[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.90,0:00:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm here to talk to you\Nabout the walkable city.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.81,0:00:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the walkable city?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.19,0:00:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, for want of a better definition,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.70,0:00:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a city in which the car\Nis an optional instrument of freedom,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.61,0:00:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than a prosthetic device.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.52,0:00:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'd like to talk about\Nwhy we need the walkable city,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.50,0:00:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'd like to talk about\Nhow to do the walkable city.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.68,0:00:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the talks I give these days\Nare about why we need it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.04,0:00:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you guys are smart.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.31,0:00:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also I gave that talk\Nexactly a month ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.58,0:00:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see it at TED.com.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.68,0:00:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today I want to talk\Nabout how to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.70,0:00:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a lot of time thinking about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.66,0:00:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've come up with what I call\Nthe general theory of walkability.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.79,0:00:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A bit of a pretentious term,\Nit's a little tongue-in-cheek,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.74,0:00:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's something\NI've thought about for a long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.34,0:00:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'd like to share\Nwhat I think I've figured out.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.75,0:00:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the American city,\Nthe typical American city --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.61,0:00:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the typical American city\Nis not Washington, DC,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.87,0:01:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or New York, or San Francisco;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.21,0:01:05.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's Grand Rapids or Cedar\NRapids or Memphis --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.48,0:01:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the typical American city\Nin which most people own cars
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.61,0:01:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the temptation\Nis to drive them all the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.96,0:01:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're going to get them to walk,\Nthen you have to offer a walk
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.76,0:01:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's as good as a drive or better.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.63,0:01:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.81,0:01:20.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means you need to offer\Nfour things simultaneously:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.37,0:01:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there needs to be a proper reason to walk,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.45,0:01:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the walk has to be safe and feel safe,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.83,0:01:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the walk has to be comfortable
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.55,0:01:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the walk has to be interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.34,0:01:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need to do all four\Nof these things simultaneously,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.97,0:01:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the structure of my talk today,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.03,0:01:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take you through each of those.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.68,0:01:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason to walk\Nis a story I learned from my mentors,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.97,0:01:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.35,0:01:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the founders of the New Urbanism movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.38,0:01:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I should say half the slides\Nand half of my talk today
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.91,0:01:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I learned from them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.26,0:01:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the story of planning,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.07,0:01:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the story of the formation\Nof the planning profession.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.33,0:01:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When in the 19th century\Npeople were choking
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.11,0:01:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the soot of the dark, satanic mills,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.62,0:02:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the planners said, hey, let's move\Nthe housing away from the mills.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.02,0:02:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And lifespans increased\Nimmediately, dramatically,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.51,0:02:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we like to say
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.69,0:02:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the planners have been trying to repeat\Nthat experience ever since.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.90,0:02:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's the onset\Nof what we call Euclidean zoning,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.57,0:02:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the separation of the landscape\Ninto large areas of single use.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.67,0:02:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And typically when I arrive\Nin a city to do a plan,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.17,0:02:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a plan like this already awaits me\Non the property that I'm looking at.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.23,0:02:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all a plan like this guarantees
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.96,0:02:28.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that you will not have a walkable city,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.02,0:02:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because nothing is located\Nnear anything else.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.97,0:02:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The alternative, of course,\Nis our most walkable city,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.63,0:02:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I like to say, you know,\Nthis is a Rothko,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.18,0:02:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is a Seurat.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.71,0:02:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just a different way --\Nhe was the pointilist --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.28,0:02:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a different way of making places.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.13,0:02:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even this map of Manhattan\Nis a bit misleading
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.97,0:02:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the red color\Nis uses that are mixed vertically.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.17,0:02:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the big story\Nof the New Urbanists --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.90,0:02:56.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to acknowledge\Nthat there are only two ways
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.44,0:02:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have been tested by the thousands
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.75,0:03:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build communities,\Nin the world and throughout history.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.71,0:03:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is the traditional neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.62,0:03:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see here several neighborhoods\Nof Newburyport, Massachusetts,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.05,0:03:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is defined as being compact\Nand being diverse --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.34,0:03:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,places to live, work, shop,\Nrecreate, get educated --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.51,0:03:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all within walking distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.41,0:03:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's defined as being walkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.57,0:03:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are lots of small streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.13,0:03:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each one is comfortable to walk on.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.88,0:03:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we contrast that to the other way,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.42,0:03:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an invention that happened\Nafter the Second World War,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.26,0:03:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suburban sprawl,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.54,0:03:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clearly not compact, clearly not diverse,\Nand it's not walkable,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.14,0:03:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because so few of the streets connect,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.07,0:03:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that those streets that do connect\Nbecome overburdened,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.97,0:03:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you wouldn't let your kid out on them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.09,0:03:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to thank Alex Maclean,\Nthe aerial photographer,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.96,0:03:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for many of these beautiful pictures\Nthat I'm showing you today.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.04,0:03:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's fun to break sprawl down\Ninto its constituent parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.69,0:03:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's so easy to understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.29,0:03:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the places where you only live,\Nthe places where you only work,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.14,0:03:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the places where you only shop,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.12,0:04:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our super-sized public institutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.49,0:04:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schools get bigger and bigger,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.96,0:04:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore, further\Nand further from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.38,0:04:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the ratio of the size\Nof the parking lot
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.53,0:04:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the size of the school
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.77,0:04:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells you all you need to know,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.41,0:04:13.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that no child\Nhas ever walked to this school,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.97,0:04:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no child will ever walk to this school.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.90,0:04:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The seniors and juniors are driving\Nthe freshmen and the sophomores,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.76,0:04:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course we have\Nthe crash statistics to prove it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.41,0:04:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the super-sizing\Nof our other civic institutions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.90,0:04:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like playing fields --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.10,0:04:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's wonderful that Westin\Nin the Ft. Lauderdale area
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.100,0:04:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has eight soccer fields\Nand eight baseball diamonds
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.09,0:04:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 20 tennis courts,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.97,0:04:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but look at the road\Nthat takes you to that location,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.61,0:04:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and would you let your child bike on it?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.58,0:04:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is why we have\Nthe soccer mom now.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.73,0:04:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was young, I had one soccer field,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.100,0:04:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one baseball diamond and one tennis court,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.04,0:04:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I could walk to it,\Nbecause it was in my neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.93,0:04:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the final part of sprawl\Nthat everyone forgot to count:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.80,0:04:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're going to separate everything\Nfrom everything else
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.65,0:04:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reconnect it\Nonly with automotive infrastructure,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.20,0:05:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this is what your landscape\Nbegins to look like.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.75,0:05:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main message here is:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.99,0:05:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you want to have a walkable city,\Nyou can't start with the sprawl model.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.62,0:05:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need the bones of an urban model.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.71,0:05:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the outcome\Nof that form of design,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.58,0:05:12.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as is this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.100,0:05:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is something\Nthat a lot of Americans want.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.61,0:05:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have to understand\Nit's a two-part American dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.35,0:05:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're dreaming for this,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.73,0:05:23.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're also going to be dreaming of this,\Noften to absurd extremes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.14,0:05:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we build our landscape\Nto accommodate cars first.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.78,0:05:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the experience\Nof being in these places --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.04,0:05:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.08,0:05:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not Photoshopped.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.49,0:05:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Walter Kulash took this slide.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.51,0:05:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in Panama City.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.23,0:05:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a real place.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.05,0:05:38.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And being a driver\Ncan be a bit of a nuisance,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.55,0:05:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and being a pedestrian\Ncan be a bit of a nuisance
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.04,0:05:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these places.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.56,0:05:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a slide that epidemiologists\Nhave been showing for some time now,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.06,0:05:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.10,0:05:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact that we have a society\Nwhere you drive to the parking lot
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.59,0:05:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take the escalator to the treadmill
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.49,0:05:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shows that we're doing something wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.44,0:05:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we know how to do it better.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.04,0:05:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are the two models contrasted.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.74,0:05:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I show this slide,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.92,0:06:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has been a formative document\Nof the New Urbanism now
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.73,0:06:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for almost 30 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.16,0:06:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to show that sprawl and the traditional\Nneighborhood contain the same things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.34,0:06:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just how big are they,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.75,0:06:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how close are they to each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.38,0:06:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how are they interspersed together
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.08,0:06:14.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do you have a street network,\Nrather than a cul-de-sac
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.02,0:06:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a collector system of streets?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.08,0:06:18.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we look at a downtown area,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.92,0:06:21.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a place that has a hope\Nof being walkable,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.08,0:06:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mostly that's our downtowns\Nin America's cities
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.66,0:06:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and towns and villages,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.45,0:06:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we look at them and say\Nwe want the proper balance of uses.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.54,0:06:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is missing or underrepresented?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.70,0:06:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, in the typical American cities\Nin which most Americans live,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.38,0:06:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is housing that is lacking.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.42,0:06:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The jobs-to-housing balance is off.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.63,0:06:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you find that when\Nyou bring housing back,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.84,0:06:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these other things start to come back too,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.93,0:06:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and housing is usually first\Namong those things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.43,0:06:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, the thing\Nthat shows up last and eventually
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.56,0:06:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the schools,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.76,0:06:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the people have to move in,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.10,0:06:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the young pioneers have to move in,\Nget older, have kids
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.95,0:06:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fight, and then the schools\Nget pretty good eventually.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.01,0:07:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other part of this part,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.34,0:07:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the useful city part,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.85,0:07:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is transit,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.18,0:07:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can have a perfectly\Nwalkable neighborhood without it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.57,0:07:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But perfectly walkable cities\Nrequire transit,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.90,0:07:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if you don't have access\Nto the whole city as a pedestrian,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.36,0:07:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you get a car,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.55,0:07:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you get a car,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.73,0:07:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the city begins to reshape itself\Naround your needs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.30,0:07:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the streets get wider\Nand the parking lots get bigger
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.01,0:07:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you no longer have a walkable city.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.91,0:07:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So transit is essential.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.09,0:07:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But every transit experience,\Nevery transit trip,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.51,0:07:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,begins or ends as a walk,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.43,0:07:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we have to remember to build\Nwalkability around our transit stations.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.25,0:07:38.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next category, the biggest one,\Nis the safe walk.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.02,0:07:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's what most walkability\Nexperts talk about.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.26,0:07:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is essential, but alone not enough\Nto get people to walk.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.33,0:07:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are so many moving parts\Nthat add up to a walkable city.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.49,0:07:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is block size.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.09,0:07:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Portland, Oregon,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.46,0:07:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,famously 200-foot blocks,\Nfamously walkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.05,0:07:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Salt Lake City,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.40,0:07:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,famously 600-foot blocks,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.50,0:07:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,famously unwalkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.89,0:08:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the two,\Nit's almost like two different planets,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.92,0:08:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these places were both built by humans
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.26,0:08:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact, the story is that when\Nyou have a 200-foot block city,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.93,0:08:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can have a two-lane city,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.48,0:08:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a two-to-four lane city,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.93,0:08:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a 600-foot block city\Nis a six-lane city, and that's a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.98,0:08:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the crash statistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.48,0:08:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you double the block size --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.59,0:08:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was a study\Nof 24 California cities --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.64,0:08:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you double the block size,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.16,0:08:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you almost quadruple\Nthe number of fatal accidents
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.81,0:08:28.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on non-highway streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.84,0:08:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how many lanes do we have?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.09,0:08:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where I'm going to tell you\Nwhat I tell every audience I meet,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.59,0:08:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is to remind you\Nabout induced demand.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.34,0:08:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Induced demand applies\Nboth to highways and to city streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.81,0:08:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And induced demand tells us\Nthat when we widen the streets
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.32,0:08:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to accept the congestion\Nthat we're anticipating,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.44,0:08:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the additional trips\Nthat we're anticipating
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.80,0:08:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in congested systems,\Nit is principally that congestion
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.74,0:08:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is constraining demand,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.75,0:08:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so that the widening comes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.54,0:09:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are all of these latent trips\Nthat are ready to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.68,0:09:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People move further from work
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.09,0:09:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make other choices\Nabout when they commute,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.35,0:09:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those lanes fill up\Nvery quickly with traffic,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.75,0:09:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we widen the street again,\Nand they fill up again.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.27,0:09:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've learned that\Nin congested systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.52,0:09:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we cannot satisfy the automobile.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.96,0:09:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is from Newsweek Magazine --\Nhardly an esoteric publication:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.43,0:09:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Today's engineers acknowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.13,0:09:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that building new roads\Nusually makes traffic worse."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.38,0:09:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My response to reading this was,\Nmay I please meet some of these engineers,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.96,0:09:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these are not the ones that I --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.05,0:09:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are great exceptions\Nthat I'm working with now --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.67,0:09:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these are not the engineers\None typically meets working in a city,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.100,0:09:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they say, "Oh, that road\Nis too crowded, we need to add a lane."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.49,0:09:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you add a lane, and the traffic comes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.67,0:09:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they say, "See, I told you\Nwe needed that lane."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.15,0:09:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This applies both to highways\Nand to city streets if they're congested.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.97,0:09:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the amazing thing\Nabout most American cities that I work in,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.03,0:09:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more typical cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.34,0:09:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they have a lot of streets\Nthat are actually oversized
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.40,0:09:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the congestion\Nthey're currently experiencing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.83,0:09:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the case in Oklahoma City,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.57,0:10:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the mayor came running\Nto me, very upset,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.12,0:10:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were named\Nin Prevention Magazine
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.54,0:10:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the worst city for pedestrians\Nin the entire country.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.72,0:10:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that can't possibly be true,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.45,0:10:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it certainly is enough\Nto make a mayor do something about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.60,0:10:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did a walkability study,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.94,0:10:16.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we found, looking\Nat the car counts on the street --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.30,0:10:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are 3,000-, 4,000-, 7,000-car counts
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.100,0:10:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we know that two lanes\Ncan handle 10,000 cars per day.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.97,0:10:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at these numbers --\Nthey're all near or under 10,000 cars,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.65,0:10:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these were the streets\Nthat were designated
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.25,0:10:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the new downtown plan
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.48,0:10:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be four lanes to six lanes wide.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.14,0:10:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you had a fundamental disconnect\Nbetween the number of lanes
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.41,0:10:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the number of cars\Nthat wanted to use them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.68,0:10:45.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was my job to redesign\Nevery street in the downtown
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.61,0:10:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from curb face to curb face,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.37,0:10:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we did it for 50 blocks of streets,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.40,0:10:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're rebuilding it now.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.78,0:10:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a typical oversized street to nowhere
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.84,0:10:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is being narrowed, and now\Nunder construction,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.07,0:10:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the project is half done.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.73,0:10:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The typical street like this, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.75,0:11:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you do that,\Nyou find room for medians.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.22,0:11:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You find room for bike lanes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.22,0:11:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've doubled the amount\Nof on-street parking.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.41,0:11:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've added a full bike network\Nwhere one didn't exist before.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.39,0:11:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not everyone has the money\Nthat Oklahoma City has,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.66,0:11:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they have an extraction\Neconomy that's doing quite well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.77,0:11:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The typical city is more\Nlike Cedar Rapids,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.84,0:11:23.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they have an all four-lane\Nsystem, half one-way system.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.86,0:11:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a little hard to see,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.33,0:11:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what we've done -- what we're doing;\Nit's in process right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.64,0:11:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's in engineering right now --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.26,0:11:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is turning an all four-lane\Nsystem, half one-way
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.08,0:11:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into an all two-lane system, all two-way,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.68,0:11:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in so doing, we're adding\N70 percent more on-street parking,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.95,0:11:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which the merchants love,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.33,0:11:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it protects the sidewalk.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.77,0:11:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That parking makes the sidewalk safe,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.56,0:11:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're adding a much more\Nrobust bicycle network.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.26,0:11:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the lanes themselves.\NHow wide are they?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.87,0:11:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's really important.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.10,0:11:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The standards have changed\Nsuch that, as Andrés Duany says,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.29,0:11:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the typical road\Nto a subdivision in America
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.41,0:12:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allows you to see\Nthe curvature of the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.62,0:12:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.69,0:12:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a subdivision\Noutside of Washington from the 1960s.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.96,0:12:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look very carefully\Nat the width of the streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.30,0:12:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a subdivision from the 1980s.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.43,0:12:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1960s, 1980s.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.09,0:12:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The standards have changed\Nto such a degree
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.14,0:12:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that my old neighborhood of South Beach,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.12,0:12:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it was time to fix the street\Nthat wasn't draining properly,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.30,0:12:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had to widen it\Nand take away half our sidewalk,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.87,0:12:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the standards were wider.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.63,0:12:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People go faster on wider streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.11,0:12:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People know this.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.29,0:12:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The engineers deny it,\Nbut the citizens know it,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.44,0:12:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that in Birmingham, Michigan,\Nthey fight for narrower streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.29,0:12:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portland, Oregon, famously walkable,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.84,0:12:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instituted its "Skinny Streets" program\Nin its residential neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.40,0:12:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that skinny streets are safer.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.28,0:12:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The developer Vince Graham,\Nin his project I'On,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.35,0:12:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we worked on in South Carolina,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.19,0:12:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he goes to conferences and he shows\Nhis amazing 22-foot roads.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.13,0:12:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are two-way roads,\Nvery narrow rights of way,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.56,0:12:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he shows this well-known philosopher,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.59,0:12:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who said, "Broad is the road\Nthat leads to destruction ...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.48,0:13:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narrow is the road that leads to life."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.61,0:13:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.69,0:13:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.08,0:13:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This plays very well in the South.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.17,0:13:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now: bicycles.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.93,0:13:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bicycles and bicycling\Nare the current revolution underway
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.44,0:13:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in only some American cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.14,0:13:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But where you build it, they come.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.81,0:13:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a planner, I hate to say that,\Nbut the one thing I can say
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.84,0:13:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that bicycle population\Nis a function of bicycle infrastructure.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.99,0:13:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked my friend Tom Brennan\Nfrom Nelson\Nygaard in Portland
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.43,0:13:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to send me some pictures\Nof the Portland bike commute.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.03,0:13:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He sent me this. I said,\N"Was that bike to work day?"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.57,0:13:36.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "No, that was Tuesday."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.24,0:13:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you do what Portland did and spend\Nmoney on bicycle infrastructure --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.22,0:13:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New York City has doubled the number\Nof bikers in it several times now
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.47,0:13:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by painting these bright green lanes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.53,0:13:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even automotive cities\Nlike Long Beach, California:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.12,0:13:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vast uptick in the number of bikers\Nbased on the infrastructure.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.22,0:13:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, what really does it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.94,0:13:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you know 15th Street\Nhere in Washington, DC --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.34,0:14:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please meet Rahm Emanuel's\Nnew bike lanes in Chicago,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.34,0:14:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the buffered lane, the parallel parking\Npulled off the curb,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.74,0:14:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bikes between the parked\Ncars and the curb --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.77,0:14:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these mint cyclists.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.71,0:14:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If, however, as in Pasadena,\Nevery lane is a bike lane,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.29,0:14:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then no lane is a bike lane.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.27,0:14:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the only bicyclist\Nthat I met in Pasadena, so ...
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.41,0:14:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.04,0:14:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The parallel parking I mentioned --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.75,0:14:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's an essential barrier of steel
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.40,0:14:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that protects the curb and pedestrians\Nfrom moving vehicles.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.21,0:14:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Ft. Lauderdale;\None side of the street, you can park,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.83,0:14:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other side of the street, you can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.80,0:14:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is happy hour on the parking side.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.85,0:14:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is sad hour on the other side.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.57,0:14:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the trees themselves\Nslow cars down.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.58,0:14:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They move slower when trees\Nare next to the road,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.89,0:14:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, of course, sometimes\Nthey slow down very quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.12,0:14:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the little details --\Nthe curb return radius.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.10,0:14:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it one foot or is it 40 feet?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.78,0:14:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How swoopy is that curb to determine\Nhow fast the car goes
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.25,0:14:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how much room you have to cross.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.99,0:15:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I love this,\Nbecause this is objective journalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.44,0:15:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Some say the entrance to CityCenter\Nis not inviting to pedestrians."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.54,0:15:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When every aspect\Nof the landscape is swoopy,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.02,0:15:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is aerodynamic, is stream-form geometrics,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.72,0:15:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it says: "This is a vehicular place."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.06,0:15:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So no one detail, no one speciality,\Ncan be allowed to set the stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.16,0:15:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, you know, this street:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.75,0:15:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes, it will drain within a minute\Nof the hundred-year storm,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.66,0:15:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this poor woman\Nhas to mount the curb every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.48,0:15:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then quickly, the comfortable walk\Nhas to do with the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.45,0:15:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all animals seek, simultaneously,\Nprospect and refuge.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.42,0:15:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to be able to see our predators,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.55,0:15:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we also want to feel\Nthat our flanks are covered.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.09,0:15:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we're drawn to places\Nthat have good edges,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.61,0:15:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you don't supply the edges,\Npeople won't want to be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.96,0:15:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's the proper ratio\Nof height to width?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.12,0:15:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it one to one? Three to one?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.92,0:15:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you get beyond one to six,\Nyou're not very comfortable anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.73,0:15:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't feel enclosed.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.07,0:15:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, six to one in Salzburg\Ncan be perfectly delightful.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.24,0:15:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The opposite of Salzburg is Houston.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.49,0:16:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The point being the parking lot\Nis the principal problem here.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.11,0:16:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, missing teeth, those empty lots\Ncan be issues as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.71,0:16:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you have a missing corner\Nbecause of an outdated zoning code,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.98,0:16:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you could have a missing nose\Nin your neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.91,0:16:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what we had in my neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.77,0:16:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the zoning code that said\NI couldn't build on that site.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.87,0:16:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you may know, Washington, DC\Nis now changing its zoning
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.62,0:16:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow sites like this\Nto become sites like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.78,0:16:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We needed a lot of variances to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.97,0:16:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Triangular houses\Ncan be interesting to build,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.28,0:16:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you get one built,\Npeople generally like it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.00,0:16:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you've got to fill those missing noses.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.48,0:16:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, finally, the interesting walk:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.46,0:16:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,signs of humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.16,0:16:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are among the social primates.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.100,0:16:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing interests us more\Nthan other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.21,0:16:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want signs of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.72,0:16:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the perfect one-to-one ratio,\Nit's a great thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.75,0:16:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Grand Rapids,\Na very walkable city,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.98,0:16:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nobody walks on this street
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.65,0:16:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that connects the two\Nbest hotels together,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.78,0:16:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if on the left,\Nyou have an exposed parking deck,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.17,0:17:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the right,\Nyou have a conference facility
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.68,0:17:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was apparently designed\Nin admiration for that parking deck,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.13,0:17:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you don't attract that many people.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.66,0:17:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mayor Joe Riley, in his 10th term,\NMayor of Charleston, South Carolina,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.66,0:17:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taught us it only takes\N25 feet of building
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.86,0:17:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hide 250 feet of garage.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.18,0:17:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one I call the Chia Pet Garage.\NIt's in South Beach.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.93,0:17:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That active ground floor.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.39,0:17:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to end with this project\Nthat I love to show.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.14,0:17:24.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's by Meleca Architects.\NIt's in Columbus, Ohio.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.67,0:17:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the left is the convention center\Nneighborhood, full of pedestrians.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.39,0:17:31.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the right is the Short North\Nneighborhood -- ethnic,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.07,0:17:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,great restaurants,\Ngreat shops, struggling.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.80,0:17:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't doing very well\Nbecause this was the bridge,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.37,0:17:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no one was walking\Nfrom the convention center
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.86,0:17:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into that neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.24,0:17:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, when they rebuilt the highway,\Nthey added an extra 80 feet to the bridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.55,0:17:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sorry -- they rebuilt the bridge\Nover the highway.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.05,0:17:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The city paid 1.9 million dollars,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.45,0:17:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they gave the site to a developer,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.72,0:17:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the developer built this
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.13,0:17:55.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now the Short North\Nhas come back to life.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.48,0:17:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everyone says, the newspapers,\Nnot the planning magazines,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.72,0:18:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the newspapers say\Nit's because of that bridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.96,0:18:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's it. That's the general\Ntheory of walkability.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.61,0:18:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about your own cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.65,0:18:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about how you can apply it.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.09,0:18:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got to do all four things at once.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.07,0:18:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So find those places\Nwhere you have most of them
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.40,0:18:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fix what you can,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.33,0:18:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fix what still needs fixing\Nin those places.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.04,0:18:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really appreciate your attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.83,0:18:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thank you for coming today.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.53,0:18:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)