1
00:00:07,886 --> 00:00:10,592
I can't see the audience, and I hate that.

2
00:00:10,687 --> 00:00:13,441
How many great grandparents
are there in the audience?

3
00:00:13,481 --> 00:00:15,298
Damn it, I can't see anything.

4
00:00:16,076 --> 00:00:18,876
You're probably wondering why I'm sitting.

5
00:00:19,062 --> 00:00:21,855
The answer is,
because I'm a great-grandfather.

6
00:00:22,253 --> 00:00:24,419
Not a good grandfather,
a great grandfather.

7
00:00:24,451 --> 00:00:25,919
(Laughter)

8
00:00:25,951 --> 00:00:27,197
And, as everybody knows,

9
00:00:27,229 --> 00:00:29,982
great grandparents get to do
any damn thing they please.

10
00:00:30,688 --> 00:00:33,363
Including following my own
grandfather's advice,

11
00:00:33,394 --> 00:00:36,037
which was, whenever you give a talk
to a thousand people

12
00:00:36,077 --> 00:00:38,228
about Richard Feynman, sustain yourself.

13
00:00:38,300 --> 00:00:40,402
(Laughter)

14
00:00:40,442 --> 00:00:45,188
(Applause)

15
00:00:46,425 --> 00:00:48,616
This is an extremely slick operation

16
00:00:48,633 --> 00:00:50,233
and I'm not a slick man.

17
00:00:52,569 --> 00:00:54,236
I don't use these things.

18
00:00:54,528 --> 00:00:56,385
I decided when I was asked to do this

19
00:00:56,409 --> 00:01:00,107
that what I really wanted to talk about
was my friend, Richard Feynman.

20
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I was one of the fortunate few
that really did get to know him

21
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and enjoyed his presence.

22
00:01:06,200 --> 00:01:09,703
And I'm going to tell you
about the Richard Feynman that I knew.

23
00:01:09,727 --> 00:01:12,026
I'm sure there are people here
who could tell you

24
00:01:12,050 --> 00:01:13,767
about the Richard Feynman they knew,

25
00:01:13,791 --> 00:01:16,316
and it would probably be
a different Richard Feynman.

26
00:01:16,340 --> 00:01:18,323
Richard Feynman was a very complex man.

27
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He was a man of many, many parts.

28
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He was, of course, foremost,
a very, very, very great scientist.

29
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He was an actor. You saw him act.

30
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I also had the good fortune
to be in those lectures,

31
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up in the balcony.

32
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They were fantastic.

33
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He was a philosopher.

34
00:01:37,831 --> 00:01:39,001
He was a drum player.

35
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He was a teacher par excellence.

36
00:01:42,683 --> 00:01:45,340
Richard Feynman was also a showman,

37
00:01:45,364 --> 00:01:46,927
an enormous showman.

38
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He was brash, irreverent.

39
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He was full of macho,
a kind of macho one-upmanship.

40
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He loved intellectual battle.

41
00:01:59,605 --> 00:02:02,254
He had a gargantuan ego.

42
00:02:03,357 --> 00:02:06,833
But the man had, somehow,

43
00:02:06,857 --> 00:02:09,309
a lot of room at the bottom.

44
00:02:09,333 --> 00:02:14,063
And what I mean by that
is a lot of room, in my case --

45
00:02:14,087 --> 00:02:17,176
I can't speak for anybody else,
but in my case --

46
00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:20,479
a lot of room for another big ego.

47
00:02:20,503 --> 00:02:21,893
Well, not as big as his,

48
00:02:21,917 --> 00:02:23,797
but fairly big.

49
00:02:25,090 --> 00:02:26,979
I always felt good with Dick Feynman.

50
00:02:27,336 --> 00:02:29,310
It was always fun to be with him.

51
00:02:30,686 --> 00:02:32,448
He always made me feel smart.

52
00:02:32,853 --> 00:02:35,060
How can somebody like that
make you feel smart?

53
00:02:35,084 --> 00:02:36,250
Somehow he did.

54
00:02:36,274 --> 00:02:38,734
He made me feel smart.
He made me feel he was smart.

55
00:02:38,758 --> 00:02:40,709
He made me feel we were both smart,

56
00:02:40,733 --> 00:02:44,075
and the two of us could solve
any problem whatever.

57
00:02:45,183 --> 00:02:48,191
And in fact, we did sometimes
do physics together.

58
00:02:48,215 --> 00:02:50,260
We never published a paper together,

59
00:02:50,284 --> 00:02:51,744
but we did have a lot of fun.

60
00:02:53,860 --> 00:02:55,076
He loved to win,

61
00:02:55,779 --> 00:02:58,479
win these little macho games
we would sometimes play.

62
00:02:58,503 --> 00:03:01,767
And he didn't only play them with me,
but with all sorts of people.

63
00:03:01,791 --> 00:03:03,628
He would almost always win.

64
00:03:03,652 --> 00:03:06,715
But when he didn't win, when he lost,

65
00:03:06,739 --> 00:03:09,376
he would laugh and seem
to have just as much fun

66
00:03:09,400 --> 00:03:10,598
as if he had won.

67
00:03:11,431 --> 00:03:13,579
I remember once he told me a story

68
00:03:13,603 --> 00:03:15,524
about a joke the students played on him.

69
00:03:17,092 --> 00:03:19,629
I think it was for his birthday --

70
00:03:19,653 --> 00:03:21,070
they took him for lunch

71
00:03:22,194 --> 00:03:24,783
to a sandwich place in Pasadena.

72
00:03:24,836 --> 00:03:26,471
It may still exist; I don't know.

73
00:03:26,784 --> 00:03:29,366
Celebrity sandwiches was their thing.

74
00:03:29,390 --> 00:03:31,730
You could get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich.

75
00:03:31,754 --> 00:03:34,055
You could get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich.

76
00:03:34,573 --> 00:03:36,755
The students went there in advance,

77
00:03:36,779 --> 00:03:40,177
and arranged that they'd all order
Feynman sandwiches.

78
00:03:40,201 --> 00:03:43,187
One after another, they came in
and ordered Feynman sandwiches.

79
00:03:43,212 --> 00:03:44,440
Feynman loved this story.

80
00:03:44,464 --> 00:03:48,498
He told me this story,
and he was really happy and laughing.

81
00:03:48,522 --> 00:03:51,272
When he finished the story, I said to him,

82
00:03:51,296 --> 00:03:54,159
"Dick, I wonder what
would be the difference

83
00:03:54,183 --> 00:03:57,176
between a Feynman sandwich
and a Susskind sandwich."

84
00:03:57,591 --> 00:03:59,606
And without skipping a beat at all,

85
00:03:59,630 --> 00:04:02,872
he said, "Well, they'd be about the same.

86
00:04:02,896 --> 00:04:06,218
The only difference is a Susskind
sandwich would have a lot more ham."

87
00:04:06,242 --> 00:04:07,927
"Ham" as in bad actor.

88
00:04:07,951 --> 00:04:09,475
(Laughter)

89
00:04:09,499 --> 00:04:12,909
Well, I happened to have been
very quick that day,

90
00:04:12,933 --> 00:04:15,076
and I said, "Yeah,
but a lot less baloney."

91
00:04:15,100 --> 00:04:18,053
(Laughter)

92
00:04:18,077 --> 00:04:19,214
(Applause)

93
00:04:19,238 --> 00:04:22,421
The truth of the matter

94
00:04:22,445 --> 00:04:26,427
is that a Feynman sandwich
had a load of ham,

95
00:04:26,451 --> 00:04:29,230
but absolutely no baloney.

96
00:04:30,745 --> 00:04:33,018
What Feynman hated worse
than anything else

97
00:04:33,042 --> 00:04:35,044
was intellectual pretense --

98
00:04:35,068 --> 00:04:36,297
phoniness,

99
00:04:36,321 --> 00:04:38,748
false sophistication, jargon.

100
00:04:40,050 --> 00:04:44,318
I remember sometime during the mid-'80s,

101
00:04:44,342 --> 00:04:48,476
Dick and I and Sidney Coleman
would meet a couple of times

102
00:04:48,500 --> 00:04:51,665
up in San Francisco --
at some very rich guy's house --

103
00:04:51,689 --> 00:04:53,816
up in San Francisco for dinner.

104
00:04:53,840 --> 00:04:56,076
And the last time the rich guy invited us,

105
00:04:56,100 --> 00:04:58,236
he also invited a couple of philosophers.

106
00:04:58,260 --> 00:05:00,788
These guys were philosophers of mind.

107
00:05:00,812 --> 00:05:04,176
Their specialty was the philosophy
of consciousness.

108
00:05:04,200 --> 00:05:06,890
And they were full of all kinds of jargon.

109
00:05:06,914 --> 00:05:09,310
I'm trying to remember the words --

110
00:05:09,334 --> 00:05:13,224
"monism," "dualism,"
categories all over the place.

111
00:05:13,248 --> 00:05:16,822
I didn't know what those meant, neither
did Dick or Sydney, for that matter.

112
00:05:16,840 --> 00:05:19,521
Sydney, who was better educated
than most of us.

113
00:05:21,646 --> 00:05:23,416
And what did we talk about?

114
00:05:23,440 --> 00:05:26,015
Well, what do you talk about
when you talk about minds?

115
00:05:26,339 --> 00:05:28,503
There's one obvious thing to talk about:

116
00:05:28,527 --> 00:05:30,176
Can a machine become a mind?

117
00:05:31,078 --> 00:05:32,807
Can you build a machine

118
00:05:32,831 --> 00:05:35,913
that thinks like a human being
that is conscious?

119
00:05:36,341 --> 00:05:39,671
We sat around and talked about this --
we of course never resolved it.

120
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But the trouble with the philosophers

121
00:05:41,500 --> 00:05:43,476
is that they were philosophizing

122
00:05:43,500 --> 00:05:45,844
when they should have been
science-ophizing.

123
00:05:46,288 --> 00:05:48,628
It's a scientific question, after all.

124
00:05:48,652 --> 00:05:51,559
And this was a very, very
dangerous thing to do

125
00:05:51,583 --> 00:05:53,012
around Dick Feynman.

126
00:05:53,036 --> 00:05:54,520
(Laughter)

127
00:05:55,778 --> 00:05:58,973
Feynman let them have it --
both barrels, right between the eyes.

128
00:05:58,997 --> 00:06:02,068
It was brutal; it was funny --
ooh, it was funny.

129
00:06:02,092 --> 00:06:03,805
But it was really brutal.

130
00:06:03,829 --> 00:06:05,779
He really popped their balloon.

131
00:06:06,565 --> 00:06:10,065
But the amazing thing was --
Feynman had to leave a little early;

132
00:06:10,089 --> 00:06:13,191
he wasn't feeling too well,
so he left a little bit early.

133
00:06:13,215 --> 00:06:16,109
And Sidney and I were left there
with the two philosophers.

134
00:06:16,133 --> 00:06:19,123
And the amazing thing
is these guys were flying.

135
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They were so happy.

136
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They had met the great man;

137
00:06:23,606 --> 00:06:26,034
they had been instructed by the great man;

138
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they had an enormous amount of fun

139
00:06:28,023 --> 00:06:30,208
having their faces shoved in the mud ...

140
00:06:31,375 --> 00:06:33,834
And it was something special.

141
00:06:33,858 --> 00:06:37,247
I realized there was something
just extraordinary about Feynman,

142
00:06:37,271 --> 00:06:41,085
even when he did what he did.

143
00:06:44,046 --> 00:06:47,252
So yes - he did not like
intellectual pretense.

144
00:06:49,814 --> 00:06:52,488
Dick -- he was my friend;
I did call him Dick --

145
00:06:52,512 --> 00:06:55,198
Dick and I had a little bit of a rapport.

146
00:06:55,222 --> 00:06:58,096
I think it may have been a special
rapport that he and I had.

147
00:06:58,120 --> 00:07:00,743
We liked each other;
we liked the same kind of things.

148
00:07:00,767 --> 00:07:04,250
I also like the intellectual macho games.

149
00:07:04,678 --> 00:07:06,758
Sometimes I would win,
mostly he would win,

150
00:07:06,782 --> 00:07:08,376
but we both enjoyed them.

151
00:07:08,400 --> 00:07:10,790
And Dick became convinced at some point

152
00:07:10,814 --> 00:07:15,022
that he and I had
some kind of similarity of personality.

153
00:07:15,626 --> 00:07:17,080
I don't think he was right.

154
00:07:17,104 --> 00:07:19,323
I think the only point
of similarity between us

155
00:07:19,347 --> 00:07:21,545
is we both like to talk about ourselves.

156
00:07:21,569 --> 00:07:24,410
But he was convinced of this.

157
00:07:24,434 --> 00:07:27,488
And the man was incredibly curious.

158
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And he wanted to understand
what it was and why it was

159
00:07:31,210 --> 00:07:34,037
that there was this funny connection.

160
00:07:34,774 --> 00:07:36,458
And one day, we were walking.

161
00:07:36,482 --> 00:07:38,308
We were in France, in Les Houches.

162
00:07:38,332 --> 00:07:41,956
We were up in the mountains, 1976.
Up in the mountains.

163
00:07:41,980 --> 00:07:46,238
And Feynman said to me, "Leonardo ..."

164
00:07:46,262 --> 00:07:49,297
The reason he called me "Leonardo"
is because we were in Europe,

165
00:07:49,321 --> 00:07:50,972
and he was practicing his French.

166
00:07:50,996 --> 00:07:53,116
(Laughter)

167
00:07:53,140 --> 00:07:56,363
And he said, "Leonardo,

168
00:07:56,387 --> 00:08:00,376
were you closer to your mother
or your father when you were a kid?"

169
00:08:00,400 --> 00:08:03,376
I said, "Well, my real hero was my father.

170
00:08:04,457 --> 00:08:06,608
He was a working man,

171
00:08:06,632 --> 00:08:08,285
had a fifth-grade education.

172
00:08:08,775 --> 00:08:11,599
He was a master mechanic,
and he taught me how to use tools.

173
00:08:11,623 --> 00:08:15,591
He taught me all sorts of things
about mechanical things.

174
00:08:15,615 --> 00:08:17,646
He even taught me the Pythagorean theorem.

175
00:08:17,670 --> 00:08:19,623
He didn't call it the hypotenuse,

176
00:08:19,647 --> 00:08:21,715
he called it the shortcut distance."

177
00:08:22,255 --> 00:08:25,032
And Feynman's eyes just opened up.

178
00:08:25,056 --> 00:08:26,649
He went off like a lightbulb.

179
00:08:27,411 --> 00:08:29,492
And he said that he had had

180
00:08:29,516 --> 00:08:32,674
basically exactly the same
relationship with his father.

181
00:08:33,270 --> 00:08:36,690
In fact, he had been convinced at one time

182
00:08:36,714 --> 00:08:40,525
that to be a good physicist,

183
00:08:40,549 --> 00:08:43,881
it was very important to have had
that kind of relationship

184
00:08:43,905 --> 00:08:45,062
with your father.

185
00:08:45,086 --> 00:08:48,092
I apologize for the sexist
conversation here,

186
00:08:48,116 --> 00:08:49,976
but this is the way it really happened.

187
00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:53,797
He said he had been absolutely
convinced that this was necessary,

188
00:08:53,821 --> 00:08:57,460
a necessary part of the growing up
of a young physicist.

189
00:08:58,055 --> 00:09:01,188
Being Dick, he, of course,
wanted to check this.

190
00:09:01,212 --> 00:09:03,488
He wanted to go out and do an experiment.

191
00:09:03,512 --> 00:09:04,528
(Laughter)

192
00:09:04,552 --> 00:09:05,704
Well, he did.

193
00:09:05,728 --> 00:09:07,386
He went out and did an experiment.

194
00:09:07,410 --> 00:09:10,325
He asked all his friends
that he thought were good physicists,

195
00:09:10,349 --> 00:09:12,701
"Was it your mom or your pop
that influenced you?"

196
00:09:12,725 --> 00:09:13,493
And to a man -

197
00:09:13,518 --> 00:09:15,481
they were all men,

198
00:09:15,505 --> 00:09:18,135
and to a man, every single
one of them said,

199
00:09:18,159 --> 00:09:19,383
"My mother."

200
00:09:19,407 --> 00:09:22,474
(Laughter)

201
00:09:22,498 --> 00:09:25,435
There went that theory,
down the trash can of history.

202
00:09:25,522 --> 00:09:26,626
(Laughter)

203
00:09:26,850 --> 00:09:29,652
But he was very excited
that he had finally met somebody

204
00:09:29,676 --> 00:09:33,272
who had the same experience
with his father

205
00:09:33,296 --> 00:09:34,731
as he had with his father.

206
00:09:34,755 --> 00:09:38,880
And for some time, he was convinced
this was the reason we got along so well.

207
00:09:38,904 --> 00:09:40,541
I don't know. Maybe. Who knows?

208
00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:44,792
But let me tell you a little bit
about Feynman the physicist.

209
00:09:47,022 --> 00:09:50,976
Feynman's style --
no, "style" is not the right word.

210
00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:53,845
"Style" makes you think
of the bow tie he might have worn,

211
00:09:53,869 --> 00:09:55,170
or the suit he was wearing.

212
00:09:55,194 --> 00:09:57,113
It's something much deeper than that,

213
00:09:57,137 --> 00:09:59,208
but I can't think of another word for it.

214
00:09:59,232 --> 00:10:04,674
Feynman's scientific style
was always to look for the simplest,

215
00:10:04,998 --> 00:10:08,913
most elementary solution
to a problem that was possible.

216
00:10:08,937 --> 00:10:12,462
If it wasn't possible,
you had to use something fancier.

217
00:10:13,169 --> 00:10:17,741
No doubt, part of this
was his great joy and pleasure

218
00:10:17,765 --> 00:10:21,197
in showing people that he could
think more simply than they could.

219
00:10:21,537 --> 00:10:24,696
But he also deeply believed,
he truly believed,

220
00:10:24,720 --> 00:10:26,960
that if you couldn't explain
something simply,

221
00:10:26,984 --> 00:10:28,515
you didn't understand it.

222
00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:33,093
In the 1950s, people
were trying to figure out

223
00:10:33,117 --> 00:10:35,093
how superfluid helium worked.

224
00:10:36,013 --> 00:10:37,189
There was a theory.

225
00:10:37,213 --> 00:10:39,624
It was due to a Russian
mathematical physicist.

226
00:10:39,648 --> 00:10:41,058
It was a complicated theory;

227
00:10:41,082 --> 00:10:43,193
I'll tell you what it was soon enough.

228
00:10:43,217 --> 00:10:45,065
It was a terribly complicated theory,

229
00:10:45,089 --> 00:10:47,926
full of very difficult
integrals and formulas

230
00:10:47,950 --> 00:10:49,775
and mathematics and so forth.

231
00:10:50,300 --> 00:10:53,537
And it sort of worked,
but it didn't work very well.

232
00:10:53,561 --> 00:10:54,903
The only way it worked

233
00:10:54,927 --> 00:10:58,146
is when the helium atoms
were very, very far apart.

234
00:10:58,198 --> 00:10:59,745
They had to be.

235
00:10:59,770 --> 00:11:00,825
And unfortunately,

236
00:11:00,850 --> 00:11:03,965
the helium atoms in liquid helium
are right on top of each other.

237
00:11:03,989 --> 00:11:07,330
Feynman decided, as a sort
of amateur helium physicist,

238
00:11:07,354 --> 00:11:09,604
that he would try to figure it out.

239
00:11:09,628 --> 00:11:12,032
He had an idea, a very clear idea.

240
00:11:12,056 --> 00:11:13,450
He would try to figure out

241
00:11:13,474 --> 00:11:18,550
what the quantum wave function
of this huge number of atoms looked like.

242
00:11:18,574 --> 00:11:20,221
He would try to visualize it,

243
00:11:20,245 --> 00:11:23,176
guided by a small number
of simple principles.

244
00:11:23,200 --> 00:11:26,176
The small number of simple principles
were very, very simple.

245
00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:29,577
The first one was that when
helium atoms touch each other,

246
00:11:29,601 --> 00:11:30,909
they repel.

247
00:11:30,933 --> 00:11:34,331
The implication of that is that
the wave function has to go to zero,

248
00:11:34,355 --> 00:11:37,440
it has to vanish when the helium
atoms touch each other.

249
00:11:37,464 --> 00:11:39,773
The other fact
is that in the ground state --

250
00:11:39,797 --> 00:11:42,534
the lowest energy state
of a quantum system --

251
00:11:42,558 --> 00:11:45,829
the wave function is always very smooth;

252
00:11:45,853 --> 00:11:47,948
it has the minimum number of wiggles.

253
00:11:47,972 --> 00:11:49,500
So he sat down --

254
00:11:49,524 --> 00:11:51,795
and I imagine he had nothing more

255
00:11:51,819 --> 00:11:54,232
than a simple piece
of paper and a pencil --

256
00:11:54,256 --> 00:11:56,496
and he tried to write down,
and did write down,

257
00:11:56,520 --> 00:11:58,815
the simplest function
that he could think of,

258
00:11:58,839 --> 00:12:00,816
which had the boundary conditions

259
00:12:00,840 --> 00:12:03,304
that the wave function
vanish when things touch

260
00:12:03,328 --> 00:12:05,041
and is smooth in between.

261
00:12:05,933 --> 00:12:08,672
He wrote down a simple thing --
so simple, in fact,

262
00:12:08,696 --> 00:12:11,823
that I suspect a really smart
high-school student

263
00:12:11,847 --> 00:12:13,276
who didn't even have calculus

264
00:12:13,300 --> 00:12:15,233
could understand what he wrote down.

265
00:12:15,777 --> 00:12:18,926
The thing was, that simple thing
that he wrote down

266
00:12:18,950 --> 00:12:22,491
explained everything that was known
at the time about liquid helium,

267
00:12:22,515 --> 00:12:23,788
and then some.

268
00:12:24,204 --> 00:12:27,181
I've always wondered
whether the professionals --

269
00:12:27,205 --> 00:12:29,266
the real professional helium physicists --

270
00:12:29,290 --> 00:12:31,457
were just a little bit
embarrassed by this.

271
00:12:31,862 --> 00:12:34,531
They had their super-powerful technique,

272
00:12:34,555 --> 00:12:36,331
and they couldn't do as well.

273
00:12:36,355 --> 00:12:40,482
Incidentally, I'll tell you
what that super-powerful technique was.

274
00:12:40,506 --> 00:12:43,055
It was the technique of Feynman diagrams.

275
00:12:43,079 --> 00:12:44,936
(Laughter)

276
00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:47,714
He did it again in 1968.

277
00:12:48,221 --> 00:12:53,207
In 1968, in my own university --
I wasn't there at the time --

278
00:12:53,231 --> 00:12:55,803
they were exploring
the structure of the proton.

279
00:12:56,197 --> 00:12:59,813
The proton is obviously made
of a whole bunch of little particles;

280
00:12:59,837 --> 00:13:01,777
this was more or less known.

281
00:13:02,222 --> 00:13:05,558
And the way to analyze it was,
of course, Feynman diagrams.

282
00:13:05,582 --> 00:13:08,123
That's what Feynman diagrams
were constructed for --

283
00:13:08,147 --> 00:13:09,416
to understand particles.

284
00:13:09,934 --> 00:13:12,546
The experiments that were going on
were very simple:

285
00:13:12,570 --> 00:13:13,905
you simply take the proton,

286
00:13:13,929 --> 00:13:16,539
and you hit it really sharply
with an electron.

287
00:13:16,563 --> 00:13:19,254
This was the thing
the Feynman diagrams were for.

288
00:13:19,691 --> 00:13:23,754
The only problem was that
Feynman diagrams are complicated.

289
00:13:23,778 --> 00:13:25,318
They're difficult integrals.

290
00:13:25,342 --> 00:13:28,513
If you could do all of them,
you would have a very precise theory,

291
00:13:28,537 --> 00:13:31,114
but you couldn't --
they were just too complicated.

292
00:13:32,013 --> 00:13:33,474
People were trying to do them.

293
00:13:33,498 --> 00:13:36,418
You could do a one-loop diagram.
Don't worry about one loop.

294
00:13:36,442 --> 00:13:39,447
One loop, two loops --
maybe you could do a three-loop diagram,

295
00:13:39,471 --> 00:13:41,525
but beyond that, you couldn't do anything.

296
00:13:41,549 --> 00:13:43,193
Feynman said, "Forget all of that.

297
00:13:43,217 --> 00:13:44,688
Just think of the proton

298
00:13:44,712 --> 00:13:49,045
as an assemblage, a swarm,
of little particles."

299
00:13:49,069 --> 00:13:50,720
He called them "partons."

300
00:13:51,844 --> 00:13:56,418
He said, "Just think of it as a swarm
of partons moving real fast."

301
00:13:56,571 --> 00:13:58,658
Because they're moving real fast,

302
00:13:59,796 --> 00:14:03,898
relativity says the internal
motions go very slow.

303
00:14:04,621 --> 00:14:06,233
The electron hits it suddenly --

304
00:14:06,257 --> 00:14:10,314
it's like taking a very sudden
snapshot of the proton.

305
00:14:10,953 --> 00:14:12,108
What do you see?

306
00:14:12,132 --> 00:14:16,166
You see a frozen bunch of partons.

307
00:14:16,190 --> 00:14:17,372
They don't move,

308
00:14:17,396 --> 00:14:20,452
and because they don't move
during the course of the experiment,

309
00:14:20,476 --> 00:14:22,785
you don't have to worry
about how they're moving.

310
00:14:22,809 --> 00:14:25,415
You don't have to worry
about the forces between them.

311
00:14:25,439 --> 00:14:30,628
You just get to think of it
as a population of frozen partons."

312
00:14:31,114 --> 00:14:34,578
This was the key to analyzing
these experiments.

313
00:14:34,602 --> 00:14:37,376
Extremely effective.

314
00:14:37,787 --> 00:14:40,289
Somebody said the word
"revolution" is a bad word.

315
00:14:40,313 --> 00:14:42,454
I suppose it is,
so I won't say "revolution,"

316
00:14:42,478 --> 00:14:47,980
but it certainly evolved very, very deeply
our understanding of the proton,

317
00:14:48,004 --> 00:14:49,800
and of particles beyond that.

318
00:14:50,170 --> 00:14:52,788
Well, I had some more
that I was going to tell you

319
00:14:52,812 --> 00:14:54,469
about my connection with Feynman,

320
00:14:54,493 --> 00:14:55,667
what he was like,

321
00:14:55,691 --> 00:14:57,995
but I see I have exactly half a minute.

322
00:14:58,019 --> 00:15:01,946
So I think I'll just finish up by saying:

323
00:15:01,970 --> 00:15:04,766
I actually don't think
Feynman would have liked this event.

324
00:15:04,790 --> 00:15:09,079
I think he would have said,
"I don't need this."

325
00:15:09,682 --> 00:15:10,832
But ...

326
00:15:10,856 --> 00:15:11,864
(Laughter)

327
00:15:11,888 --> 00:15:13,246
How should we honor Feynman?

328
00:15:13,270 --> 00:15:14,952
How should we really honor Feynman?

329
00:15:14,976 --> 00:15:18,120
I think the answer
is we should honor Feynman

330
00:15:18,144 --> 00:15:22,106
by getting as much baloney
out of our own sandwiches

331
00:15:22,130 --> 00:15:23,376
as we can.

332
00:15:23,741 --> 00:15:24,892
Thank you.

333
00:15:24,916 --> 00:15:28,117
(Applause)