trying to be\Nextremely cool about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.46,0:05:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the world ran with it anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.38,0:05:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The news loved it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.74,0:05:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People said it reminded\Nthem of the little bump
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.31,0:05:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was shown on the way\Ntoward the Higgs boson discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.76,0:06:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Better than that,\Nmy theorist colleagues --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.55,0:06:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love my theorist colleagues --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.89,0:06:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my theorist colleagues wrote\N500 papers about this little bump.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.52,0:06:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.57,0:06:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world of particle physics\Nhad been flipped on its head.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.74,0:06:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what was it about this particular bump
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.01,0:06:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that caused thousands of physicists\Nto collectively lose their cool?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.60,0:06:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little bump was unique.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.20,0:06:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little bump indicated
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.59,0:06:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we were seeing an unexpectedly\Nlarge number of collisions
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.64,0:06:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose debris consisted\Nof only two photons,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.99,0:06:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two particles of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.26,0:06:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's rare.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.07,0:06:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Particle collisions are not\Nlike automobile collisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.71,0:06:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have different rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.26,0:06:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When two particles collide\Nat almost the speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.93,0:06:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the quantum world takes over.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.38,0:06:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the quantum world,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.66,0:06:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these two particles\Ncan briefly create a new particle
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.88,0:06:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lives for a tiny fraction of a second
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.68,0:06:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before splitting into other particles\Nthat hit our detector.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.58,0:07:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine a car collision\Nwhere the two cars vanish upon impact,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.01,0:07:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bicycle appears in their place --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.31,0:07:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.40,0:07:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then that bicycle explodes\Ninto two skateboards,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.89,0:07:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which hit our detector.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.09,0:07:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.50,0:07:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hopefully, not literally.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.47,0:07:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're very expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.19,0:07:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Events where only two photons\Nhit out detector are very rare.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.96,0:07:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because of the special\Nquantum properties of photons,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.71,0:07:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a very small number\Nof possible new particles --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.52,0:07:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these mythical bicycles --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.04,0:07:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can give birth to only two photons.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.81,0:07:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one of these options is huge,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.67,0:07:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has to do with\Nthat long-standing question
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.53,0:07:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that bothered me as a tiny little kid,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.08,0:07:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about gravity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.95,0:07:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gravity may seem super strong to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.64,0:07:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's actually crazily weak\Ncompared to the other forces of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.77,0:07:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can briefly beat gravity when I jump,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.39,0:07:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I can't pick a proton out of my hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.46,0:07:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The strength of gravity compared\Nto the other forces of nature?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.48,0:08:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's 10 to the minus 39.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.69,0:08:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a decimal with 39 zeros after it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.26,0:08:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Worse than that,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.44,0:08:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the other known forces of nature\Nare perfectly described
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.49,0:08:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by this thing we call the Standard Model,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.55,0:08:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is our current best description\Nof nature at its smallest scales,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.01,0:08:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quite frankly,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.19,0:08:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most successful\Nachievements of humankind --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.39,0:08:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for gravity, which is absent\Nfrom the Standard Model.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.42,0:08:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.05,0:08:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's almost as though most\Nof gravity has gone missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.39,0:08:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We feel a little bit of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.08,0:08:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but where's the rest of it?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.78,0:08:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one knows.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.00,0:08:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one theoretical explanation\Nproposes a wild solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.12,0:08:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You and I --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.48,0:08:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even you in the back --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.08,0:08:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we live in three dimensions of space.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.25,0:08:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope that's a\Nnon-controversial statement.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.84,0:08:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.69,0:08:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of the known particles also live\Nin three dimensions of space.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.15,0:08:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, a particle is just another name
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.36,0:09:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for an excitation\Nin a three-dimensional field;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.40,0:09:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a localized wobbling in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.29,0:09:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More importantly, all the math\Nthat we use to describe all this stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.84,0:09:09.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assumes that there are only\Nthree dimensions of space.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.94,0:09:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But math is math, and we can play\Naround with our math however we want.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.34,0:09:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people have been playing around\Nwith extra dimensions of space
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.53,0:09:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a very long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.71,0:09:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's always been an abstract\Nmathematical concept.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.32,0:09:23.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, just look around you --\Nyou at the back, look around --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.52,0:09:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's clearly only\Nthree dimensions of space.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.95,0:09:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if that's not true?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.11,0:09:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if the missing gravity is leaking\Ninto an extra-spatial dimension
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.39,0:09:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's invisible to you and I?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.36,0:09:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if gravity is just as strong\Nas the other forces
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.47,0:09:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you were to view it in this\Nextra-spatial dimension,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.64,0:09:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you and I experience\Nis a tiny slice of gravity
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.56,0:09:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make it seem very weak?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.16,0:09:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this were true,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.36,0:09:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would have to expand\Nour Standard Model of particles
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.13,0:10:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to include an extra particle,\Na hyperdimensional particle of gravity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.24,0:10:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a special graviton that lives\Nin extra-spatial dimensions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.26,0:10:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see the looks on your faces.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.75,0:10:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You should be asking me the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.59,0:10:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How in the world are we going to test\Nthis crazy, science fiction idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.26,0:10:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stuck as we are in three dimensions?"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.77,0:10:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way we always do,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.08,0:10:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by slamming together two protons --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.24,0:10:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.42,0:10:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hard enough that\Nthe collision reverberates
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.01,0:10:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into any extra-spatial dimensions\Nthat might be there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.72,0:10:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,momentarily creating\Nthis hyperdimensional graviton
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.34,0:10:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that then snaps back\Ninto the three dimensions of the LHC
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.75,0:10:31.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and spits off two photons,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.28,0:10:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two particles of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.42,0:10:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this hypothetical,\Nextra-dimensional graviton
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.35,0:10:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the only possible,\Nhypothetical new particles
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.08,0:10:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has the special quantum properties
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.24,0:10:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could give birth to our little,\Ntwo-photon bump.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.00,0:10:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the possibility of explaining\Nthe mysteries of gravity
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.84,0:10:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of discovering extra\Ndimensions of space --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.37,0:11:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps now you get a sense
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.98,0:11:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as to why thousands of physics geeks\Ncollectively lost their cool
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.13,0:11:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over our little, two-photon bump.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.04,0:11:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A discovery of this type\Nwould rewrite the textbooks.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.74,0:11:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But remember,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.92,0:11:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the message from us experimentalists
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.66,0:11:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually were doing\Nthis work at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.93,0:11:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was very clear:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.10,0:11:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need more data.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.30,0:11:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With more data,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.84,0:11:23.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the little bump will either turn into\Na nice, crisp Nobel Prize --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.89,0:11:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.68,0:11:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or the extra data will fill in\Nthe space around the bump
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.66,0:11:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turn it into a nice, smooth line.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.52,0:11:32.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we took more data,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.76,0:11:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with five times the data,\Nseveral months later,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.36,0:11:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our little bump
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.07,0:11:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turned into a smooth line.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.22,0:11:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The news reported on a "huge\Ndisappointment," on "faded hopes,"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.72,0:11:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on particle physicists "being sad."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.26,0:11:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Given the tone of the coverage,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.09,0:11:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd think that we had decided\Nto shut down the LHC and go home.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.61,0:11:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.63,0:11:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not what we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.06,0:12:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why not?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.48,0:12:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, if I didn't discover\Na particle -- and I didn't --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.21,0:12:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I didn't discover a particle,\Nwhy am I here talking to you?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.26,0:12:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why didn't I just hang my head in shame
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.72,0:12:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go home?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.17,0:12:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Particle physicists are explorers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.42,0:12:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And very much of what we do\Nis cartography.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.47,0:12:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me put it this way: forget\Nabout the LHC for a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.34,0:12:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine you are a space explorer\Narriving at a distant planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.75,0:12:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,searching for aliens.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.10,0:12:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is your first task?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.93,0:12:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To immediately orbit the planet,\Nland, take a quick look around
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.03,0:12:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for any big, obvious signs of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.94,0:12:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and report back to home base.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.78,0:12:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the stage we're at now.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.27,0:12:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took a first look at the LHC
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.78,0:12:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for any new, big,\Nobvious-to-spot particles,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.09,0:12:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can report that there are none.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.63,0:12:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We saw a weird-looking alien bump\Non a distant mountain,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.33,0:12:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but once we got closer,\Nwe saw it was a rock.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.82,0:13:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then what do we do?\NDo we just give up and fly away?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.48,0:13:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Absolutely not;
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.79,0:13:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would be terrible scientists if we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.12,0:13:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, we spend the next couple\Nof decades exploring,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.76,0:13:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mapping out the territory,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.26,0:13:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sifting through the sand\Nwith a fine instrument,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.65,0:13:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,peeking under every stone,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.13,0:13:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drilling under the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.11,0:13:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New particles can either\Nshow up immediately
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.72,0:13:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as big, obvious-to-spot bumps,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.88,0:13:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they can only reveal themselves\Nafter years of data taking.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.10,0:13:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humanity has just begun its exploration\Nat the LHC at this big high energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.54,0:13:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have much searching to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.35,0:13:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if, even after 10 or 20 years,\Nwe still find no new particles?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.05,0:13:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We build a bigger machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.77,0:13:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.37,0:13:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We search at higher energies.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.48,0:13:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We search at higher energies.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.95,0:13:49.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Planning is already underway\Nfor a 100-kilometer tunnel
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.61,0:13:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will collide particles\Nat 10 times the energy of the LHC.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.61,0:13:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't decide where\Nnature places new particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.37,0:13:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We only decide to keep exploring.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.04,0:14:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if, even after\Na 100-kilometer tunnel
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.62,0:14:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a 500-kilometer tunnel
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.50,0:14:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a 10,000-kilometer\Ncollider floating in space
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.37,0:14:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the Earth and the Moon,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.97,0:14:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we still find no new particles?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.60,0:14:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then perhaps we're doing\Nparticle physics wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.32,0:14:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.13,0:14:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps we need to rethink things.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.13,0:14:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe we need more resources,\Ntechnology, expertise
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.41,0:14:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than what we currently have.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.61,0:14:27.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We already use artificial intelligence\Nand machine learning techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.98,0:14:29.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in parts of the LHC,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.15,0:14:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but imagine designing\Na particle physics experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.58,0:14:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using such sophisticated algorithms
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.28,0:14:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it could teach itself to discover\Na hyperdimensional graviton.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.47,0:14:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.65,0:14:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if the ultimate question:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.12,0:14:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if even artificial intelligence\Ncan't help us answer our questions?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.61,0:14:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if these open questions,\Nfor centuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.75,0:14:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are destined to be unanswered\Nfor the foreseeable future?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.44,0:14:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if the stuff that's bothered me\Nsince I was a little kid
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.40,0:14:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is destined to be unanswered\Nin my lifetime?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.40,0:14:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then that ...
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.28,0:14:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be even more fascinating.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.14,0:15:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will be forced to think\Nin completely new ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.36,0:15:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll have to go back to our assumptions,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.44,0:15:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and determine if there was\Na flaw somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.40,0:15:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we'll need to encourage more people\Nto join us in studying science
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.82,0:15:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since we need fresh eyes\Non these century-old problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.91,0:15:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't have the answers,\Nand I'm still searching for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.06,0:15:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But someone -- maybe\Nshe's in school right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.42,0:15:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe she's not even born yet --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.78,0:15:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could eventually guide us to see physics\Nin a completely new way,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.94,0:15:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to point out that perhaps\Nwe're just asking the wrong questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.11,0:15:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which would not be the end of physics,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.55,0:15:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a novel beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.20,0:15:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.38,0:15:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)