[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.10,0:00:15.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}34C3 preroll music{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.37,0:00:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald Angel: The next talks – actually\Ntwo talks – will be about, somehow about,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.86,0:00:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saving the world and saving the\Nenvironment. We will have two different
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.90,0:00:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ways of saving them and the first talk is\N"Saving the World with Space Solar Power".
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.05,0:00:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's held by Stefan and Anja and they work\Nas space engineers in Berlin at the
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.79,0:00:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Technical University. That talk will be\Nfollowed by another approach which is
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.54,0:00:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,introduced to you by Christoph. He has a\NPhD in theoretical physics and his former
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.70,0:01:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,work was he was working with higher loop\Nperturbation theory and supersymmetric
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.36,0:01:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yang-mills theories and now he is doing\Nairborne wind energy and that will be his
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.80,0:01:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk also. Please give the three of them a\Nwarm applause!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.98,0:01:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Applause{\i0}\NAnja Kohfeldt: Yeah hello! As you have
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.73,0:01:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heard today we are trying to save the\Nworld with introducing you to two very
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.69,0:01:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different approaches of sustainable energy\Ngeneration. We are three, the three of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.28,0:01:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we start with Stefan.\NStefan Junk: Yeah hello everyone. Thanks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.28,0:01:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for having us here!\NAnja: And me with our talk about space
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.78,0:01:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solar power. Of course we have an outline\Nand I will start the introduction with
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.42,0:01:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing you this very nice picture. Here\Nyou see the earth at night also known as
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.15,0:02:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the black marble. It's a very interesting\Npicture because it illuminates you or
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.70,0:02:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shows you where people live or at least\Nwhere people have electric energy. But
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.95,0:02:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is more information in this picture:\NWhen you start comparing these pictures
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.36,0:02:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from different years, you also can see how\Ncertain regions are developing. And you
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.95,0:02:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also see where suddenly it gets dark,\Nwhere there has been a catastrophe or a
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.69,0:02:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,war or something like that. So the\Navailability of electricity is an
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.74,0:02:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indicator for human development. We still\Nhave an increasing amount of power. This
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.34,0:02:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also something we can see with that\Npicture. But, unfortunately, currently
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.03,0:02:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this power demand is largely covered by\Nfossil resources. So yes, we need
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.80,0:02:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,definitely renewable sustainable energy\Nsuch as solar power, wind parks, water
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.71,0:03:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plants or even other solutions. The thing\Nwith terrestrial bound energy plans is
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.16,0:03:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they are bound to a certain location\Non earth, normally, so you either need to
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.67,0:03:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decentralize them having a lot everywhere\Nor you need a lot of the transfer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.72,0:03:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infrastructure. The other thing is –\Nespecially when thinking about a wind or a
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.12,0:03:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solar power – that the availability is\Nvery varying and bound to certain
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.55,0:03:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conditions. So you need to store the\Nenergy. When coming, when talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.54,0:03:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solar energy of course I mean we have the\Nday/night cycle, we have the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.96,0:03:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we have weather interferences. So why\Nnot go into space? There are some selling
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.40,0:03:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arguments – or some really selling\Narguments – about space solar power: As I
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.42,0:03:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,already said it's sustainable, because\Nit's sun powered. Space generally is very
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.53,0:04:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very large, so we can build quite big\Nstructures without covering any space, any
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.52,0:04:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,area on earth. We are, it is possible to\Nhave some sunlight on our satellites up
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.14,0:04:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there all around the clock. And we don't\Nhave an atmosphere, so there is no
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.28,0:04:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weather. So space solar power promises to\Nhave an unlimited, constant and
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.91,0:04:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,predictable energy source. That's cool!\NGood! In addition, we don't need that much
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.73,0:04:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infrastructure to distribute the power on\Nearth. For example if you could compare
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.02,0:04:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that to a huge solar theater for example\Nin the Sahara, you would need a lot of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.02,0:04:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cables in order to get the power for\Nexample to Europe. This comes with some
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.77,0:04:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problems. But also if solving the problem\Nof power transmission, you can get energy
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.09,0:05:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to very very remote locations on earth and\Nyou also can get the energy there quite
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.36,0:05:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quickly. And of course the intervention in\Nthe landscape is … let's call it minimized
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.30,0:05:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a certain way. This concept of space\Nsolar power actually isn't that young.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.06,0:05:23.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's there's a pattern from Peter Glaser\Nfrom the 70s who already proposed a method
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.11,0:05:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and apparatus for converting solar\Nradiation to electrical power. And here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.66,0:05:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see – you yes there's a small red\Nspot, I'm not sure whether you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.71,0:05:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that – but you already see that he\Nintroduces all the components that are in
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.39,0:05:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need: Of course we need the earth, we need\Nsome large area for solar, for sun
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.11,0:05:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collection and we need some some antenna\Nin order to transmit this power. Since the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.54,0:05:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,70s these concepts were actually discussed\Nall along. Since then they where
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.31,0:06:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discussed. And the state of the art\Napproach for that is called SPS Alpha
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.59,0:06:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which stands for "Solar Power Satellite by\Nmeans of Arbitrarily Large Phased Array".
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.65,0:06:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the best-documented approach in that\Narea which comes with a phase one study
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.75,0:06:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,financed by NASA in 2011 and 12, and they\Nsuggest a satellite structure based on the
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.77,0:06:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,geostationary orbit which is non moving\Ngravity gradient stabilized. It's
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.30,0:06:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collecting the sun with a very very large\Nmirror array and a transmitter power with
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.73,0:06:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a microwave beam. It looks like that for\Nexample – or it could look like that, like
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.56,0:06:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a whine glass. It could look like a\Npuddle, but there is three main components
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.90,0:06:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here: So we have the Sun Reflector Mirror\N– this is this very very large shape –
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.99,0:07:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these sun reflecting mirrors are made of\Nactually solar sail material so extremely
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.69,0:07:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lightweight although they are so big. The\Ncore piece of this installation are the so
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.21,0:07:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called hex modules which you see here and\Nthey host both the solar array, the solar
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.38,0:07:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,panels and the wireless power transmission\Nmodules. We come to that later. And then
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.44,0:07:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course you also need the structure\Nwhich holds everything together. In
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.58,0:07:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,addition to that you need some support\Nstructures like little robots combining,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.81,0:07:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fixing, exchanging modules and so on, but\Nthey are not further discussed yet. But
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.75,0:07:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the NASA approach isn't the only one.\NThere's also an approach from from JAXA.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.96,0:07:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a Japanese Space Agency. They call\Ntheir approach tethered SPS. It's also a
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.44,0:08:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gravity ground stabilized approach which\Nyou can see here. The idea is basically
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.47,0:08:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same but they don't have the mirrors.\NTheir selling argument is: You know our
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.37,0:08:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,system is so simple, we're sure it will\Nwork somehow. But they also say that it's
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.58,0:08:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not as efficient as the other approaches.\NIn addition there are Japanese scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.62,0:08:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involved in the SPS Alpha study. But what\NI think is most interesting there are also
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.78,0:08:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of Japanese approaches driving\Nforwards the wireless power transmission.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.65,0:08:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then there's a new – quite new – approach.\NThis is from the Chinese space agency of
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.90,0:08:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CAST and they suggest a Multi-Rotary\Njoints SPS, which you can see here. So
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.19,0:08:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here in this the yellow spot over here\Nalso is the transmission antenna. But they
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.55,0:08:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have their solar arrays bound in this\Nstructure which is approximately 10
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.47,0:09:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kilometers wide and they adjust the\Nposition of their solar panels according
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.75,0:09:12.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the sun position. So this is how they\Ntry to increase the efficiency. There's
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.65,0:09:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also a paper from Europe which is quite\Nold but I'm not aware of a current work on
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.95,0:09:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,European ground here. If we summarize some\Nof the core parameters of these three
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.56,0:09:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,documented or still discussed approaches,\Nwe come to this nice table. So we are
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.40,0:09:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking about a power transmission between\N1 and 2 gigawatts. These entire structures
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.20,0:09:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a mass of about 10,000 tons – metric\Ntons – or even more. Yes the Japanese
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.99,0:09:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,approach the antennas are quite big. We'll\Ncome to that later. This comes with a
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.91,0:10:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain energy density, but the total\Nefficiency of this of these approaches are
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.95,0:10:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calculated – and there's also a little bit\Nof like a small wish list included. This
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.85,0:10:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,total energy is in the range of more or\Nless 20%. I put a question mark behind
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.81,0:10:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this 25% of the JAXA approach, because\Nthey even said that they won't be as
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.23,0:10:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,efficient as the others are. So don't take\Nthis number too serious. Maybe we must
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.70,0:10:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calculate it. Yes. With that with these\Nthree approaches, I would say problem
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.47,0:10:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solved, isn't it? {\i1}Applause{\i0}\NStefan: .......concepts. But there are some major
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.25,0:11:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,challenges we want to point out here. At\Nfirst this is the attitude in orbit
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.19,0:11:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control so this station is in the\Ngeostationary orbit. There are several of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.11,0:11:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the TV satellites doing the same and it's\Nworking quite well, but these TV
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.40,0:11:18.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,satellites are about 1.8 metric tons and\Nthis station we're talking about is about
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.95,0:11:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10,000 tons or 9 to 25 thousand tons, so\Nthis is a huge difference. In the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.52,0:11:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,geostationary orbit it's not a big deal to\Nrotate. It's very slow. So we just need to
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.98,0:11:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,point to watch the earth to hit the\Ndesignated point on earth we want to
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.34,0:11:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transfer the energy to. And then we have a\Nphased array antenna, so these are these
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.55,0:11:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little modules you saw before to form a\Nbeam which points exactly to the receiving
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.37,0:11:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,point at the earth for the energy. Another\Npoint is the the orbit control. This means
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.97,0:12:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the distance from Earth and the speed the\Nstation is traveling with. This is another
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.26,0:12:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,point. This is already for TV satellites a\Nlittle bit difficult to do. And now we
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.01,0:12:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have, as I said, this one thousand metric\Ntons station to lift up to the right
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.79,0:12:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distance or to accelerate. There are\Nseveral forces trying to push us out of
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.12,0:12:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the exact orbit and we would lose the\Nexact spot we want to point at. And there
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.70,0:12:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the lunar gravity, the sun gravity or\Nsolar gravity, and the flattened poles of
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.80,0:12:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the earth. You know the earth is not a\Nperfect sphere, is more imperfect, is more
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.84,0:12:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a donut. You have flattened points at\Nthe poles which disturb the gravity field.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.02,0:12:56.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are solar winds and radiation\Npressure. Solar wind comes from the Sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.67,0:13:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are particles hitting the station\Nand pushing it out of the orbit. And there
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.79,0:13:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is radiation pressure, the same that comes\Nfrom deep space. This station is huge. So
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.68,0:13:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have a huge surface. This is different\Nfrom the most TV satellites. So we have to
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.73,0:13:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overcome this. Luckily, we have nearly\Nunlimited energy with this station, and we
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.49,0:13:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can use electrical thruster. So we don't\Nneed any fuel or propellant. Maybe a
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.24,0:13:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little bit propellant to bring up to the\Nstation. Another point is the power
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.44,0:13:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transmission. I think this is the most\Ncritical point. As I said, it's in a
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.39,0:13:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,geostationary orbit and I have an example\Nhere. I chose the MR SPS because the
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.03,0:13:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,numbers are so round, but most of the\Nconcepts are similar, as you saw before.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.79,0:13:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think about a 1GW output station. And\Nin the picture on the right and chopped
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.39,0:14:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see the yellow point is the\Nstanding antenna. This would be about
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.33,0:14:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1.000 meter in diameter. So this is about\N110 soccer fields placed in space. This
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.38,0:14:18.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,antenna is sending a microwave beam with\N2.45 GHz or 5.8 GH. These frequencies are
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.43,0:14:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chosen because of the low attenuation or\Ndamping in the atmosphere. We want to
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.56,0:14:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transfer the most energy. And this beam\Nhits at the receiving antenna, or in the
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.72,0:14:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literature called the Rectenna. And this\NRectenna is going to be about 5.000 meters
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.33,0:14:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in diameter. This is 2.750 soccer fields,\Nor about 20 times the Messe Leipzig area.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.33,0:14:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can imagine this is a big deal. If\Nyou think about wind parks are ugly, then
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.26,0:15:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe you think about this area. OK, so\Nyou can read more about if you like in the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.70,0:15:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,references. We have a link to this. Now, I\Nguess you wonder about the efficiency of
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.21,0:15:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this. Anja talked about it already a\Nlittle bit. I have the subsystems here
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.26,0:15:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including, and I think the most important\Npart is this microwave beam. This is the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.85,0:15:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,third position, and this is actually not\Ntested. So this is just a calculated
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.61,0:15:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,number. These 85% or 90% to 95% is just\Nfrom the studies we read. Current tests
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.16,0:15:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are more in the area of 1% or a few\Npercent. And most studies are not really
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.56,0:15:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain about the total efficiency. So we\Nhave 18% to 24% with these numbers. And
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.40,0:15:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from other studies we have 13% to 25%. So\Nthis is most calculated. So now you would
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.61,0:15:58.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wonder if wouldn't laser work for this? Or\Nmicrowave beep sounds nice and you have
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.85,0:16:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this nice receiving antenna. But a laser\Nwould be much smaller, I guess. So, yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.39,0:16:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically you could use laser for this.\NAnd it would have a much higher energy
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.28,0:16:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,density. So you could hit a really smaller\Nspot on the earth to receive the energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.71,0:16:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have this 5 kilometers receiving\Nantenna. But most of the research
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.60,0:16:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,institutes don't want to talk about\Nlasers. I think it's just a little bit too
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.27,0:16:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obvious that you have some …\N{\i1}Laughter{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.89,0:16:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stefan: OK, so this is the most technical\Nthings, I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.25,0:16:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anja: The other question is, who is gonna\Npay for that? And if we talk about this
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.19,0:16:51.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extremely large structures that have to be\Nbuilt, and since they're also are meant to
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.35,0:16:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be in the geostationary orbit where we\Nhave a certain radiation force, and we
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.48,0:17:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want these components to operate for quite\Na long time, they are usually quite
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.34,0:17:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expensive and geting all the certification\Nfor sending them up there is also very
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.82,0:17:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expensive. Somehow the SPS Alpha approach\Nhas thought about that, and they are
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.31,0:17:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aiming at, although the numbers are\Nvarying very much, at a material cost of $
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.09,0:17:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,250 per kilogram, which still is some\Nbillion dollars. And it is also a wish
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.03,0:17:38.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,list. So they are aiming for this number\Nin their third approach where they think
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.67,0:17:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they already have the mass\Nproduction, and have the certification,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.60,0:17:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the engineering and development cost\Nall covered up already. There's another
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.34,0:17:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thing and this is the launch cost. So we\Nare talking about a structure which is
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.51,0:18:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe 10 thousand tonnes large, or heavy.\NAgain, the SPS Alpha guys, they hope that
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.03,0:18:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could launch a kilo for $600 into the\Nlow-earth orbit, and continue from the
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.08,0:18:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,low-earth orbit into the geostationary\Norbit with electrical truck trusters. OK,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.67,0:18:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe if the BFR rocket will be available\Nfor the price of the Falcon 9, maybe. But
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.27,0:18:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this also would take some time. Just a\Nreality check right now, for the prices
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.69,0:18:32.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the SpaceX provides on their site, the\NFalcon Heavy which was erected today, I
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.45,0:18:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't know whether you have heard that, so\Nalso the Falcon Heavy has not flown yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.24,0:18:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But SpaceX hopes that they could sell the\Nthe Falcon Heavy for 90 million dollars in
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.08,0:18:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,order to lift 26 tons into geostationary\Norbit. But that would be approximately 400
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.99,0:18:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,launches for such a structure as the SPS\NAlpha, and also would cost some tens of
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.59,0:19:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,billion dollars. Additioned to that, there\Nare some other costs like the initial
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.63,0:19:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,orbit installation cost which comes with\N11 billion dollars, and an operation of a
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.08,0:19:11.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100 million a year. So it's quite\Nexpensive and probably this is also one of
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.37,0:19:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reasons why we don't have space solar\Npower, yet. But still, I mean, we have
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.29,0:19:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technical problems, this is just money,\Nmaybe it's also solvable, isn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.79,0:19:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stefan: Yeah, so you know about the\Nconcept, you know about the challenges,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.90,0:19:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's assume we can overcome these\Nchallenges, and someone is funding this
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.44,0:19:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,big station. I think, there are some\Nconsiderations about if we want to do
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.51,0:19:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this. And at first, so this beam is, you\Nneed a precision of about one 10.000ths of
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.69,0:20:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a degree plus minus to hit the spot at the\Nearth. So this is like you want to hit a
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.76,0:20:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hazelnut of a 100 meters from a station\Nflying with 3 kilometers per second. If
Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.46,0:20:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's something goes wrong and the beam\Nis hitting the wrong spot, maybe, you
Dialogue: 0,0:20:14.21,0:20:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know, it's not a good idea. Or if some of\Nthe antennas are not working well, the
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.50,0:20:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beam is not forming right, and it's\Nstraying somewhere. So this is one point.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.88,0:20:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's assume everything works well, and\Nthe beam is still going through the space,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.64,0:20:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's going through the atmosphere. And\Nthere are some other satellites going.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.18,0:20:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe, for an accident, they go through\Nthe beam. What happens then? Or, if you
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.11,0:20:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can't, or by accident, and the airplane\Ngoes through the beam. So it's not even
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.56,0:20:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowed to turn on your phone on the\Nairplane. You can imagine what happens if
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.96,0:20:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this beam with 50 watts per square meter\Nhits the airplane. I don't want to sit in
Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.18,0:21:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this. And then you can't avoid the\Nanimals, birds, insects, whatever go
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.41,0:21:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the beam. And maybe you have a\Nsame imagination like I have, or we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:09.49,0:21:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Soft laughter{\i0}\NStefan: And it looks a little bit like
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.61,0:21:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this maybe.\N{\i1}Laughter{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.83,0:21:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stefan: It sounds pretty scary, I think.\NDoesn't it a little bit sound like an
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.06,0:21:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,energy weapon? So we thought about: OK 50\Nwatts per square meter; it's not like a
Dialogue: 0,0:21:29.38,0:21:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nuclear weapon, but still it could harm a\Nlot. There is a high energy density, and
Dialogue: 0,0:21:36.72,0:21:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can really fast readjust this beam. So\Nyou can point it in 1 second to the
Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.64,0:21:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,receiving antenna, and the next second,\Nyou can just point it to some city, and a
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.26,0:21:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,second later, you point it just back. It's\Nreally fast to change. It's not really
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.67,0:22:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,defendable. I mean, you can sit in the\Nbunker and try to hide, and maybe put your
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.47,0:22:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aluminum hat on. After all it's useful.\N{\i1}Applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:22:14.38,0:22:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stefan: But still, this thing is 24/7 on,\Nso it could hit your bunker all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.97,0:22:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And last year, there's a lot of interest\Nfrom military institutions. So this is, I
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.95,0:22:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think it's a bit scary. OK. And then you\Nwould ask: But it's legal to install this
Dialogue: 0,0:22:36.55,0:22:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of application? So basically, yeah.\NYou see, there is already the United
Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.46,0:22:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nations Outer Space Treaty. It was first\Nsigned from the Russian Federation, and
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.34,0:22:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the United Kingdom, and the United States.\NAnd now it's in the United Nations
Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.28,0:23:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treaties and most of the other countries\Nsigned it, too. It's about all the
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.10,0:23:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,activities of States in the space. What\Ndoes it say about this case here? And it
Dialogue: 0,0:23:11.44,0:23:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,says, there are no nuclear weapons or\Nother weapons of mass destruction allowed
Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.93,0:23:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in outer space. As always, there's a\Nbackdoor. If you install a military object
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.88,0:23:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in outer space with a scientific reason,\Nthen it's allowed again. So another point
Dialogue: 0,0:23:30.70,0:23:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in this treaty you must not influence\Nthe earth environment at all. There are no
Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.47,0:23:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,real studies about this. I have a feeling\Nit's going to influence somehow the
Dialogue: 0,0:23:43.83,0:23:50.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,environment, but I'm not sure about this –\NI'm not a lawyer. So finally this all this
Dialogue: 0,0:23:50.89,0:23:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,funding and this technology and the\Nknowledge is necessary, so it's only
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.18,0:24:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possible by some few states to build\Nthis. And how do you prevent that certain
Dialogue: 0,0:24:02.30,0:24:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaders of states or whoever's want to\Nbuild this is misuse this technology. So I
Dialogue: 0,0:24:09.63,0:24:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can't give you an answer on that, but I\Nthink there are some who shouldn't have
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.80,0:24:21.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this. Yeah and you maybe you can think\Nabout this after the talk. And now we have
Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.43,0:24:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some take-home words for you from Anja.\NAnja: So yes, the concepts are existing
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.99,0:24:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we don't say that they should not be\Ndiscussed and that they are entirely evil.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:37.87,0:24:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They it's technologically feasible – at\Nleast that that's proposed some studies –,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:46.13,0:24:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I mean it's still challenging: The\Ntechnology is not there yet, but the moral
Dialogue: 0,0:24:51.20,0:24:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,questions are still open. So yes it's\Nstill pretty science-fiction and as I said
Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.65,0:25:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't say it's we should not do that at\Nall, but at least we should think about it
Dialogue: 0,0:25:01.59,0:25:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and be critical with this kind or also\Nwith other new technologies. So but right
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.78,0:25:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, maybe, we should think about: Is\Nthere another solution to this energy
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.91,0:25:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problem? Maybe a more realistic, maybe a\Nless problematic one I mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:25:27.21,0:25:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Interrupted?{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:25:34.18,0:25:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}postroll music{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:25:37.66,0:25:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subtitles created by c3subtitles.de\Nin the year 20??. Join, and help us!