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34C3 preroll music
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Herald Angel: The next talks – actually[br]two talks – will be about, somehow about,
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saving the world and saving the[br]environment. We will have two different
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ways of saving them and the first talk is[br]"Saving the World with Space Solar Power".
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It's held by Stefan and Anja and they work[br]as space engineers in Berlin at the
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Technical University. That talk will be[br]followed by another approach which is
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introduced to you by Christoph. He has a[br]PhD in theoretical physics and his former
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work was he was working with higher loop[br]perturbation theory and supersymmetric
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yang-mills theories and now he is doing[br]airborne wind energy and that will be his
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talk also. Please give the three of them a[br]warm applause!
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Applause[br]Anja Kohfeldt: Yeah hello! As you have
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heard today we are trying to save the[br]world with introducing you to two very
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different approaches of sustainable energy[br]generation. We are three, the three of us,
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and we start with Stefan.[br]Stefan Junk: Yeah hello everyone. Thanks
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for having us here![br]Anja: And me with our talk about space
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solar power. Of course we have an outline[br]and I will start the introduction with
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showing you this very nice picture. Here[br]you see the earth at night also known as
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the black marble. It's a very interesting[br]picture because it illuminates you or
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shows you where people live or at least[br]where people have electric energy. But
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there is more information in this picture:[br]When you start comparing these pictures
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from different years, you also can see how[br]certain regions are developing. And you
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also see where suddenly it gets dark,[br]where there has been a catastrophe or a
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war or something like that. So the[br]availability of electricity is an
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indicator for human development. We still[br]have an increasing amount of power. This
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is also something we can see with that[br]picture. But, unfortunately, currently
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this power demand is largely covered by[br]fossil resources. So yes, we need
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definitely renewable sustainable energy[br]such as solar power, wind parks, water
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plants or even other solutions. The thing[br]with terrestrial bound energy plans is
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that they are bound to a certain location[br]on earth, normally, so you either need to
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decentralize them having a lot everywhere[br]or you need a lot of the transfer
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infrastructure. The other thing is –[br]especially when thinking about a wind or a
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solar power – that the availability is[br]very varying and bound to certain
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conditions. So you need to store the[br]energy. When coming, when talking about
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solar energy of course I mean we have the[br]day/night cycle, we have the atmosphere,
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so we have weather interferences. So why[br]not go into space? There are some selling
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arguments – or some really selling[br]arguments – about space solar power: As I
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already said it's sustainable, because[br]it's sun powered. Space generally is very
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very large, so we can build quite big[br]structures without covering any space, any
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area on earth. We are, it is possible to[br]have some sunlight on our satellites up
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there all around the clock. And we don't[br]have an atmosphere, so there is no
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weather. So space solar power promises to[br]have an unlimited, constant and
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predictable energy source. That's cool![br]Good! In addition, we don't need that much
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infrastructure to distribute the power on[br]earth. For example if you could compare
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that to a huge solar theater for example[br]in the Sahara, you would need a lot of
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cables in order to get the power for[br]example to Europe. This comes with some
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problems. But also if solving the problem[br]of power transmission, you can get energy
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to very very remote locations on earth and[br]you also can get the energy there quite
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quickly. And of course the intervention in[br]the landscape is … let's call it minimized
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to a certain way. This concept of space[br]solar power actually isn't that young.
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It's there's a pattern from Peter Glaser[br]from the 70s who already proposed a method
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and apparatus for converting solar[br]radiation to electrical power. And here
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you see – you yes there's a small red[br]spot, I'm not sure whether you can see
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that – but you already see that he[br]introduces all the components that are in
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need: Of course we need the earth, we need[br]some large area for solar, for sun
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collection and we need some some antenna[br]in order to transmit this power. Since the
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70s these concepts were actually discussed[br]all along. Since then they where
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discussed. And the state of the art[br]approach for that is called SPS Alpha
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which stands for "Solar Power Satellite by[br]means of Arbitrarily Large Phased Array".
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It's the best-documented approach in that[br]area which comes with a phase one study
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financed by NASA in 2011 and 12, and they[br]suggest a satellite structure based on the
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geostationary orbit which is non moving[br]gravity gradient stabilized. It's
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collecting the sun with a very very large[br]mirror array and a transmitter power with
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a microwave beam. It looks like that for[br]example – or it could look like that, like
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a whine glass. It could look like a[br]puddle, but there is three main components
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here: So we have the Sun Reflector Mirror[br]– this is this very very large shape –
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these sun reflecting mirrors are made of[br]actually solar sail material so extremely
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lightweight although they are so big. The[br]core piece of this installation are the so
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called hex modules which you see here and[br]they host both the solar array, the solar
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panels and the wireless power transmission[br]modules. We come to that later. And then
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of course you also need the structure[br]which holds everything together. In
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addition to that you need some support[br]structures like little robots combining,
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fixing, exchanging modules and so on, but[br]they are not further discussed yet. But
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the NASA approach isn't the only one.[br]There's also an approach from from JAXA.
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This is a Japanese Space Agency. They call[br]their approach tethered SPS. It's also a
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gravity ground stabilized approach which[br]you can see here. The idea is basically
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the same but they don't have the mirrors.[br]Their selling argument is: You know our
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system is so simple, we're sure it will[br]work somehow. But they also say that it's
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not as efficient as the other approaches.[br]In addition there are Japanese scientists
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involved in the SPS Alpha study. But what[br]I think is most interesting there are also
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a lot of Japanese approaches driving[br]forwards the wireless power transmission.
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Then there's a new – quite new – approach.[br]This is from the Chinese space agency of
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CAST and they suggest a Multi-Rotary[br]joints SPS, which you can see here. So
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here in this the yellow spot over here[br]also is the transmission antenna. But they
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have their solar arrays bound in this[br]structure which is approximately 10
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kilometers wide and they adjust the[br]position of their solar panels according
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to the sun position. So this is how they[br]try to increase the efficiency. There's
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also a paper from Europe which is quite[br]old but I'm not aware of a current work on
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European ground here. If we summarize some[br]of the core parameters of these three
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documented or still discussed approaches,[br]we come to this nice table. So we are
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talking about a power transmission between[br]1 and 2 gigawatts. These entire structures
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have a mass of about 10,000 tons – metric[br]tons – or even more. Yes the Japanese
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approach the antennas are quite big. We'll[br]come to that later. This comes with a
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certain energy density, but the total[br]efficiency of this of these approaches are
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calculated – and there's also a little bit[br]of like a small wish list included. This
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total energy is in the range of more or[br]less 20%. I put a question mark behind
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this 25% of the JAXA approach, because[br]they even said that they won't be as
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efficient as the others are. So don't take[br]this number too serious. Maybe we must
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calculate it. Yes. With that with these[br]three approaches, I would say problem
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solved, isn't it? Applause[br]Stefan: .......concepts. But there are some major
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challenges we want to point out here. At[br]first this is the attitude in orbit
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control so this station is in the[br]geostationary orbit. There are several of
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the TV satellites doing the same and it's[br]working quite well, but these TV
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satellites are about 1.8 metric tons and[br]this station we're talking about is about
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10,000 tons or 9 to 25 thousand tons, so[br]this is a huge difference. In the
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geostationary orbit it's not a big deal to[br]rotate. It's very slow. So we just need to
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point to watch the earth to hit the[br]designated point on earth we want to
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transfer the energy to. And then we have a[br]phased array antenna, so these are these
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little modules you saw before to form a[br]beam which points exactly to the receiving
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point at the earth for the energy. Another[br]point is the the orbit control. This means
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the distance from Earth and the speed the[br]station is traveling with. This is another
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point. This is already for TV satellites a[br]little bit difficult to do. And now we
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have, as I said, this one thousand metric[br]tons station to lift up to the right
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distance or to accelerate. There are[br]several forces trying to push us out of
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the exact orbit and we would lose the[br]exact spot we want to point at. And there
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is the lunar gravity, the sun gravity or[br]solar gravity, and the flattened poles of
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the earth. You know the earth is not a[br]perfect sphere, is more imperfect, is more
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like a donut. You have flattened points at[br]the poles which disturb the gravity field.
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There are solar winds and radiation[br]pressure. Solar wind comes from the Sun.
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These are particles hitting the station[br]and pushing it out of the orbit. And there
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is radiation pressure, the same that comes[br]from deep space. This station is huge. So
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you have a huge surface. This is different[br]from the most TV satellites. So we have to
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overcome this. Luckily, we have nearly[br]unlimited energy with this station, and we
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can use electrical thruster. So we don't[br]need any fuel or propellant. Maybe a
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little bit propellant to bring up to the[br]station. Another point is the power
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transmission. I think this is the most[br]critical point. As I said, it's in a
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geostationary orbit and I have an example[br]here. I chose the MR SPS because the
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numbers are so round, but most of the[br]concepts are similar, as you saw before.
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So I think about a 1GW output station. And[br]in the picture on the right and chopped
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you can see the yellow point is the[br]standing antenna. This would be about
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1.000 meter in diameter. So this is about[br]110 soccer fields placed in space. This
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antenna is sending a microwave beam with[br]2.45 GHz or 5.8 GH. These frequencies are
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chosen because of the low attenuation or[br]damping in the atmosphere. We want to
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transfer the most energy. And this beam[br]hits at the receiving antenna, or in the
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literature called the Rectenna. And this[br]Rectenna is going to be about 5.000 meters
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in diameter. This is 2.750 soccer fields,[br]or about 20 times the Messe Leipzig area.
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So you can imagine this is a big deal. If[br]you think about wind parks are ugly, then
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maybe you think about this area. OK, so[br]you can read more about if you like in the
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references. We have a link to this. Now, I[br]guess you wonder about the efficiency of
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this. Anja talked about it already a[br]little bit. I have the subsystems here
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including, and I think the most important[br]part is this microwave beam. This is the
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third position, and this is actually not[br]tested. So this is just a calculated
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number. These 85% or 90% to 95% is just[br]from the studies we read. Current tests
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are more in the area of 1% or a few[br]percent. And most studies are not really
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certain about the total efficiency. So we[br]have 18% to 24% with these numbers. And
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from other studies we have 13% to 25%. So[br]this is most calculated. So now you would
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wonder if wouldn't laser work for this? Or[br]microwave beep sounds nice and you have
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this nice receiving antenna. But a laser[br]would be much smaller, I guess. So, yes,
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basically you could use laser for this.[br]And it would have a much higher energy
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density. So you could hit a really smaller[br]spot on the earth to receive the energy.
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You don't have this 5 kilometers receiving[br]antenna. But most of the research
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institutes don't want to talk about[br]lasers. I think it's just a little bit too
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obvious that you have some …[br]Laughter
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Stefan: OK, so this is the most technical[br]things, I think.
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Anja: The other question is, who is gonna[br]pay for that? And if we talk about this
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extremely large structures that have to be[br]built, and since they're also are meant to
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be in the geostationary orbit where we[br]have a certain radiation force, and we
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want these components to operate for quite[br]a long time, they are usually quite
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expensive and geting all the certification[br]for sending them up there is also very
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expensive. Somehow the SPS Alpha approach[br]has thought about that, and they are
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aiming at, although the numbers are[br]varying very much, at a material cost of $
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250 per kilogram, which still is some[br]billion dollars. And it is also a wish
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list. So they are aiming for this number[br]in their third approach where they think
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that they already have the mass[br]production, and have the certification,
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and the engineering and development cost[br]all covered up already. There's another
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thing and this is the launch cost. So we[br]are talking about a structure which is
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maybe 10 thousand tonnes large, or heavy.[br]Again, the SPS Alpha guys, they hope that
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they could launch a kilo for $600 into the[br]low-earth orbit, and continue from the
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low-earth orbit into the geostationary[br]orbit with electrical truck trusters. OK,
0:18:13.669,0:18:20.269
maybe if the BFR rocket will be available[br]for the price of the Falcon 9, maybe. But
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this also would take some time. Just a[br]reality check right now, for the prices
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the SpaceX provides on their site, the[br]Falcon Heavy which was erected today, I
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don't know whether you have heard that, so[br]also the Falcon Heavy has not flown yet.
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But SpaceX hopes that they could sell the[br]the Falcon Heavy for 90 million dollars in
0:18:44.079,0:18:49.990
order to lift 26 tons into geostationary[br]orbit. But that would be approximately 400
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launches for such a structure as the SPS[br]Alpha, and also would cost some tens of
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billion dollars. Additioned to that, there[br]are some other costs like the initial
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orbit installation cost which comes with[br]11 billion dollars, and an operation of a
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100 million a year. So it's quite[br]expensive and probably this is also one of
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the reasons why we don't have space solar[br]power, yet. But still, I mean, we have
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technical problems, this is just money,[br]maybe it's also solvable, isn't it?
0:19:25.789,0:19:28.900
Stefan: Yeah, so you know about the[br]concept, you know about the challenges,
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and let's assume we can overcome these[br]challenges, and someone is funding this
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big station. I think, there are some[br]considerations about if we want to do
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this. And at first, so this beam is, you[br]need a precision of about one 10.000ths of
0:19:53.690,0:20:00.760
a degree plus minus to hit the spot at the[br]earth. So this is like you want to hit a
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hazelnut of a 100 meters from a station[br]flying with 3 kilometers per second. If
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there's something goes wrong and the beam[br]is hitting the wrong spot, maybe, you
0:20:14.209,0:20:19.500
know, it's not a good idea. Or if some of[br]the antennas are not working well, the
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beam is not forming right, and it's[br]straying somewhere. So this is one point.
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Let's assume everything works well, and[br]the beam is still going through the space,
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and it's going through the atmosphere. And[br]there are some other satellites going.
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Maybe, for an accident, they go through[br]the beam. What happens then? Or, if you
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can't, or by accident, and the airplane[br]goes through the beam. So it's not even
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allowed to turn on your phone on the[br]airplane. You can imagine what happens if
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this beam with 50 watts per square meter[br]hits the airplane. I don't want to sit in
0:20:57.180,0:21:03.399
this. And then you can't avoid the[br]animals, birds, insects, whatever go
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through the beam. And maybe you have a[br]same imagination like I have, or we have.
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Soft laughter[br]Stefan: And it looks a little bit like
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this maybe.[br]Laughter
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Stefan: It sounds pretty scary, I think.[br]Doesn't it a little bit sound like an
0:21:22.059,0:21:29.380
energy weapon? So we thought about: OK 50[br]watts per square meter; it's not like a
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nuclear weapon, but still it could harm a[br]lot. There is a high energy density, and
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you can really fast readjust this beam. So[br]you can point it in 1 second to the
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receiving antenna, and the next second,[br]you can just point it to some city, and a
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second later, you point it just back. It's[br]really fast to change. It's not really
0:21:55.670,0:22:03.470
defendable. I mean, you can sit in the[br]bunker and try to hide, and maybe put your
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aluminum hat on. After all it's useful.[br]Applause
0:22:14.380,0:22:20.970
Stefan: But still, this thing is 24/7 on,[br]so it could hit your bunker all the time.
0:22:20.970,0:22:30.951
And last year, there's a lot of interest[br]from military institutions. So this is, I
0:22:30.951,0:22:36.549
think it's a bit scary. OK. And then you[br]would ask: But it's legal to install this
0:22:36.549,0:22:45.460
kind of application? So basically, yeah.[br]You see, there is already the United
0:22:45.460,0:22:50.339
Nations Outer Space Treaty. It was first[br]signed from the Russian Federation, and
0:22:50.339,0:22:56.279
the United Kingdom, and the United States.[br]And now it's in the United Nations
0:22:56.279,0:23:03.100
treaties and most of the other countries[br]signed it, too. It's about all the
0:23:03.100,0:23:11.440
activities of States in the space. What[br]does it say about this case here? And it
0:23:11.440,0:23:15.930
says, there are no nuclear weapons or[br]other weapons of mass destruction allowed
0:23:15.930,0:23:22.879
in outer space. As always, there's a[br]backdoor. If you install a military object
0:23:22.879,0:23:30.700
in outer space with a scientific reason,[br]then it's allowed again. So another point
0:23:30.700,0:23:39.470
is in this treaty you must not influence[br]the earth environment at all. There are no
0:23:39.470,0:23:43.829
real studies about this. I have a feeling[br]it's going to influence somehow the
0:23:43.829,0:23:50.890
environment, but I'm not sure about this –[br]I'm not a lawyer. So finally this all this
0:23:50.890,0:23:55.179
funding and this technology and the[br]knowledge is necessary, so it's only
0:23:55.179,0:24:02.300
possible by some few states to build[br]this. And how do you prevent that certain
0:24:02.300,0:24:09.629
leaders of states or whoever's want to[br]build this is misuse this technology. So I
0:24:09.629,0:24:13.800
can't give you an answer on that, but I[br]think there are some who shouldn't have
0:24:13.800,0:24:21.430
this. Yeah and you maybe you can think[br]about this after the talk. And now we have
0:24:21.430,0:24:31.989
some take-home words for you from Anja.[br]Anja: So yes, the concepts are existing
0:24:31.989,0:24:37.869
and we don't say that they should not be[br]discussed and that they are entirely evil.
0:24:37.869,0:24:46.130
They it's technologically feasible – at[br]least that that's proposed some studies –,
0:24:46.130,0:24:51.200
but I mean it's still challenging: The[br]technology is not there yet, but the moral
0:24:51.200,0:24:56.650
questions are still open. So yes it's[br]still pretty science-fiction and as I said
0:24:56.650,0:25:01.589
we don't say it's we should not do that at[br]all, but at least we should think about it
0:25:01.589,0:25:08.779
and be critical with this kind or also[br]with other new technologies. So but right
0:25:08.779,0:25:15.909
now, maybe, we should think about: Is[br]there another solution to this energy
0:25:15.909,0:25:27.210
problem? Maybe a more realistic, maybe a[br]less problematic one I mean?
0:25:27.210,0:25:34.180
Interrupted?
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