0:00:07.886,0:00:10.592
I can't see the audience, and I hate that.

0:00:10.687,0:00:13.441
How many great grandparents[br]are there in the audience?

0:00:13.481,0:00:15.298
Damn it, I can't see anything.

0:00:16.076,0:00:18.876
You're probably wondering why I'm sitting.

0:00:19.062,0:00:21.855
The answer is,[br]because I'm a great-grandfather.

0:00:22.253,0:00:24.419
Not a good grandfather,[br]a great grandfather.

0:00:24.451,0:00:25.919
(Laughter)

0:00:25.951,0:00:27.197
And, as everybody knows,

0:00:27.229,0:00:29.982
great grandparents get to do[br]any damn thing they please.

0:00:30.688,0:00:33.363
Including following my own[br]grandfather's advice,

0:00:33.394,0:00:36.037
which was, whenever you give a talk[br]to a thousand people

0:00:36.077,0:00:38.228
about Richard Feynman, sustain yourself.

0:00:38.300,0:00:40.402
(Laughter)

0:00:40.442,0:00:45.188
(Applause)

0:00:46.425,0:00:48.616
This is an extremely slick operation

0:00:48.633,0:00:50.233
and I'm not a slick man.

0:00:52.569,0:00:54.236
I don't use these things.

0:00:54.528,0:00:56.385
I decided when I was asked to do this

0:00:56.409,0:01:00.107
that what I really wanted to talk about[br]was my friend, Richard Feynman.

0:01:00.131,0:01:03.576
I was one of the fortunate few[br]that really did get to know him

0:01:03.600,0:01:05.010
and enjoyed his presence.

0:01:06.200,0:01:09.703
And I'm going to tell you[br]about the Richard Feynman that I knew.

0:01:09.727,0:01:12.026
I'm sure there are people here[br]who could tell you

0:01:12.050,0:01:13.767
about the Richard Feynman they knew,

0:01:13.791,0:01:16.316
and it would probably be[br]a different Richard Feynman.

0:01:16.340,0:01:18.323
Richard Feynman was a very complex man.

0:01:18.347,0:01:20.323
He was a man of many, many parts.

0:01:20.664,0:01:25.410
He was, of course, foremost,[br]a very, very, very great scientist.

0:01:25.998,0:01:28.176
He was an actor. You saw him act.

0:01:28.200,0:01:31.858
I also had the good fortune[br]to be in those lectures,

0:01:31.882,0:01:33.176
up in the balcony.

0:01:33.736,0:01:34.942
They were fantastic.

0:01:36.085,0:01:37.260
He was a philosopher.

0:01:37.831,0:01:39.001
He was a drum player.

0:01:39.025,0:01:40.984
He was a teacher par excellence.

0:01:42.683,0:01:45.340
Richard Feynman was also a showman,

0:01:45.364,0:01:46.927
an enormous showman.

0:01:46.951,0:01:49.386
He was brash, irreverent.

0:01:50.386,0:01:55.176
He was full of macho,[br]a kind of macho one-upmanship.

0:01:55.655,0:01:59.258
He loved intellectual battle.

0:01:59.605,0:02:02.254
He had a gargantuan ego.

0:02:03.357,0:02:06.833
But the man had, somehow,

0:02:06.857,0:02:09.309
a lot of room at the bottom.

0:02:09.333,0:02:14.063
And what I mean by that[br]is a lot of room, in my case --

0:02:14.087,0:02:17.176
I can't speak for anybody else,[br]but in my case --

0:02:17.200,0:02:20.479
a lot of room for another big ego.

0:02:20.503,0:02:21.893
Well, not as big as his,

0:02:21.917,0:02:23.797
but fairly big.

0:02:25.090,0:02:26.979
I always felt good with Dick Feynman.

0:02:27.336,0:02:29.310
It was always fun to be with him.

0:02:30.686,0:02:32.448
He always made me feel smart.

0:02:32.853,0:02:35.060
How can somebody like that[br]make you feel smart?

0:02:35.084,0:02:36.250
Somehow he did.

0:02:36.274,0:02:38.734
He made me feel smart.[br]He made me feel he was smart.

0:02:38.758,0:02:40.709
He made me feel we were both smart,

0:02:40.733,0:02:44.075
and the two of us could solve[br]any problem whatever.

0:02:45.183,0:02:48.191
And in fact, we did sometimes[br]do physics together.

0:02:48.215,0:02:50.260
We never published a paper together,

0:02:50.284,0:02:51.744
but we did have a lot of fun.

0:02:53.860,0:02:55.076
He loved to win,

0:02:55.779,0:02:58.479
win these little macho games[br]we would sometimes play.

0:02:58.503,0:03:01.767
And he didn't only play them with me,[br]but with all sorts of people.

0:03:01.791,0:03:03.628
He would almost always win.

0:03:03.652,0:03:06.715
But when he didn't win, when he lost,

0:03:06.739,0:03:09.376
he would laugh and seem[br]to have just as much fun

0:03:09.400,0:03:10.598
as if he had won.

0:03:11.431,0:03:13.579
I remember once he told me a story

0:03:13.603,0:03:15.524
about a joke the students played on him.

0:03:17.092,0:03:19.629
I think it was for his birthday --

0:03:19.653,0:03:21.070
they took him for lunch

0:03:22.194,0:03:24.783
to a sandwich place in Pasadena.

0:03:24.836,0:03:26.471
It may still exist; I don't know.

0:03:26.784,0:03:29.366
Celebrity sandwiches was their thing.

0:03:29.390,0:03:31.730
You could get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich.

0:03:31.754,0:03:34.055
You could get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich.

0:03:34.573,0:03:36.755
The students went there in advance,

0:03:36.779,0:03:40.177
and arranged that they'd all order[br]Feynman sandwiches.

0:03:40.201,0:03:43.187
One after another, they came in[br]and ordered Feynman sandwiches.

0:03:43.212,0:03:44.440
Feynman loved this story.

0:03:44.464,0:03:48.498
He told me this story,[br]and he was really happy and laughing.

0:03:48.522,0:03:51.272
When he finished the story, I said to him,

0:03:51.296,0:03:54.159
"Dick, I wonder what[br]would be the difference

0:03:54.183,0:03:57.176
between a Feynman sandwich[br]and a Susskind sandwich."

0:03:57.591,0:03:59.606
And without skipping a beat at all,

0:03:59.630,0:04:02.872
he said, "Well, they'd be about the same.

0:04:02.896,0:04:06.218
The only difference is a Susskind[br]sandwich would have a lot more ham."

0:04:06.242,0:04:07.927
"Ham" as in bad actor.

0:04:07.951,0:04:09.475
(Laughter)

0:04:09.499,0:04:12.909
Well, I happened to have been[br]very quick that day,

0:04:12.933,0:04:15.076
and I said, "Yeah,[br]but a lot less baloney."

0:04:15.100,0:04:18.053
(Laughter)

0:04:18.077,0:04:19.214
(Applause)

0:04:19.238,0:04:22.421
The truth of the matter

0:04:22.445,0:04:26.427
is that a Feynman sandwich[br]had a load of ham,

0:04:26.451,0:04:29.230
but absolutely no baloney.

0:04:30.745,0:04:33.018
What Feynman hated worse[br]than anything else

0:04:33.042,0:04:35.044
was intellectual pretense --

0:04:35.068,0:04:36.297
phoniness,

0:04:36.321,0:04:38.748
false sophistication, jargon.

0:04:40.050,0:04:44.318
I remember sometime during the mid-'80s,

0:04:44.342,0:04:48.476
Dick and I and Sidney Coleman[br]would meet a couple of times

0:04:48.500,0:04:51.665
up in San Francisco --[br]at some very rich guy's house --

0:04:51.689,0:04:53.816
up in San Francisco for dinner.

0:04:53.840,0:04:56.076
And the last time the rich guy invited us,

0:04:56.100,0:04:58.236
he also invited a couple of philosophers.

0:04:58.260,0:05:00.788
These guys were philosophers of mind.

0:05:00.812,0:05:04.176
Their specialty was the philosophy[br]of consciousness.

0:05:04.200,0:05:06.890
And they were full of all kinds of jargon.

0:05:06.914,0:05:09.310
I'm trying to remember the words --

0:05:09.334,0:05:13.224
"monism," "dualism,"[br]categories all over the place.

0:05:13.248,0:05:16.822
I didn't know what those meant, neither[br]did Dick or Sydney, for that matter.

0:05:16.840,0:05:19.521
Sydney, who was better educated[br]than most of us.

0:05:21.646,0:05:23.416
And what did we talk about?

0:05:23.440,0:05:26.015
Well, what do you talk about[br]when you talk about minds?

0:05:26.339,0:05:28.503
There's one obvious thing to talk about:

0:05:28.527,0:05:30.176
Can a machine become a mind?

0:05:31.078,0:05:32.807
Can you build a machine

0:05:32.831,0:05:35.913
that thinks like a human being[br]that is conscious?

0:05:36.341,0:05:39.671
We sat around and talked about this --[br]we of course never resolved it.

0:05:39.695,0:05:41.476
But the trouble with the philosophers

0:05:41.500,0:05:43.476
is that they were philosophizing

0:05:43.500,0:05:45.844
when they should have been[br]science-ophizing.

0:05:46.288,0:05:48.628
It's a scientific question, after all.

0:05:48.652,0:05:51.559
And this was a very, very[br]dangerous thing to do

0:05:51.583,0:05:53.012
around Dick Feynman.

0:05:53.036,0:05:54.520
(Laughter)

0:05:55.778,0:05:58.973
Feynman let them have it --[br]both barrels, right between the eyes.

0:05:58.997,0:06:02.068
It was brutal; it was funny --[br]ooh, it was funny.

0:06:02.092,0:06:03.805
But it was really brutal.

0:06:03.829,0:06:05.779
He really popped their balloon.

0:06:06.565,0:06:10.065
But the amazing thing was --[br]Feynman had to leave a little early;

0:06:10.089,0:06:13.191
he wasn't feeling too well,[br]so he left a little bit early.

0:06:13.215,0:06:16.109
And Sidney and I were left there[br]with the two philosophers.

0:06:16.133,0:06:19.123
And the amazing thing[br]is these guys were flying.

0:06:19.147,0:06:20.963
They were so happy.

0:06:21.328,0:06:23.582
They had met the great man;

0:06:23.606,0:06:26.034
they had been instructed by the great man;

0:06:26.058,0:06:27.999
they had an enormous amount of fun

0:06:28.023,0:06:30.208
having their faces shoved in the mud ...

0:06:31.375,0:06:33.834
And it was something special.

0:06:33.858,0:06:37.247
I realized there was something[br]just extraordinary about Feynman,

0:06:37.271,0:06:41.085
even when he did what he did.

0:06:44.046,0:06:47.252
So yes - he did not like[br]intellectual pretense.

0:06:49.814,0:06:52.488
Dick -- he was my friend;[br]I did call him Dick --

0:06:52.512,0:06:55.198
Dick and I had a little bit of a rapport.

0:06:55.222,0:06:58.096
I think it may have been a special[br]rapport that he and I had.

0:06:58.120,0:07:00.743
We liked each other;[br]we liked the same kind of things.

0:07:00.767,0:07:04.250
I also like the intellectual macho games.

0:07:04.678,0:07:06.758
Sometimes I would win,[br]mostly he would win,

0:07:06.782,0:07:08.376
but we both enjoyed them.

0:07:08.400,0:07:10.790
And Dick became convinced at some point

0:07:10.814,0:07:15.022
that he and I had[br]some kind of similarity of personality.

0:07:15.626,0:07:17.080
I don't think he was right.

0:07:17.104,0:07:19.323
I think the only point[br]of similarity between us

0:07:19.347,0:07:21.545
is we both like to talk about ourselves.

0:07:21.569,0:07:24.410
But he was convinced of this.

0:07:24.434,0:07:27.488
And the man was incredibly curious.

0:07:27.512,0:07:31.186
And he wanted to understand[br]what it was and why it was

0:07:31.210,0:07:34.037
that there was this funny connection.

0:07:34.774,0:07:36.458
And one day, we were walking.

0:07:36.482,0:07:38.308
We were in France, in Les Houches.

0:07:38.332,0:07:41.956
We were up in the mountains, 1976.[br]Up in the mountains.

0:07:41.980,0:07:46.238
And Feynman said to me, "Leonardo ..."

0:07:46.262,0:07:49.297
The reason he called me "Leonardo"[br]is because we were in Europe,

0:07:49.321,0:07:50.972
and he was practicing his French.

0:07:50.996,0:07:53.116
(Laughter)

0:07:53.140,0:07:56.363
And he said, "Leonardo,

0:07:56.387,0:08:00.376
were you closer to your mother[br]or your father when you were a kid?"

0:08:00.400,0:08:03.376
I said, "Well, my real hero was my father.

0:08:04.457,0:08:06.608
He was a working man,

0:08:06.632,0:08:08.285
had a fifth-grade education.

0:08:08.775,0:08:11.599
He was a master mechanic,[br]and he taught me how to use tools.

0:08:11.623,0:08:15.591
He taught me all sorts of things[br]about mechanical things.

0:08:15.615,0:08:17.646
He even taught me the Pythagorean theorem.

0:08:17.670,0:08:19.623
He didn't call it the hypotenuse,

0:08:19.647,0:08:21.715
he called it the shortcut distance."

0:08:22.255,0:08:25.032
And Feynman's eyes just opened up.

0:08:25.056,0:08:26.649
He went off like a lightbulb.

0:08:27.411,0:08:29.492
And he said that he had had

0:08:29.516,0:08:32.674
basically exactly the same[br]relationship with his father.

0:08:33.270,0:08:36.690
In fact, he had been convinced at one time

0:08:36.714,0:08:40.525
that to be a good physicist,

0:08:40.549,0:08:43.881
it was very important to have had[br]that kind of relationship

0:08:43.905,0:08:45.062
with your father.

0:08:45.086,0:08:48.092
I apologize for the sexist[br]conversation here,

0:08:48.116,0:08:49.976
but this is the way it really happened.

0:08:50.000,0:08:53.797
He said he had been absolutely[br]convinced that this was necessary,

0:08:53.821,0:08:57.460
a necessary part of the growing up[br]of a young physicist.

0:08:58.055,0:09:01.188
Being Dick, he, of course,[br]wanted to check this.

0:09:01.212,0:09:03.488
He wanted to go out and do an experiment.

0:09:03.512,0:09:04.528
(Laughter)

0:09:04.552,0:09:05.704
Well, he did.

0:09:05.728,0:09:07.386
He went out and did an experiment.

0:09:07.410,0:09:10.325
He asked all his friends[br]that he thought were good physicists,

0:09:10.349,0:09:12.701
"Was it your mom or your pop[br]that influenced you?"

0:09:12.725,0:09:13.493
And to a man -

0:09:13.518,0:09:15.481
they were all men,

0:09:15.505,0:09:18.135
and to a man, every single[br]one of them said,

0:09:18.159,0:09:19.383
"My mother."

0:09:19.407,0:09:22.474
(Laughter)

0:09:22.498,0:09:25.435
There went that theory,[br]down the trash can of history.

0:09:25.522,0:09:26.626
(Laughter)

0:09:26.850,0:09:29.652
But he was very excited[br]that he had finally met somebody

0:09:29.676,0:09:33.272
who had the same experience[br]with his father

0:09:33.296,0:09:34.731
as he had with his father.

0:09:34.755,0:09:38.880
And for some time, he was convinced[br]this was the reason we got along so well.

0:09:38.904,0:09:40.541
I don't know. Maybe. Who knows?

0:09:41.000,0:09:44.792
But let me tell you a little bit[br]about Feynman the physicist.

0:09:47.022,0:09:50.976
Feynman's style --[br]no, "style" is not the right word.

0:09:51.000,0:09:53.845
"Style" makes you think[br]of the bow tie he might have worn,

0:09:53.869,0:09:55.170
or the suit he was wearing.

0:09:55.194,0:09:57.113
It's something much deeper than that,

0:09:57.137,0:09:59.208
but I can't think of another word for it.

0:09:59.232,0:10:04.674
Feynman's scientific style[br]was always to look for the simplest,

0:10:04.998,0:10:08.913
most elementary solution[br]to a problem that was possible.

0:10:08.937,0:10:12.462
If it wasn't possible,[br]you had to use something fancier.

0:10:13.169,0:10:17.741
No doubt, part of this[br]was his great joy and pleasure

0:10:17.765,0:10:21.197
in showing people that he could[br]think more simply than they could.

0:10:21.537,0:10:24.696
But he also deeply believed,[br]he truly believed,

0:10:24.720,0:10:26.960
that if you couldn't explain[br]something simply,

0:10:26.984,0:10:28.515
you didn't understand it.

0:10:29.840,0:10:33.093
In the 1950s, people[br]were trying to figure out

0:10:33.117,0:10:35.093
how superfluid helium worked.

0:10:36.013,0:10:37.189
There was a theory.

0:10:37.213,0:10:39.624
It was due to a Russian[br]mathematical physicist.

0:10:39.648,0:10:41.058
It was a complicated theory;

0:10:41.082,0:10:43.193
I'll tell you what it was soon enough.

0:10:43.217,0:10:45.065
It was a terribly complicated theory,

0:10:45.089,0:10:47.926
full of very difficult[br]integrals and formulas

0:10:47.950,0:10:49.775
and mathematics and so forth.

0:10:50.300,0:10:53.537
And it sort of worked,[br]but it didn't work very well.

0:10:53.561,0:10:54.903
The only way it worked

0:10:54.927,0:10:58.146
is when the helium atoms[br]were very, very far apart.

0:10:58.198,0:10:59.745
They had to be.

0:10:59.770,0:11:00.825
And unfortunately,

0:11:00.850,0:11:03.965
the helium atoms in liquid helium[br]are right on top of each other.

0:11:03.989,0:11:07.330
Feynman decided, as a sort[br]of amateur helium physicist,

0:11:07.354,0:11:09.604
that he would try to figure it out.

0:11:09.628,0:11:12.032
He had an idea, a very clear idea.

0:11:12.056,0:11:13.450
He would try to figure out

0:11:13.474,0:11:18.550
what the quantum wave function[br]of this huge number of atoms looked like.

0:11:18.574,0:11:20.221
He would try to visualize it,

0:11:20.245,0:11:23.176
guided by a small number[br]of simple principles.

0:11:23.200,0:11:26.176
The small number of simple principles[br]were very, very simple.

0:11:26.200,0:11:29.577
The first one was that when[br]helium atoms touch each other,

0:11:29.601,0:11:30.909
they repel.

0:11:30.933,0:11:34.331
The implication of that is that[br]the wave function has to go to zero,

0:11:34.355,0:11:37.440
it has to vanish when the helium[br]atoms touch each other.

0:11:37.464,0:11:39.773
The other fact[br]is that in the ground state --

0:11:39.797,0:11:42.534
the lowest energy state[br]of a quantum system --

0:11:42.558,0:11:45.829
the wave function is always very smooth;

0:11:45.853,0:11:47.948
it has the minimum number of wiggles.

0:11:47.972,0:11:49.500
So he sat down --

0:11:49.524,0:11:51.795
and I imagine he had nothing more

0:11:51.819,0:11:54.232
than a simple piece[br]of paper and a pencil --

0:11:54.256,0:11:56.496
and he tried to write down,[br]and did write down,

0:11:56.520,0:11:58.815
the simplest function[br]that he could think of,

0:11:58.839,0:12:00.816
which had the boundary conditions

0:12:00.840,0:12:03.304
that the wave function[br]vanish when things touch

0:12:03.328,0:12:05.041
and is smooth in between.

0:12:05.933,0:12:08.672
He wrote down a simple thing --[br]so simple, in fact,

0:12:08.696,0:12:11.823
that I suspect a really smart[br]high-school student

0:12:11.847,0:12:13.276
who didn't even have calculus

0:12:13.300,0:12:15.233
could understand what he wrote down.

0:12:15.777,0:12:18.926
The thing was, that simple thing[br]that he wrote down

0:12:18.950,0:12:22.491
explained everything that was known[br]at the time about liquid helium,

0:12:22.515,0:12:23.788
and then some.

0:12:24.204,0:12:27.181
I've always wondered[br]whether the professionals --

0:12:27.205,0:12:29.266
the real professional helium physicists --

0:12:29.290,0:12:31.457
were just a little bit[br]embarrassed by this.

0:12:31.862,0:12:34.531
They had their super-powerful technique,

0:12:34.555,0:12:36.331
and they couldn't do as well.

0:12:36.355,0:12:40.482
Incidentally, I'll tell you[br]what that super-powerful technique was.

0:12:40.506,0:12:43.055
It was the technique of Feynman diagrams.

0:12:43.079,0:12:44.936
(Laughter)

0:12:44.960,0:12:47.714
He did it again in 1968.

0:12:48.221,0:12:53.207
In 1968, in my own university --[br]I wasn't there at the time --

0:12:53.231,0:12:55.803
they were exploring[br]the structure of the proton.

0:12:56.197,0:12:59.813
The proton is obviously made[br]of a whole bunch of little particles;

0:12:59.837,0:13:01.777
this was more or less known.

0:13:02.222,0:13:05.558
And the way to analyze it was,[br]of course, Feynman diagrams.

0:13:05.582,0:13:08.123
That's what Feynman diagrams[br]were constructed for --

0:13:08.147,0:13:09.416
to understand particles.

0:13:09.934,0:13:12.546
The experiments that were going on[br]were very simple:

0:13:12.570,0:13:13.905
you simply take the proton,

0:13:13.929,0:13:16.539
and you hit it really sharply[br]with an electron.

0:13:16.563,0:13:19.254
This was the thing[br]the Feynman diagrams were for.

0:13:19.691,0:13:23.754
The only problem was that[br]Feynman diagrams are complicated.

0:13:23.778,0:13:25.318
They're difficult integrals.

0:13:25.342,0:13:28.513
If you could do all of them,[br]you would have a very precise theory,

0:13:28.537,0:13:31.114
but you couldn't --[br]they were just too complicated.

0:13:32.013,0:13:33.474
People were trying to do them.

0:13:33.498,0:13:36.418
You could do a one-loop diagram.[br]Don't worry about one loop.

0:13:36.442,0:13:39.447
One loop, two loops --[br]maybe you could do a three-loop diagram,

0:13:39.471,0:13:41.525
but beyond that, you couldn't do anything.

0:13:41.549,0:13:43.193
Feynman said, "Forget all of that.

0:13:43.217,0:13:44.688
Just think of the proton

0:13:44.712,0:13:49.045
as an assemblage, a swarm,[br]of little particles."

0:13:49.069,0:13:50.720
He called them "partons."

0:13:51.844,0:13:56.418
He said, "Just think of it as a swarm[br]of partons moving real fast."

0:13:56.571,0:13:58.658
Because they're moving real fast,

0:13:59.796,0:14:03.898
relativity says the internal[br]motions go very slow.

0:14:04.621,0:14:06.233
The electron hits it suddenly --

0:14:06.257,0:14:10.314
it's like taking a very sudden[br]snapshot of the proton.

0:14:10.953,0:14:12.108
What do you see?

0:14:12.132,0:14:16.166
You see a frozen bunch of partons.

0:14:16.190,0:14:17.372
They don't move,

0:14:17.396,0:14:20.452
and because they don't move[br]during the course of the experiment,

0:14:20.476,0:14:22.785
you don't have to worry[br]about how they're moving.

0:14:22.809,0:14:25.415
You don't have to worry[br]about the forces between them.

0:14:25.439,0:14:30.628
You just get to think of it[br]as a population of frozen partons."

0:14:31.114,0:14:34.578
This was the key to analyzing[br]these experiments.

0:14:34.602,0:14:37.376
Extremely effective.

0:14:37.787,0:14:40.289
Somebody said the word[br]"revolution" is a bad word.

0:14:40.313,0:14:42.454
I suppose it is,[br]so I won't say "revolution,"

0:14:42.478,0:14:47.980
but it certainly evolved very, very deeply[br]our understanding of the proton,

0:14:48.004,0:14:49.800
and of particles beyond that.

0:14:50.170,0:14:52.788
Well, I had some more[br]that I was going to tell you

0:14:52.812,0:14:54.469
about my connection with Feynman,

0:14:54.493,0:14:55.667
what he was like,

0:14:55.691,0:14:57.995
but I see I have exactly half a minute.

0:14:58.019,0:15:01.946
So I think I'll just finish up by saying:

0:15:01.970,0:15:04.766
I actually don't think[br]Feynman would have liked this event.

0:15:04.790,0:15:09.079
I think he would have said,[br]"I don't need this."

0:15:09.682,0:15:10.832
But ...

0:15:10.856,0:15:11.864
(Laughter)

0:15:11.888,0:15:13.246
How should we honor Feynman?

0:15:13.270,0:15:14.952
How should we really honor Feynman?

0:15:14.976,0:15:18.120
I think the answer[br]is we should honor Feynman

0:15:18.144,0:15:22.106
by getting as much baloney[br]out of our own sandwiches

0:15:22.130,0:15:23.376
as we can.

0:15:23.741,0:15:24.892
Thank you.

0:15:24.916,0:15:28.117
(Applause)