WEBVTT 00:00:07.886 --> 00:00:10.592 I can't see the audience, and I hate that. 00:00:10.687 --> 00:00:13.441 How many great grandparents are there in the audience? 00:00:13.481 --> 00:00:15.298 Damn it, I can't see anything. 00:00:16.076 --> 00:00:18.876 You're probably wondering why I'm sitting. 00:00:19.062 --> 00:00:21.855 The answer is, because I'm a great-grandfather. 00:00:22.253 --> 00:00:24.419 Not a good grandfather, a great grandfather. 00:00:24.451 --> 00:00:25.919 (Laughter) 00:00:25.951 --> 00:00:27.197 And, as everybody knows, 00:00:27.229 --> 00:00:29.982 great grandparents get to do any damn thing they please. 00:00:30.688 --> 00:00:33.363 Including following my own grandfather's advice, 00:00:33.394 --> 00:00:36.037 which was, whenever you give a talk to a thousand people 00:00:36.077 --> 00:00:38.228 about Richard Feynman, sustain yourself. 00:00:38.300 --> 00:00:40.402 (Laughter) 00:00:40.442 --> 00:00:45.188 (Applause) 00:00:46.425 --> 00:00:48.616 This is an extremely slick operation 00:00:48.633 --> 00:00:50.233 and I'm not a slick man. 00:00:52.569 --> 00:00:54.236 I don't use these things. 00:00:54.528 --> 00:00:56.385 I decided when I was asked to do this 00:00:56.409 --> 00:01:00.107 that what I really wanted to talk about was my friend, Richard Feynman. 00:01:00.131 --> 00:01:03.576 I was one of the fortunate few that really did get to know him 00:01:03.600 --> 00:01:05.010 and enjoyed his presence. 00:01:06.200 --> 00:01:09.703 And I'm going to tell you about the Richard Feynman that I knew. 00:01:09.727 --> 00:01:12.026 I'm sure there are people here who could tell you 00:01:12.050 --> 00:01:13.767 about the Richard Feynman they knew, 00:01:13.791 --> 00:01:16.316 and it would probably be a different Richard Feynman. 00:01:16.340 --> 00:01:18.323 Richard Feynman was a very complex man. 00:01:18.347 --> 00:01:20.323 He was a man of many, many parts. 00:01:20.664 --> 00:01:25.410 He was, of course, foremost, a very, very, very great scientist. 00:01:25.998 --> 00:01:28.176 He was an actor. You saw him act. 00:01:28.200 --> 00:01:31.858 I also had the good fortune to be in those lectures, 00:01:31.882 --> 00:01:33.176 up in the balcony. 00:01:33.736 --> 00:01:34.942 They were fantastic. 00:01:36.085 --> 00:01:37.260 He was a philosopher. 00:01:37.831 --> 00:01:39.001 He was a drum player. 00:01:39.025 --> 00:01:40.984 He was a teacher par excellence. 00:01:42.683 --> 00:01:45.340 Richard Feynman was also a showman, 00:01:45.364 --> 00:01:46.927 an enormous showman. 00:01:46.951 --> 00:01:49.386 He was brash, irreverent. 00:01:50.386 --> 00:01:55.176 He was full of macho, a kind of macho one-upmanship. 00:01:55.655 --> 00:01:59.258 He loved intellectual battle. 00:01:59.605 --> 00:02:02.254 He had a gargantuan ego. 00:02:03.357 --> 00:02:06.833 But the man had, somehow, 00:02:06.857 --> 00:02:09.309 a lot of room at the bottom. 00:02:09.333 --> 00:02:14.063 And what I mean by that is a lot of room, in my case -- 00:02:14.087 --> 00:02:17.176 I can't speak for anybody else, but in my case -- 00:02:17.200 --> 00:02:20.479 a lot of room for another big ego. 00:02:20.503 --> 00:02:21.893 Well, not as big as his, 00:02:21.917 --> 00:02:23.797 but fairly big. 00:02:25.090 --> 00:02:26.979 I always felt good with Dick Feynman. 00:02:27.336 --> 00:02:29.310 It was always fun to be with him. 00:02:30.686 --> 00:02:32.448 He always made me feel smart. 00:02:32.853 --> 00:02:35.060 How can somebody like that make you feel smart? 00:02:35.084 --> 00:02:36.250 Somehow he did. 00:02:36.274 --> 00:02:38.734 He made me feel smart. He made me feel he was smart. 00:02:38.758 --> 00:02:40.709 He made me feel we were both smart, 00:02:40.733 --> 00:02:44.075 and the two of us could solve any problem whatever. 00:02:45.183 --> 00:02:48.191 And in fact, we did sometimes do physics together. 00:02:48.215 --> 00:02:50.260 We never published a paper together, 00:02:50.284 --> 00:02:51.744 but we did have a lot of fun. 00:02:53.860 --> 00:02:55.076 He loved to win, 00:02:55.779 --> 00:02:58.479 win these little macho games we would sometimes play. 00:02:58.503 --> 00:03:01.767 And he didn't only play them with me, but with all sorts of people. 00:03:01.791 --> 00:03:03.628 He would almost always win. 00:03:03.652 --> 00:03:06.715 But when he didn't win, when he lost, 00:03:06.739 --> 00:03:09.376 he would laugh and seem to have just as much fun 00:03:09.400 --> 00:03:10.598 as if he had won. 00:03:11.431 --> 00:03:13.579 I remember once he told me a story 00:03:13.603 --> 00:03:15.524 about a joke the students played on him. 00:03:17.092 --> 00:03:19.629 I think it was for his birthday -- 00:03:19.653 --> 00:03:21.070 they took him for lunch 00:03:22.194 --> 00:03:24.783 to a sandwich place in Pasadena. 00:03:24.836 --> 00:03:26.471 It may still exist; I don't know. 00:03:26.784 --> 00:03:29.366 Celebrity sandwiches was their thing. 00:03:29.390 --> 00:03:31.730 You could get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich. 00:03:31.754 --> 00:03:34.055 You could get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich. 00:03:34.573 --> 00:03:36.755 The students went there in advance, 00:03:36.779 --> 00:03:40.177 and arranged that they'd all order Feynman sandwiches. 00:03:40.201 --> 00:03:43.187 One after another, they came in and ordered Feynman sandwiches. 00:03:43.212 --> 00:03:44.440 Feynman loved this story. 00:03:44.464 --> 00:03:48.498 He told me this story, and he was really happy and laughing. 00:03:48.522 --> 00:03:51.272 When he finished the story, I said to him, 00:03:51.296 --> 00:03:54.159 "Dick, I wonder what would be the difference 00:03:54.183 --> 00:03:57.176 between a Feynman sandwich and a Susskind sandwich." 00:03:57.591 --> 00:03:59.606 And without skipping a beat at all, 00:03:59.630 --> 00:04:02.872 he said, "Well, they'd be about the same. 00:04:02.896 --> 00:04:06.218 The only difference is a Susskind sandwich would have a lot more ham." 00:04:06.242 --> 00:04:07.927 "Ham" as in bad actor. 00:04:07.951 --> 00:04:09.475 (Laughter) 00:04:09.499 --> 00:04:12.909 Well, I happened to have been very quick that day, 00:04:12.933 --> 00:04:15.076 and I said, "Yeah, but a lot less baloney." 00:04:15.100 --> 00:04:18.053 (Laughter) 00:04:18.077 --> 00:04:19.214 (Applause) 00:04:19.238 --> 00:04:22.421 The truth of the matter 00:04:22.445 --> 00:04:26.427 is that a Feynman sandwich had a load of ham, 00:04:26.451 --> 00:04:29.230 but absolutely no baloney. 00:04:30.745 --> 00:04:33.018 What Feynman hated worse than anything else 00:04:33.042 --> 00:04:35.044 was intellectual pretense -- 00:04:35.068 --> 00:04:36.297 phoniness, 00:04:36.321 --> 00:04:38.748 false sophistication, jargon. 00:04:40.050 --> 00:04:44.318 I remember sometime during the mid-'80s, 00:04:44.342 --> 00:04:48.476 Dick and I and Sidney Coleman would meet a couple of times 00:04:48.500 --> 00:04:51.665 up in San Francisco -- at some very rich guy's house -- 00:04:51.689 --> 00:04:53.816 up in San Francisco for dinner. 00:04:53.840 --> 00:04:56.076 And the last time the rich guy invited us, 00:04:56.100 --> 00:04:58.236 he also invited a couple of philosophers. 00:04:58.260 --> 00:05:00.788 These guys were philosophers of mind. 00:05:00.812 --> 00:05:04.176 Their specialty was the philosophy of consciousness. 00:05:04.200 --> 00:05:06.890 And they were full of all kinds of jargon. 00:05:06.914 --> 00:05:09.310 I'm trying to remember the words -- 00:05:09.334 --> 00:05:13.224 "monism," "dualism," categories all over the place. 00:05:13.248 --> 00:05:16.822 I didn't know what those meant, neither did Dick or Sydney, for that matter. 00:05:16.840 --> 00:05:19.521 Sydney, who was better educated than most of us. 00:05:21.646 --> 00:05:23.416 And what did we talk about? 00:05:23.440 --> 00:05:26.015 Well, what do you talk about when you talk about minds? 00:05:26.339 --> 00:05:28.503 There's one obvious thing to talk about: 00:05:28.527 --> 00:05:30.176 Can a machine become a mind? 00:05:31.078 --> 00:05:32.807 Can you build a machine 00:05:32.831 --> 00:05:35.913 that thinks like a human being that is conscious? 00:05:36.341 --> 00:05:39.671 We sat around and talked about this -- we of course never resolved it. 00:05:39.695 --> 00:05:41.476 But the trouble with the philosophers 00:05:41.500 --> 00:05:43.476 is that they were philosophizing 00:05:43.500 --> 00:05:45.844 when they should have been science-ophizing. 00:05:46.288 --> 00:05:48.628 It's a scientific question, after all. 00:05:48.652 --> 00:05:51.559 And this was a very, very dangerous thing to do 00:05:51.583 --> 00:05:53.012 around Dick Feynman. 00:05:53.036 --> 00:05:54.520 (Laughter) 00:05:55.778 --> 00:05:58.973 Feynman let them have it -- both barrels, right between the eyes. 00:05:58.997 --> 00:06:02.068 It was brutal; it was funny -- ooh, it was funny. 00:06:02.092 --> 00:06:03.805 But it was really brutal. 00:06:03.829 --> 00:06:05.779 He really popped their balloon. 00:06:06.565 --> 00:06:10.065 But the amazing thing was -- Feynman had to leave a little early; 00:06:10.089 --> 00:06:13.191 he wasn't feeling too well, so he left a little bit early. 00:06:13.215 --> 00:06:16.109 And Sidney and I were left there with the two philosophers. 00:06:16.133 --> 00:06:19.123 And the amazing thing is these guys were flying. 00:06:19.147 --> 00:06:20.963 They were so happy. 00:06:21.328 --> 00:06:23.582 They had met the great man; 00:06:23.606 --> 00:06:26.034 they had been instructed by the great man; 00:06:26.058 --> 00:06:27.999 they had an enormous amount of fun 00:06:28.023 --> 00:06:30.208 having their faces shoved in the mud ... 00:06:31.375 --> 00:06:33.834 And it was something special. 00:06:33.858 --> 00:06:37.247 I realized there was something just extraordinary about Feynman, 00:06:37.271 --> 00:06:41.085 even when he did what he did. 00:06:44.046 --> 00:06:47.252 So yes - he did not like intellectual pretense. 00:06:49.814 --> 00:06:52.488 Dick -- he was my friend; I did call him Dick -- 00:06:52.512 --> 00:06:55.198 Dick and I had a little bit of a rapport. 00:06:55.222 --> 00:06:58.096 I think it may have been a special rapport that he and I had. 00:06:58.120 --> 00:07:00.743 We liked each other; we liked the same kind of things. 00:07:00.767 --> 00:07:04.250 I also like the intellectual macho games. 00:07:04.678 --> 00:07:06.758 Sometimes I would win, mostly he would win, 00:07:06.782 --> 00:07:08.376 but we both enjoyed them. 00:07:08.400 --> 00:07:10.790 And Dick became convinced at some point 00:07:10.814 --> 00:07:15.022 that he and I had some kind of similarity of personality. 00:07:15.626 --> 00:07:17.080 I don't think he was right. 00:07:17.104 --> 00:07:19.323 I think the only point of similarity between us 00:07:19.347 --> 00:07:21.545 is we both like to talk about ourselves. 00:07:21.569 --> 00:07:24.410 But he was convinced of this. 00:07:24.434 --> 00:07:27.488 And the man was incredibly curious. 00:07:27.512 --> 00:07:31.186 And he wanted to understand what it was and why it was 00:07:31.210 --> 00:07:34.037 that there was this funny connection. 00:07:34.774 --> 00:07:36.458 And one day, we were walking. 00:07:36.482 --> 00:07:38.308 We were in France, in Les Houches. 00:07:38.332 --> 00:07:41.956 We were up in the mountains, 1976. Up in the mountains. 00:07:41.980 --> 00:07:46.238 And Feynman said to me, "Leonardo ..." 00:07:46.262 --> 00:07:49.297 The reason he called me "Leonardo" is because we were in Europe, 00:07:49.321 --> 00:07:50.972 and he was practicing his French. 00:07:50.996 --> 00:07:53.116 (Laughter) 00:07:53.140 --> 00:07:56.363 And he said, "Leonardo, 00:07:56.387 --> 00:08:00.376 were you closer to your mother or your father when you were a kid?" 00:08:00.400 --> 00:08:03.376 I said, "Well, my real hero was my father. 00:08:04.457 --> 00:08:06.608 He was a working man, 00:08:06.632 --> 00:08:08.285 had a fifth-grade education. 00:08:08.775 --> 00:08:11.599 He was a master mechanic, and he taught me how to use tools. 00:08:11.623 --> 00:08:15.591 He taught me all sorts of things about mechanical things. 00:08:15.615 --> 00:08:17.646 He even taught me the Pythagorean theorem. 00:08:17.670 --> 00:08:19.623 He didn't call it the hypotenuse, 00:08:19.647 --> 00:08:21.715 he called it the shortcut distance." 00:08:22.255 --> 00:08:25.032 And Feynman's eyes just opened up. 00:08:25.056 --> 00:08:26.649 He went off like a lightbulb. 00:08:27.411 --> 00:08:29.492 And he said that he had had 00:08:29.516 --> 00:08:32.674 basically exactly the same relationship with his father. 00:08:33.270 --> 00:08:36.690 In fact, he had been convinced at one time 00:08:36.714 --> 00:08:40.525 that to be a good physicist, 00:08:40.549 --> 00:08:43.881 it was very important to have had that kind of relationship 00:08:43.905 --> 00:08:45.062 with your father. 00:08:45.086 --> 00:08:48.092 I apologize for the sexist conversation here, 00:08:48.116 --> 00:08:49.976 but this is the way it really happened. 00:08:50.000 --> 00:08:53.797 He said he had been absolutely convinced that this was necessary, 00:08:53.821 --> 00:08:57.460 a necessary part of the growing up of a young physicist. 00:08:58.055 --> 00:09:01.188 Being Dick, he, of course, wanted to check this. 00:09:01.212 --> 00:09:03.488 He wanted to go out and do an experiment. 00:09:03.512 --> 00:09:04.528 (Laughter) 00:09:04.552 --> 00:09:05.704 Well, he did. 00:09:05.728 --> 00:09:07.386 He went out and did an experiment. 00:09:07.410 --> 00:09:10.325 He asked all his friends that he thought were good physicists, 00:09:10.349 --> 00:09:12.701 "Was it your mom or your pop that influenced you?" 00:09:12.725 --> 00:09:13.493 And to a man - 00:09:13.518 --> 00:09:15.481 they were all men, 00:09:15.505 --> 00:09:18.135 and to a man, every single one of them said, 00:09:18.159 --> 00:09:19.383 "My mother." 00:09:19.407 --> 00:09:22.474 (Laughter) 00:09:22.498 --> 00:09:25.435 There went that theory, down the trash can of history. 00:09:25.522 --> 00:09:26.626 (Laughter) 00:09:26.850 --> 00:09:29.652 But he was very excited that he had finally met somebody 00:09:29.676 --> 00:09:33.272 who had the same experience with his father 00:09:33.296 --> 00:09:34.731 as he had with his father. 00:09:34.755 --> 00:09:38.880 And for some time, he was convinced this was the reason we got along so well. 00:09:38.904 --> 00:09:40.541 I don't know. Maybe. Who knows? 00:09:41.000 --> 00:09:44.792 But let me tell you a little bit about Feynman the physicist. 00:09:47.022 --> 00:09:50.976 Feynman's style -- no, "style" is not the right word. 00:09:51.000 --> 00:09:53.845 "Style" makes you think of the bow tie he might have worn, 00:09:53.869 --> 00:09:55.170 or the suit he was wearing. 00:09:55.194 --> 00:09:57.113 It's something much deeper than that, 00:09:57.137 --> 00:09:59.208 but I can't think of another word for it. 00:09:59.232 --> 00:10:04.674 Feynman's scientific style was always to look for the simplest, 00:10:04.998 --> 00:10:08.913 most elementary solution to a problem that was possible. 00:10:08.937 --> 00:10:12.462 If it wasn't possible, you had to use something fancier. 00:10:13.169 --> 00:10:17.741 No doubt, part of this was his great joy and pleasure 00:10:17.765 --> 00:10:21.197 in showing people that he could think more simply than they could. 00:10:21.537 --> 00:10:24.696 But he also deeply believed, he truly believed, 00:10:24.720 --> 00:10:26.960 that if you couldn't explain something simply, 00:10:26.984 --> 00:10:28.515 you didn't understand it. 00:10:29.840 --> 00:10:33.093 In the 1950s, people were trying to figure out 00:10:33.117 --> 00:10:35.093 how superfluid helium worked. 00:10:36.013 --> 00:10:37.189 There was a theory. 00:10:37.213 --> 00:10:39.624 It was due to a Russian mathematical physicist. 00:10:39.648 --> 00:10:41.058 It was a complicated theory; 00:10:41.082 --> 00:10:43.193 I'll tell you what it was soon enough. 00:10:43.217 --> 00:10:45.065 It was a terribly complicated theory, 00:10:45.089 --> 00:10:47.926 full of very difficult integrals and formulas 00:10:47.950 --> 00:10:49.775 and mathematics and so forth. 00:10:50.300 --> 00:10:53.537 And it sort of worked, but it didn't work very well. 00:10:53.561 --> 00:10:54.903 The only way it worked 00:10:54.927 --> 00:10:58.146 is when the helium atoms were very, very far apart. 00:10:58.198 --> 00:10:59.745 They had to be. 00:10:59.770 --> 00:11:00.825 And unfortunately, 00:11:00.850 --> 00:11:03.965 the helium atoms in liquid helium are right on top of each other. 00:11:03.989 --> 00:11:07.330 Feynman decided, as a sort of amateur helium physicist, 00:11:07.354 --> 00:11:09.604 that he would try to figure it out. 00:11:09.628 --> 00:11:12.032 He had an idea, a very clear idea. 00:11:12.056 --> 00:11:13.450 He would try to figure out 00:11:13.474 --> 00:11:18.550 what the quantum wave function of this huge number of atoms looked like. 00:11:18.574 --> 00:11:20.221 He would try to visualize it, 00:11:20.245 --> 00:11:23.176 guided by a small number of simple principles. 00:11:23.200 --> 00:11:26.176 The small number of simple principles were very, very simple. 00:11:26.200 --> 00:11:29.577 The first one was that when helium atoms touch each other, 00:11:29.601 --> 00:11:30.909 they repel. 00:11:30.933 --> 00:11:34.331 The implication of that is that the wave function has to go to zero, 00:11:34.355 --> 00:11:37.440 it has to vanish when the helium atoms touch each other. 00:11:37.464 --> 00:11:39.773 The other fact is that in the ground state -- 00:11:39.797 --> 00:11:42.534 the lowest energy state of a quantum system -- 00:11:42.558 --> 00:11:45.829 the wave function is always very smooth; 00:11:45.853 --> 00:11:47.948 it has the minimum number of wiggles. 00:11:47.972 --> 00:11:49.500 So he sat down -- 00:11:49.524 --> 00:11:51.795 and I imagine he had nothing more 00:11:51.819 --> 00:11:54.232 than a simple piece of paper and a pencil -- 00:11:54.256 --> 00:11:56.496 and he tried to write down, and did write down, 00:11:56.520 --> 00:11:58.815 the simplest function that he could think of, 00:11:58.839 --> 00:12:00.816 which had the boundary conditions 00:12:00.840 --> 00:12:03.304 that the wave function vanish when things touch 00:12:03.328 --> 00:12:05.041 and is smooth in between. 00:12:05.933 --> 00:12:08.672 He wrote down a simple thing -- so simple, in fact, 00:12:08.696 --> 00:12:11.823 that I suspect a really smart high-school student 00:12:11.847 --> 00:12:13.276 who didn't even have calculus 00:12:13.300 --> 00:12:15.233 could understand what he wrote down. 00:12:15.777 --> 00:12:18.926 The thing was, that simple thing that he wrote down 00:12:18.950 --> 00:12:22.491 explained everything that was known at the time about liquid helium, 00:12:22.515 --> 00:12:23.788 and then some. 00:12:24.204 --> 00:12:27.181 I've always wondered whether the professionals -- 00:12:27.205 --> 00:12:29.266 the real professional helium physicists -- 00:12:29.290 --> 00:12:31.457 were just a little bit embarrassed by this. 00:12:31.862 --> 00:12:34.531 They had their super-powerful technique, 00:12:34.555 --> 00:12:36.331 and they couldn't do as well. 00:12:36.355 --> 00:12:40.482 Incidentally, I'll tell you what that super-powerful technique was. 00:12:40.506 --> 00:12:43.055 It was the technique of Feynman diagrams. 00:12:43.079 --> 00:12:44.936 (Laughter) 00:12:44.960 --> 00:12:47.714 He did it again in 1968. 00:12:48.221 --> 00:12:53.207 In 1968, in my own university -- I wasn't there at the time -- 00:12:53.231 --> 00:12:55.803 they were exploring the structure of the proton. 00:12:56.197 --> 00:12:59.813 The proton is obviously made of a whole bunch of little particles; 00:12:59.837 --> 00:13:01.777 this was more or less known. 00:13:02.222 --> 00:13:05.558 And the way to analyze it was, of course, Feynman diagrams. 00:13:05.582 --> 00:13:08.123 That's what Feynman diagrams were constructed for -- 00:13:08.147 --> 00:13:09.416 to understand particles. 00:13:09.934 --> 00:13:12.546 The experiments that were going on were very simple: 00:13:12.570 --> 00:13:13.905 you simply take the proton, 00:13:13.929 --> 00:13:16.539 and you hit it really sharply with an electron. 00:13:16.563 --> 00:13:19.254 This was the thing the Feynman diagrams were for. 00:13:19.691 --> 00:13:23.754 The only problem was that Feynman diagrams are complicated. 00:13:23.778 --> 00:13:25.318 They're difficult integrals. 00:13:25.342 --> 00:13:28.513 If you could do all of them, you would have a very precise theory, 00:13:28.537 --> 00:13:31.114 but you couldn't -- they were just too complicated. 00:13:32.013 --> 00:13:33.474 People were trying to do them. 00:13:33.498 --> 00:13:36.418 You could do a one-loop diagram. Don't worry about one loop. 00:13:36.442 --> 00:13:39.447 One loop, two loops -- maybe you could do a three-loop diagram, 00:13:39.471 --> 00:13:41.525 but beyond that, you couldn't do anything. 00:13:41.549 --> 00:13:43.193 Feynman said, "Forget all of that. 00:13:43.217 --> 00:13:44.688 Just think of the proton 00:13:44.712 --> 00:13:49.045 as an assemblage, a swarm, of little particles." 00:13:49.069 --> 00:13:50.720 He called them "partons." 00:13:51.844 --> 00:13:56.418 He said, "Just think of it as a swarm of partons moving real fast." 00:13:56.571 --> 00:13:58.658 Because they're moving real fast, 00:13:59.796 --> 00:14:03.898 relativity says the internal motions go very slow. 00:14:04.621 --> 00:14:06.233 The electron hits it suddenly -- 00:14:06.257 --> 00:14:10.314 it's like taking a very sudden snapshot of the proton. 00:14:10.953 --> 00:14:12.108 What do you see? 00:14:12.132 --> 00:14:16.166 You see a frozen bunch of partons. 00:14:16.190 --> 00:14:17.372 They don't move, 00:14:17.396 --> 00:14:20.452 and because they don't move during the course of the experiment, 00:14:20.476 --> 00:14:22.785 you don't have to worry about how they're moving. 00:14:22.809 --> 00:14:25.415 You don't have to worry about the forces between them. 00:14:25.439 --> 00:14:30.628 You just get to think of it as a population of frozen partons." 00:14:31.114 --> 00:14:34.578 This was the key to analyzing these experiments. 00:14:34.602 --> 00:14:37.376 Extremely effective. 00:14:37.787 --> 00:14:40.289 Somebody said the word "revolution" is a bad word. 00:14:40.313 --> 00:14:42.454 I suppose it is, so I won't say "revolution," 00:14:42.478 --> 00:14:47.980 but it certainly evolved very, very deeply our understanding of the proton, 00:14:48.004 --> 00:14:49.800 and of particles beyond that. 00:14:50.170 --> 00:14:52.788 Well, I had some more that I was going to tell you 00:14:52.812 --> 00:14:54.469 about my connection with Feynman, 00:14:54.493 --> 00:14:55.667 what he was like, 00:14:55.691 --> 00:14:57.995 but I see I have exactly half a minute. 00:14:58.019 --> 00:15:01.946 So I think I'll just finish up by saying: 00:15:01.970 --> 00:15:04.766 I actually don't think Feynman would have liked this event. 00:15:04.790 --> 00:15:09.079 I think he would have said, "I don't need this." 00:15:09.682 --> 00:15:10.832 But ... 00:15:10.856 --> 00:15:11.864 (Laughter) 00:15:11.888 --> 00:15:13.246 How should we honor Feynman? 00:15:13.270 --> 00:15:14.952 How should we really honor Feynman? 00:15:14.976 --> 00:15:18.120 I think the answer is we should honor Feynman 00:15:18.144 --> 00:15:22.106 by getting as much baloney out of our own sandwiches 00:15:22.130 --> 00:15:23.376 as we can. 00:15:23.741 --> 00:15:24.892 Thank you. 00:15:24.916 --> 00:15:28.117 (Applause)