I decided when I was asked to do this

that what I really wanted to talk about
was my friend, Richard Feynman.

I was one of the fortunate few
that really did get to know him

and enjoyed his presence.

And I'm going to tell you
about the Richard Feynman that I knew.

I'm sure there are people here
who could tell you

about the Richard Feynman they knew,

and it would probably be
a different Richard Feynman.

Richard Feynman was a very complex man.

He was a man of many, many parts.

He was, of course, foremost,
a very, very, very great scientist.

He was an actor. You saw him act.

I also had the good fortune
to be in those lectures,

up in the balcony.

They were fantastic.

He was a philosopher.

He was a drum player.

He was a teacher par excellence.

Richard Feynman was also a showman,

an enormous showman.

He was brash, irreverent.

He was full of macho,
a kind of macho one-upmanship.

He loved intellectual battle.

He had a gargantuan ego.

But the man had, somehow,

a lot of room at the bottom.

And what I mean by that
is a lot of room, in my case --

I can't speak for anybody else,
but in my case --

a lot of room for another big ego.

Well, not as big as his,

but fairly big.

I always felt good with Dick Feynman.

It was always fun to be with him.

He always made me feel smart.

How can somebody like that
make you feel smart?

Somehow he did.

He made me feel smart.
He made me feel he was smart.

He made me feel we were both smart,

and the two of us could solve
any problem whatever.

And in fact, we did sometimes
do physics together.

We never published a paper together,

but we did have a lot of fun.

He loved to win,

win these little macho games
we would sometimes play.

And he didn't only play them with me,
but with all sorts of people.

He would almost always win.

But when he didn't win, when he lost,

he would laugh and seem
to have just as much fun

as if he had won.

I remember once he told me a story

about a joke the students played on him.

I think it was for his birthday --

they took him for lunch

to a sandwich place in Pasadena.

It may still exist; I don't know.

Celebrity sandwiches was their thing.

You could get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich.

You could get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich.

The students went there in advance,

and arranged that they'd all order
Feynman sandwiches.

One after another, they came in
and ordered Feynman sandwiches.

Feynman loved this story.

He told me this story,
and he was really happy and laughing.

When he finished the story, I said to him,

"Dick, I wonder what
would be the difference

between a Feynman sandwich
and a Susskind sandwich."

And without skipping a beat at all,

he said, "Well, they'd be about the same.

The only difference is a Susskind
sandwich would have a lot more ham."

"Ham" as in bad actor.

(Laughter)

Well, I happened to have been
very quick that day,

and I said, "Yeah,
but a lot less baloney."

(Laughter)

(Applause)

The truth of the matter

is that a Feynman sandwich
had a load of ham,

but absolutely no baloney.

What Feynman hated worse
than anything else

was intellectual pretense --

phoniness,

false sophistication, jargon.

I remember sometime during the mid-'80s,

Dick and I and Sidney Coleman
would meet a couple of times

up in San Francisco --
at some very rich guy's house --

up in San Francisco for dinner.

And the last time the rich guy invited us,

he also invited a couple of philosophers.

These guys were philosophers of mind.

Their specialty was the philosophy
of consciousness.

And they were full of all kinds of jargon.

I'm trying to remember the words --

"monism," "dualism,"
categories all over the place.

I didn't know what those meant, neither
did Dick or Sydney, for that matter.

And what did we talk about?

Well, what do you talk about
when you talk about minds?

There's one obvious thing to talk about:

Can a machine become a mind?

Can you build a machine

that thinks like a human being
that is conscious?

We sat around and talked about this --
we of course never resolved it.

But the trouble with the philosophers

is that they were philosophizing

when they should have been
science-ophizing.

It's a scientific question, after all.

And this was a very, very
dangerous thing to do

around Dick Feynman.

(Laughter)

Feynman let them have it --
both barrels, right between the eyes.

It was brutal; it was funny --
ooh, it was funny.

But it was really brutal.

He really popped their balloon.

But the amazing thing was --
Feynman had to leave a little early;

he wasn't feeling too well,
so he left a little bit early.

And Sidney and I were left there
with the two philosophers.

And the amazing thing
is these guys were flying.

They were so happy.

They had met the great man;

they had been instructed by the great man;

they had an enormous amount of fun

having their faces shoved in the mud ...

And it was something special.

I realized there was something
just extraordinary about Feynman,

even when he did what he did.

Dick -- he was my friend;
I did call him Dick --

Dick and I had a little bit of a rapport.

I think it may have been a special
rapport that he and I had.

We liked each other;
we liked the same kind of things.

I also like the intellectual macho games.

Sometimes I would win,
mostly he would win,

but we both enjoyed them.

And Dick became convinced at some point

that he and I had
some kind of similarity of personality.

I don't think he was right.

I think the only point
of similarity between us

is we both like to talk about ourselves.

But he was convinced of this.

And the man was incredibly curious.

And he wanted to understand
what it was and why it was

that there was this funny connection.

And one day, we were walking.

We were in France, in Les Houches.

We were up in the mountains, 1976.

And Feynman said to me, "Leonardo ..."

The reason he called me "Leonardo"
is because we were in Europe,

and he was practicing his French.

(Laughter)

And he said, "Leonardo,

were you closer to your mother
or your father when you were a kid?"

I said, "Well, my real hero was my father.

He was a working man,

had a fifth-grade education.

He was a master mechanic,
and he taught me how to use tools.

He taught me all sorts of things
about mechanical things.

He even taught me the Pythagorean theorem.

He didn't call it the hypotenuse,

he called it the shortcut distance."

And Feynman's eyes just opened up.

He went off like a lightbulb.

And he said that he had had

basically exactly the same
relationship with his father.

In fact, he had been convinced at one time

that to be a good physicist,

it was very important to have had
that kind of relationship

with your father.

I apologize for the sexist
conversation here,

but this is the way it really happened.

He said he had been absolutely
convinced that this was necessary,

a necessary part of the growing up
of a young physicist.

Being Dick, he, of course,
wanted to check this.

He wanted to go out and do an experiment.

(Laughter)

Well, he did.

He went out and did an experiment.

He asked all his friends
that he thought were good physicists,

"Was it your mom or your pop
that influenced you?"

They were all men,

and to a man, every single
one of them said,

"My mother."

(Laughter)

There went that theory,
down the trash can of history.

(Laughter)

But he was very excited
that he had finally met somebody

who had the same experience
with his father

as he had with his father.

And for some time, he was convinced
this was the reason we got along so well.

I don't know. Maybe. Who knows?

But let me tell you a little bit
about Feynman the physicist.

Feynman's style --
no, "style" is not the right word.

"Style" makes you think
of the bow tie he might have worn,

or the suit he was wearing.

It's something much deeper than that,

but I can't think of another word for it.

Feynman's scientific style
was always to look for the simplest,

most elementary solution
to a problem that was possible.

If it wasn't possible,
you had to use something fancier.

No doubt, part of this
was his great joy and pleasure

in showing people that he could
think more simply than they could.

But he also deeply believed,
he truly believed,

that if you couldn't explain
something simply,

you didn't understand it.

In the 1950s, people
were trying to figure out

how superfluid helium worked.

There was a theory.

It was due to a Russian
mathematical physicist.

It was a complicated theory;

I'll tell you what it was soon enough.

It was a terribly complicated theory,

full of very difficult
integrals and formulas

and mathematics and so forth.

And it sort of worked,
but it didn't work very well.

The only way it worked

is when the helium atoms
were very, very far apart.

And unfortunately,

the helium atoms in liquid helium
are right on top of each other.

Feynman decided, as a sort
of amateur helium physicist,

that he would try to figure it out.

He had an idea, a very clear idea.

He would try to figure out

what the quantum wave function
of this huge number of atoms looked like.

He would try to visualize it,

guided by a small number
of simple principles.

The small number of simple principles
were very, very simple.

The first one was that when
helium atoms touch each other,

they repel.

The implication of that is that
the wave function has to go to zero,

it has to vanish when the helium
atoms touch each other.

The other fact
is that in the ground state --

the lowest energy state
of a quantum system --

the wave function is always very smooth;

it has the minimum number of wiggles.

So he sat down --

and I imagine he had nothing more

than a simple piece
of paper and a pencil --

and he tried to write down,
and did write down,

the simplest function
that he could think of,

which had the boundary conditions

that the wave function
vanish when things touch

and is smooth in between.

He wrote down a simple thing --
so simple, in fact,

that I suspect a really smart
high-school student

who didn't even have calculus

could understand what he wrote down.

The thing was, that simple thing
that he wrote down

explained everything that was known
at the time about liquid helium,

and then some.

I've always wondered
whether the professionals --

the real professional helium physicists --

were just a little bit
embarrassed by this.

They had their super-powerful technique,

and they couldn't do as well.

Incidentally, I'll tell you
what that super-powerful technique was.

It was the technique of Feynman diagrams.

(Laughter)

He did it again in 1968.

In 1968, in my own university --
I wasn't there at the time --

they were exploring
the structure of the proton.

The proton is obviously made
of a whole bunch of little particles;

this was more or less known.

And the way to analyze it was,
of course, Feynman diagrams.

That's what Feynman diagrams
were constructed for --

to understand particles.

The experiments that were going on
were very simple:

you simply take the proton,

and you hit it really sharply
with an electron.

This was the thing
the Feynman diagrams were for.

The only problem was that
Feynman diagrams are complicated.

They're difficult integrals.

If you could do all of them,
you would have a very precise theory,

but you couldn't --
they were just too complicated.

People were trying to do them.

You could do a one-loop diagram.
Don't worry about one loop.

One loop, two loops --
maybe you could do a three-loop diagram,

but beyond that, you couldn't do anything.

Feynman said, "Forget all of that.

Just think of the proton

as an assemblage, a swarm,
of little particles."

He called them "partons."

He said, "Just think of it as a swarm
of partons moving real fast."

Because they're moving real fast,

relativity says the internal
motions go very slow.

The electron hits it suddenly --

it's like taking a very sudden
snapshot of the proton.

What do you see?

You see a frozen bunch of partons.

They don't move,

and because they don't move
during the course of the experiment,

you don't have to worry
about how they're moving.

You don't have to worry
about the forces between them.

You just get to think of it
as a population of frozen partons."

This was the key to analyzing
these experiments.

Extremely effective.

Somebody said the word
"revolution" is a bad word.

I suppose it is,
so I won't say "revolution,"

but it certainly evolved very, very deeply
our understanding of the proton,

and of particles beyond that.

Well, I had some more
that I was going to tell you

about my connection with Feynman,

what he was like,

but I see I have exactly half a minute.

So I think I'll just finish up by saying:

I actually don't think
Feynman would have liked this event.

I think he would have said,
"I don't need this."

But ...

(Laughter)

How should we honor Feynman?

How should we really honor Feynman?

I think the answer
is we should honor Feynman

by getting as much baloney
out of our own sandwiches

as we can.

Thank you.

(Applause)