0:00:12.929,0:00:15.399
The Coast Salish people say, "We are one."

0:00:15.399,0:00:16.759
[nə́c̓aʔmat ct]

0:00:16.759,0:00:19.112
For thousands of years they lived it.

0:00:20.262,0:00:22.112
But we didn't pay any attention.

0:00:22.612,0:00:25.692
Most of us have forgotten[br]that we're connected to each other,

0:00:25.692,0:00:27.292
and to nature,

0:00:27.292,0:00:28.613
that we are one.

0:00:29.397,0:00:33.783
But nature is not some separate thing,[br]but an intimate part of us.

0:00:33.783,0:00:37.662
And what we do on this Earth[br]ripples through our ecosystems,

0:00:37.662,0:00:39.411
our web of connections.

0:00:40.052,0:00:42.405
Now, the signs are undeniable:

0:00:43.002,0:00:44.353
climate change,

0:00:44.771,0:00:46.397
species extinctions,

0:00:47.093,0:00:48.653
human suffering.

0:00:48.653,0:00:50.183
We have forgotten.

0:00:50.944,0:00:55.747
But for their faith, the people[br]are connected through spirit to forests,

0:00:55.747,0:00:58.545
and oceans and rivers[br]and bears and salmon,

0:00:58.805,0:01:01.584
the Coast Salish people were ignored.

0:01:02.175,0:01:05.135
But truly, it does come down[br]to a matter of faith,

0:01:05.725,0:01:11.335
to trust and respect the relationships[br]that make up the complexity of nature.

0:01:12.794,0:01:16.485
But we said that's unscientific.

0:01:16.485,0:01:19.186
Western science[br]requires exact measurements,

0:01:20.096,0:01:21.356
visible proof,

0:01:21.356,0:01:22.536
statistics.

0:01:22.956,0:01:24.606
But make no mistake,

0:01:25.036,0:01:28.030
the Coast Salish people[br]were deeply scientific.

0:01:28.546,0:01:32.876
How else could they have lived here[br]for over 10,000 years in such prosperity?

0:01:33.229,0:01:35.777
In fact, they were more[br]scientific than we.

0:01:36.265,0:01:40.355
For us to look any deeper,[br]that would have hampered progress.

0:01:40.355,0:01:44.376
"There are trees in those forests,[br]and our buildings need wood,

0:01:44.376,0:01:46.416
and our printers need paper.

0:01:46.416,0:01:49.386
We need to cut down the forests[br]and replant those trees."

0:01:51.610,0:01:53.488
Now, how do I fit into this?

0:01:54.339,0:01:56.859
Well, I come from a family of loggers.

0:01:56.859,0:01:59.079
And while my family[br]was up on the mountainsides

0:01:59.079,0:02:02.057
cutting down trees, one here, one there,

0:02:02.057,0:02:04.229
I was playing in the forest below,

0:02:04.659,0:02:07.299
in the places that are seen and unseen,

0:02:08.529,0:02:11.778
in the trees and the logs[br]and the forest floor.

0:02:12.208,0:02:15.362
And I believed that fairies lived there.

0:02:16.609,0:02:20.506
And their job was to live in[br]and protect the forest, just like my job.

0:02:20.966,0:02:23.352
But the fairies couldn't save that forest,

0:02:23.810,0:02:26.581
and neither could I;[br]actually, nobody could.

0:02:26.581,0:02:30.520
Because the owner of the patch[br]had to cut it down to feed his family.

0:02:31.109,0:02:33.353
And that moment changed me forever.

0:02:34.345,0:02:36.182
Actually, it motivated me.

0:02:36.471,0:02:39.141
And I went to school to study forestry.

0:02:39.465,0:02:44.610
I wanted to understand the mystery[br]of why forests felt so powerful to me.

0:02:44.610,0:02:46.500
I wanted to save forests.

0:02:47.788,0:02:51.182
Ironically though, the first job I got[br]coming out of forestry school

0:02:51.182,0:02:54.542
was to mark old growth trees[br]for clearcutting,

0:02:54.841,0:02:59.423
and then to replant those clearcuts[br]with fast-growing firs and pines,

0:02:59.423,0:03:04.081
and to weed out the unwanted species -[br]the alders, the birches, the aspens.

0:03:05.132,0:03:06.540
And you know what?

0:03:06.540,0:03:09.785
Well, it's because[br]we considered them competitors,

0:03:09.785,0:03:11.812
interfering with our profits.

0:03:12.542,0:03:16.440
And I got pretty good at creating[br]these shiny new monocultures.

0:03:17.281,0:03:20.091
But you know,[br]the questions kept piling up.

0:03:20.611,0:03:24.292
Why was disease spreading[br]through these plantations?

0:03:24.592,0:03:27.763
Why was cutting out birch[br]making the fir so sick?

0:03:28.842,0:03:34.423
And I was also increasingly worried[br]about the increasing rate of clearcutting.

0:03:35.083,0:03:37.942
You see, I'd learned in school[br]that about a century ago,

0:03:37.942,0:03:41.993
that in Canada, in British Columbia,[br]they developed this cutting plan

0:03:41.993,0:03:45.134
to cut down all of the old growth trees[br]in the working forest.

0:03:45.868,0:03:47.894
I knew about it, I'd learned it in school.

0:03:47.894,0:03:52.724
But it took me a long time to realize[br]that the cutting was not going to stop.

0:03:53.253,0:03:58.445
Nor the attitude that we could convert[br]these old growth forests

0:03:58.445,0:04:01.535
into nice marketable, neat plantations.

0:04:02.765,0:04:06.414
It seemed to me that there was more[br]to the forest than meets the eye.

0:04:07.296,0:04:09.470
So, I returned to graduate school

0:04:10.140,0:04:12.585
and I became fascinated[br]with the underground,

0:04:12.585,0:04:17.037
I wanted to understand the mystery of why[br]these old growth forests were so powerful.

0:04:17.037,0:04:19.747
So, I looked at this UK study,

0:04:19.747,0:04:24.146
and they were examining seedlings[br]growing in the laboratory,

0:04:24.146,0:04:27.797
and colonized them with this fungus,[br]a mycorrhizal fungus.

0:04:27.807,0:04:30.568
The fungus connected[br]the seedlings in a web,

0:04:30.568,0:04:34.937
and they transmitted carbon[br]from one seedling to the other.

0:04:36.987,0:04:40.317
A mycorrhiza is literally a fungus-root.

0:04:40.626,0:04:44.237
In this symbiotic association[br]the fungus grows through the soil

0:04:44.237,0:04:47.506
picking up nutrients and water,[br]and bringing them back to the plant,

0:04:47.506,0:04:50.277
and trading them[br]for photosynthetic carbon.

0:04:50.828,0:04:54.538
It's a symbiotic, mutualistic,[br]reciprocal relationship.

0:04:55.169,0:04:56.717
And most fascinating to me,

0:04:56.717,0:05:00.708
these fungi could[br]connect plants below ground.

0:05:01.598,0:05:05.407
So, I wondered, I thought back[br]to my fir forests, and I wondered,

0:05:05.407,0:05:08.507
could the fungi colonizing birch

0:05:08.507,0:05:11.678
actually connect with fir and protect it?

0:05:12.617,0:05:15.176
So, I did some research,[br]I wanted to find out.

0:05:15.176,0:05:18.508
My first question[br]came back to that faith thing again.

0:05:18.508,0:05:20.483
Even though we can't see it,

0:05:21.163,0:05:25.456
could these mycorrhizal fungi[br]be connecting trees below ground?

0:05:25.840,0:05:29.238
Well, it turns out[br]that they can in real forests.

0:05:29.457,0:05:32.702
Using DNA microsatellites,[br]we uncovered this network

0:05:32.702,0:05:35.098
in an old growth Douglas fir forest.

0:05:35.518,0:05:39.557
In this picture, these circles[br]represent Douglas fir trees.

0:05:40.026,0:05:43.508
And the bigger and darker the circle,[br]the bigger and older the tree.

0:05:43.947,0:05:47.368
And those small,[br]light circles in the middle,

0:05:47.368,0:05:49.971
those are the seedlings[br]growing in the understory.

0:05:50.319,0:05:52.666
And these lines[br]that are linking the circles,

0:05:52.666,0:05:56.089
those are the interlinking[br]mycorrhizal fungal highways.

0:05:56.876,0:05:59.309
And you'll notice[br]that the biggest, darkest circles,

0:05:59.309,0:06:02.329
the biggest, oldest trees,[br]are the most highly connected.

0:06:02.940,0:06:04.819
So, we call these 'hub trees.'

0:06:05.190,0:06:08.910
and later, more fondly,[br]we started to call them 'mother trees.'

0:06:10.100,0:06:12.110
Because as it turns out,[br]those mother trees

0:06:12.110,0:06:15.019
are nurturing the young[br]seedlings in the understory.

0:06:16.530,0:06:19.012
Now, this map is of only two

0:06:19.012,0:06:22.912
of what we think are[br]100 fungal species in the forest.

0:06:23.302,0:06:27.702
Could you imagine if we'd been able[br]to map all 100 species?

0:06:29.471,0:06:33.151
Next I wanted to know, what might be[br]flowing through this network?

0:06:33.521,0:06:38.245
Well, it turns out, the very things[br]that plants need to survive and grow.

0:06:38.245,0:06:42.672
Things like carbon,[br]and nutrients, and water.

0:06:42.672,0:06:46.122
So, we use isotopes, carbon isotopes,[br]and we label plants,

0:06:46.122,0:06:48.162
and we were able to see the carbon

0:06:48.162,0:06:50.822
transmix back and forth[br]through this network,

0:06:51.072,0:06:53.960
like messages transmitting[br]through the internet.

0:06:55.012,0:06:59.123
And when one seedling is under stress,[br]if it's small, or shaded,

0:06:59.123,0:07:03.822
or nutrient poor, or senescing,[br]the other plant sends more carbon.

0:07:04.443,0:07:09.102
We figured out that it follows[br]what's called a source-sink gradient.

0:07:09.102,0:07:12.783
From a robust source plant[br]like an illuminated birch tree

0:07:12.783,0:07:16.203
to a needful sink plant[br]like an understory fir tree,

0:07:16.713,0:07:19.673
and all this without[br]harming the source plants.

0:07:20.784,0:07:22.974
The next thing we wanted to know was,

0:07:22.974,0:07:26.815
so this happens, but what does[br]it really matter in forests?

0:07:27.343,0:07:30.134
Well, it turns out[br]if you shade one of the plants,

0:07:30.134,0:07:35.903
if Douglas fir's shaded in the understory,[br]birch will send ten percent of its carbon,

0:07:36.183,0:07:38.254
and that's a lot of carbon.

0:07:38.564,0:07:41.512
That's enough for Douglas fir[br]actually to make seeds.

0:07:42.144,0:07:45.224
Now, we haven't figured out[br]precisely what the amounts mean,

0:07:45.224,0:07:50.144
but we do know that this transfer[br]increases their survival and growth,

0:07:50.144,0:07:53.375
and health of the seedlings[br]growing in the understory.

0:07:54.875,0:07:57.887
Now, I published this work[br]in some pretty good journals.

0:07:59.036,0:08:03.002
This particular article struck a chord.

0:08:04.368,0:08:06.348
Lots of people were enthused.

0:08:06.707,0:08:09.908
In fact, there is a whole bunch[br]of new research all around the world

0:08:09.908,0:08:11.861
that was inspired by this paper.

0:08:12.718,0:08:17.087
But there were also critics[br]who tried to discredit my work.

0:08:17.777,0:08:20.187
In fact, there were[br]a lot of papers written,

0:08:20.187,0:08:22.238
keynote addresses given,

0:08:22.708,0:08:23.948
press releases.

0:08:24.388,0:08:25.808
And back home,

0:08:26.398,0:08:29.588
a professional ethics letter[br]was actually put on my file.

0:08:30.191,0:08:32.757
And my work was called[br]"a dog's breakfast."

0:08:34.448,0:08:37.899
Now, I know that you know[br]that this kind of intimidation

0:08:37.899,0:08:40.946
is actually not that uncommon[br]with breakthrough science,

0:08:40.946,0:08:43.810
especially if it challenges[br]the status quo.

0:08:46.417,0:08:49.297
Knowing this, this didn't stop me.

0:08:49.297,0:08:51.749
I knew that my science[br]was sound and rigorous,

0:08:51.749,0:08:55.370
and I knew that one day it could change[br]the way we view the environment.

0:08:56.049,0:09:00.369
So, really motivated,[br]I returned to my original question,

0:09:00.369,0:09:02.810
because I still[br]hadn't quite answered it yet.

0:09:03.288,0:09:07.399
And I wondered,[br]could these webs, these networks,

0:09:07.399,0:09:10.839
serve as more than just avenues[br]of exchange of carbon and nutrients

0:09:10.839,0:09:11.910
and water.

0:09:11.910,0:09:14.809
Could a tree[br]that's under stress, diseased,

0:09:14.809,0:09:17.670
actually benefit[br]from the health of its neighbors?

0:09:17.670,0:09:20.000
Could birch be helping fir?

0:09:20.370,0:09:24.070
So, I did some more experiments,[br]and it turns out, it does.

0:09:24.661,0:09:27.041
When Douglas fir[br]is under stress or disease,

0:09:27.041,0:09:29.832
it sends warning signals to its neighbors,

0:09:30.371,0:09:34.684
and the neighbors respond by increasing[br]production of their defense enzymes,

0:09:34.684,0:09:37.092
and they're more resistant to disease.

0:09:37.678,0:09:40.053
And if that neighbor is a birch tree,

0:09:40.053,0:09:43.713
the fir benefits from[br]the antibiotic-producing bacteria

0:09:43.713,0:09:46.292
that are associated[br]with this shared network.

0:09:46.522,0:09:48.803
It's like a public immunization system.

0:09:50.274,0:09:53.434
And I wondered, could there be more[br]than defense signals moving?

0:09:53.434,0:09:56.845
Well, it turns out that trees[br]can actually recognize,

0:09:56.845,0:09:59.495
transmit messages to their relatives.

0:10:00.815,0:10:06.555
A mother tree can recognize[br]whether seedlings in her neighborhood

0:10:06.555,0:10:09.027
are her kin or strangers.

0:10:09.377,0:10:13.377
She sends more carbon[br]to kin seedlings than to strangers.

0:10:14.207,0:10:15.917
And if the mother tree is injured,

0:10:15.917,0:10:18.906
she sends even more carbon[br]to her kin seedlings.

0:10:19.676,0:10:24.922
It's as though she's passing her energy,[br]her legacy, to the next generation.

0:10:26.137,0:10:28.296
Now, when I look at all this together,

0:10:28.696,0:10:31.951
it's as though these trees[br]are sharing their deepest secrets.

0:10:33.417,0:10:35.057
This is breakthrough stuff.

0:10:36.167,0:10:37.545
It's pretty exciting.

0:10:37.846,0:10:42.326
You know, at the time,[br]there were actually many articles written,

0:10:42.326,0:10:43.696
Popular Science,

0:10:44.076,0:10:45.577
documentary films,

0:10:45.997,0:10:50.615
the word was getting out,[br]and I was really, really excited.

0:10:52.899,0:10:54.378
But I got cancer.

0:10:57.528,0:10:59.378
And that was really awful.

0:11:01.939,0:11:04.131
But you know,[br]the beautiful thing about this

0:11:04.131,0:11:07.969
is that it re-connected me with my people.

0:11:09.439,0:11:13.688
My people, my family, looked after me.

0:11:14.468,0:11:15.688
They held me.

0:11:16.678,0:11:18.209
They helped me up the stairs.

0:11:18.478,0:11:19.931
They cooked my meals.

0:11:20.872,0:11:22.729
They looked after my children.

0:11:23.129,0:11:24.359
They saved me.

0:11:25.950,0:11:31.340
And back in the hospital,[br]I made even more connections,

0:11:31.340,0:11:32.547
strong ones,

0:11:33.182,0:11:35.942
with other women fighting breast cancer.

0:11:37.032,0:11:39.082
And we were really afraid,

0:11:40.133,0:11:41.534
and we cried.

0:11:43.124,0:11:44.813
But we also laughed.

0:11:46.316,0:11:48.123
We still do every day.

0:11:48.768,0:11:52.294
We've become so tight,[br]we're like this tapestry

0:11:53.005,0:11:54.818
that's knit together in a tight weave.

0:11:54.818,0:11:59.600
When one of us stumbles or bends,[br]the others are right there to pick her up.

0:12:03.056,0:12:05.325
What I've learned through all this,

0:12:05.325,0:12:08.653
is what my forests[br]have been trying to tell me all along -

0:12:08.904,0:12:12.256
that these connections[br]are crucial to our well-being.

0:12:12.816,0:12:14.505
They're not easily seen,

0:12:14.505,0:12:15.755
but they're real.

0:12:16.626,0:12:18.706
And you know what? I'm living proof.

0:12:19.636,0:12:20.965
And I'm really grateful.

0:12:20.965,0:12:22.706
(Applause)

0:12:30.047,0:12:31.247
Thank you.

0:12:31.657,0:12:36.339
Now that I'm strong and healthy again,[br]I've returned to my science,

0:12:36.937,0:12:39.178
and I'm asking other questions.

0:12:39.918,0:12:43.158
My first, and the most important[br]question to me is,

0:12:43.158,0:12:47.629
what can our discoveries tell us[br]about how to deal with our biggest threat?

0:12:47.889,0:12:49.089
Climate change.

0:12:49.538,0:12:51.509
Yeah, climate change is no hoax.

0:12:52.069,0:12:53.719
In fact, we can't kid ourselves,

0:12:53.719,0:12:58.208
there is no fancy engineering[br]that's going to get us out of this mess.

0:13:00.147,0:13:04.929
What my discoveries have shown me,[br]is that the answer, the solution,

0:13:04.929,0:13:07.539
lies in our relationship with nature.

0:13:09.114,0:13:12.529
And in doing this research,[br]I went to the Aboriginal people.

0:13:13.129,0:13:15.260
I'm doing my research[br]with Aboriginal people

0:13:15.260,0:13:18.860
who are, as you know,[br]dependent on the salmon,

0:13:19.171,0:13:22.000
have a long relationship[br]of stewardship of the salmon

0:13:22.000,0:13:26.510
which then helps with their livelihood,[br]it is crucial to their livelihood.

0:13:26.512,0:13:30.212
So, in the fall, when the salmon[br]are spawning in the rivers,

0:13:30.712,0:13:32.881
the bears come down to the river,

0:13:33.164,0:13:36.432
and the wolves, and they feed[br]on the salmon in the spawning rivers,

0:13:36.432,0:13:40.052
and they carry the salmon[br]up into the forest.

0:13:40.052,0:13:42.353
And underneath the big, old mother trees,

0:13:42.353,0:13:44.625
under the sheltering crowns[br]of the mother trees,

0:13:44.625,0:13:45.965
they feed on the salmon.

0:13:46.314,0:13:51.055
And in the fall, the leftovers decay[br]and seep into the ground.

0:13:51.454,0:13:52.694
And we think

0:13:52.694,0:13:55.546
that the big mycorrhizal networks[br]of those mother trees

0:13:55.546,0:13:57.166
soak up that nitrogen.

0:13:57.446,0:14:01.305
And scientists have discovered[br]traces of salmon nitrogen

0:14:01.305,0:14:04.448
in the tree rings,[br]stored there for centuries.

0:14:05.067,0:14:08.946
And what we're going to do this summer[br]is go back to these forests,

0:14:08.946,0:14:12.530
and we're going to trace whether nitrogen[br]- and we think this is happening -

0:14:12.530,0:14:15.319
moves from mother trees[br]to their neighbors,

0:14:15.499,0:14:18.979
from tree to tree to tree,[br]deep into the forest.

0:14:18.979,0:14:21.820
And we think this is tied[br]to the health of the forest,

0:14:22.329,0:14:25.249
which of course is tied[br]to the health of the rivers,

0:14:25.448,0:14:29.918
which of course is linked to the salmon,[br]and the health of the salmon populations,

0:14:29.918,0:14:34.710
which of course, feeds back to the oceans,[br]and comes back to us, the people.

0:14:36.141,0:14:38.411
Now, this circle of life,

0:14:39.051,0:14:42.891
what our Aboriginal ancestors[br]have called 'reciprocity,'

0:14:42.891,0:14:45.182
is the trading of mutual respect.

0:14:47.123,0:14:51.063
And this is a really good example[br]of what scientists are calling

0:14:51.063,0:14:53.164
'complex adaptive systems.'

0:14:54.424,0:14:57.674
Now look, forests[br]are built on relationships.

0:14:59.054,0:15:02.751
In a healthy forest, everything[br]is connected, and communicating.

0:15:03.335,0:15:05.956
Here, these nodes represent the species.

0:15:06.636,0:15:09.406
And they're constantly[br]relating to each other.

0:15:09.406,0:15:14.439
And it's out of their interactions[br]that emerges what scientists are calling

0:15:14.439,0:15:16.186
'complex adaptive behaviors,'

0:15:16.186,0:15:18.516
or higher system level properties.

0:15:18.516,0:15:21.268
Things like resilience and health,

0:15:21.268,0:15:23.799
the cycling of clean air and clean water.

0:15:24.788,0:15:28.843
But you know, in modern society,[br]we view ourselves separate from this,

0:15:30.078,0:15:33.957
somehow entitled, or superior,

0:15:34.442,0:15:37.677
or at the minimum, we take it for granted.

0:15:38.517,0:15:40.988
But the thing is,[br]when we take out key parts,

0:15:40.988,0:15:42.304
like the grizzly bears,

0:15:42.837,0:15:44.947
and we trash the salmon populations,

0:15:45.188,0:15:47.747
these systems rapidly degrade

0:15:47.747,0:15:50.835
into what we're calling[br]'wicked stable states.'

0:15:51.268,0:15:53.818
Now, this is not somewhere we want to go.

0:15:54.298,0:15:56.778
Wicked stable states are unpredictable,

0:15:57.079,0:15:58.208
they're contradictory.

0:15:58.208,0:16:02.184
When you try to fix one problem,[br]another problem shows up over here.

0:16:02.571,0:16:05.321
And the way things are going, right now,

0:16:05.891,0:16:08.260
with our forests[br]dying from climate change,

0:16:08.260,0:16:10.810
which feeds back to more climate change,

0:16:10.810,0:16:12.548
this is happening really fast.

0:16:15.840,0:16:17.721
But here's the beautiful thing:

0:16:18.481,0:16:22.221
It's precisely because[br]they're complex adaptive systems

0:16:22.221,0:16:24.220
poised for change,

0:16:24.220,0:16:27.884
that we can change this trajectory[br]from negative to positive.

0:16:28.670,0:16:30.210
Here's how we do this.

0:16:30.982,0:16:37.532
First, we've got to re-imagine ourselves[br]as part of this network.

0:16:38.162,0:16:41.770
Imagine yourself listening[br]to all the other creatures.

0:16:41.770,0:16:47.771
We can tap into that below-ground network[br]and become part of the conversation.

0:16:50.202,0:16:53.772
If we'd done this, we would never[br]have cut birch out of those forests,

0:16:53.772,0:16:54.934
the Douglas fir forests,

0:16:54.934,0:16:58.284
because we would have known it undermines[br]the resilience of the forest.

0:16:58.528,0:16:59.993
But we're still doing that.

0:17:01.673,0:17:03.533
But I'm still very hopeful,

0:17:03.833,0:17:07.483
because I know that once we tap into[br]this complex adaptive system,

0:17:07.483,0:17:09.084
into our role in it,

0:17:09.084,0:17:12.596
we can change our thinking,[br]we can change our behavior.

0:17:13.106,0:17:16.113
We can become part of this great system.

0:17:17.103,0:17:21.142
Remember when birch[br]was sending nutrients to fir,

0:17:21.543,0:17:24.314
and fir was sending them[br]back to birch, remember that?

0:17:24.625,0:17:28.835
Well, this just proves[br]that in ecosystems, there is no bigotry,

0:17:28.835,0:17:30.905
there's only reciprocity,

0:17:31.235,0:17:33.121
only mutual respect.

0:17:34.016,0:17:36.425
Just like in my cancer support network.

0:17:36.895,0:17:38.395
That's what we practice.

0:17:40.625,0:17:42.472
So finally, thirdly,

0:17:42.984,0:17:45.416
I know that once we understand

0:17:46.366,0:17:50.616
that we are deeply part of nature,

0:17:50.616,0:17:52.115
really part of nature,

0:17:52.716,0:17:53.955
not separate,

0:17:55.275,0:17:58.715
that we can become[br]part of the great strengthening,

0:17:58.715,0:18:00.815
that positive trajectory.

0:18:01.186,0:18:06.056
We have to stop treating nature[br]as our shopping mall,

0:18:07.046,0:18:09.967
and once we do that,[br]we can change the arc of the future.

0:18:13.106,0:18:17.426
Once, I thought that fairies[br]connected and protected the forest,

0:18:17.426,0:18:20.818
and now with my science,[br]I know I wasn't that far off.

0:18:21.089,0:18:22.859
(Laughter)

0:18:26.160,0:18:31.918
Using science, I've shown that precisely,[br]these unseen connections exist,

0:18:32.408,0:18:35.531
just like the Coast Salish[br]have been telling us all along.

0:18:36.761,0:18:40.091
They've shown, the science has shown,[br]that everything is connected

0:18:40.091,0:18:41.344
and communicating,

0:18:41.344,0:18:43.550
with respect and reciprocity.

0:18:43.550,0:18:48.229
And out of this comes balance[br]in our communities and our ecosystems.

0:18:48.229,0:18:50.763
And it's based on principles like kinship,

0:18:51.123,0:18:52.809
respect of elders,

0:18:52.809,0:18:56.475
and this gives rise[br]to complexity and adaptability.

0:18:56.475,0:19:00.100
And out of this, of course,[br]we have resilience.

0:19:00.430,0:19:04.489
Resilience to deal with things[br]like climate change.

0:19:05.732,0:19:09.085
So, I want to leave you[br]with one final, hopeful message.

0:19:12.371,0:19:17.922
I know, based on my experience,[br]and in my science,

0:19:17.922,0:19:20.141
that you, too, can own this,

0:19:20.658,0:19:22.241
that we are one.

0:19:22.769,0:19:24.102
Thank you very much.

0:19:24.102,0:19:26.594
(Applause)