[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.78,0:00:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I am a surgeon who studies creativity,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.28,0:00:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I have never had a patient tell me
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.13,0:00:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that "I really want you\Nto be creative during surgery,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.00,0:00:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so I guess\Nthere's a little bit of irony to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.14,0:00:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will say though that,\Nafter having done surgery a lot,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.47,0:00:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's similar to playing\Na musical instrument.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.70,0:00:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for me, this deep\Nand enduring fascination with sound
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.56,0:00:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what led me to both be a surgeon
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.32,0:00:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to study the science\Nof sound, particularly music.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.88,0:00:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to talk\Nover the next few minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.95,0:00:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about my career
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.27,0:00:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of how I'm able to study music
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.58,0:00:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to grapple\Nwith all these questions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.63,0:00:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how the brain is able to be creative.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've done most of this work\Nat Johns Hopkins University,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.65,0:00:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the National Institute\Nof Health where I was previously.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.66,0:00:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll go over some science experiments\Nand cover three musical experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.19,0:00:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will start off by playing\Na video for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.27,0:00:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This video is of Keith Jarrett,\Nwho's a well-known jazz improviser
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.40,0:00:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably the most\Nwell-known, iconic example
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.87,0:00:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of someone who takes improvisation\Nto a higher level.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.39,0:00:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he'll improvise entire concerts\Noff the top of his head,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.55,0:00:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he'll never play it\Nexactly the same way again,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.98,0:01:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so as a form of intense creativity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.99,0:01:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think this is a great example.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.63,0:01:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so why don't we go\Nand click the video.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.80,0:02:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(End of music)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.82,0:02:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really a remarkable\Nthing that happens there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.18,0:02:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've always as a listener, as a fan,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.94,0:02:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I listen to that, and I'm astounded.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.68,0:02:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think -- how can this possibly be?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.44,0:02:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can the brain generate\Nthat much information,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.75,0:02:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that much music, spontaneously?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.36,0:02:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I set out\Nwith this concept, scientifically,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.00,0:02:22.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that artistic creativity,\Nit's magical, but it's not magic,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.38,0:02:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning that it's a product of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.41,0:02:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's not too many brain-dead\Npeople creating art.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.86,0:02:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this notion that artistic creativity\Nis in fact a neurologic product,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.52,0:02:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I took this thesis that we could study it
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:02:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like we study any other\Ncomplex neurologic process,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.14,0:02:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are subquestions\Nthat I put there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.22,0:02:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it possible to study\Ncreativity scientifically?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.63,0:02:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that's a good question.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.69,0:02:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll tell you that most\Nscientific studies of music,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.40,0:02:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're very dense,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.94,0:02:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you go through them,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.36,0:02:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's very hard to recognize\Nthe music in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.45,0:02:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, they seem to be\Nunmusical entirely
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.70,0:02:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to miss the point of the music.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.51,0:02:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This brings the second question:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.09,0:02:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should scientists study creativity?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:03:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe we're not the right people to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.10,0:03:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.13,0:03:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well it may be, but I will say that,\Nfrom a scientific perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.60,0:03:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we talked a lot about innovation today,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.64,0:03:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the science of innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much we understand\Nabout how the brain is able to innovate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.98,0:03:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in its infancy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.24,0:03:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and truly, we know very little\Nabout how we are able to be creative.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.74,0:03:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that we're going to see,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.28,0:03:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the next 10, 20, 30 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,0:03:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a real science of creativity\Nthat's burgeoning
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.20,0:03:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is going to flourish,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.42,0:03:24.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we now have new methods\Nthat can enable us
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.88,0:03:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take this process\Nlike complex jazz improvisation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.42,0:03:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and study it rigorously.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.82,0:03:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it gets down to the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.99,0:03:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of us have this remarkable brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.81,0:03:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is poorly understood,\Nto say the least.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.29,0:03:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that neuroscientists\Nhave more questions than answers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.51,0:03:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm not going\Nto give you answers today,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.74,0:03:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just ask a lot of questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.12,0:03:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what I do in my lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.65,0:03:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I ask questions about what is the brain\Ndoing to enable us to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.99,0:03:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the main method that I use.\NThis is functional MRI.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.79,0:03:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you've been in an MRI scanner,\Nit's very much the same,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.54,0:03:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this one is outfitted in a special way\Nto not just take pictures of your brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.48,0:04:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to also take pictures\Nof active areas of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.43,0:04:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way that's done is by the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.36,0:04:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's something called BOLD imaging,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.19,0:04:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is Blood Oxygen\NLevel Dependent imaging.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.28,0:04:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you're in an fMRI scanner,\Nyou're in a big magnet
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.89,0:04:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's aligning your molecules\Nin certain areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.29,0:04:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When an area of the brain is active,\Nmeaning a neural area is active,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.03,0:04:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it gets blood flow shunted to that area.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.29,0:04:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That blood flow causes an increase\Nin local blood to that area
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.67,0:04:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a deoxyhemoglobin\Nchange in concentration.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.67,0:04:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Deoxyhemoglobin can be detected by MRI,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.85,0:04:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas oxyhemoglobin can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.73,0:04:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So through this method of inference --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.70,0:04:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're measuring blood flow,\Nnot neural activity --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.27,0:04:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we say that an area of the brain\Nthat's getting more blood
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.03,0:04:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was active during a particular task,\Nand that's the crux of how fMRI works.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.60,0:04:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's been used since the '90s\Nto study really complex processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.52,0:04:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to review a study that I did,\Nwhich was jazz in an fMRI scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.05,0:04:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was done with a colleague,\NAlan Braun, at the NIH.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.58,0:04:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a short video\Nof how we did this project.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.00,0:04:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Charles Limb: This is a plastic\NMIDI piano keyboard
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.80,0:04:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we use for the jazz experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.61,0:04:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a 35-key keyboard
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.69,0:05:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,designed to fit both inside the scanner,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.17,0:05:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be magnetically safe,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.53,0:05:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have minimal interference\Nthat would contribute to any artifact,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.40,0:05:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have this cushion\Nso that it can rest on the players' legs
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.34,0:05:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while they're lying down in the scanner,\Nplaying on their back.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.32,0:05:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It works like this --\Nthis doesn't actually produce any sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.37,0:05:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sends out what's called\Na MIDI signal --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.84,0:05:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a Musical Instrument\NDigital Interface --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.91,0:05:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through these wires into the box\Nand then the computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.60,0:05:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which then trigger\Nhigh-quality piano samples like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.56,0:05:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.05,0:05:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.33,0:05:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.33,0:05:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,0:05:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so through this piano keyboard,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.00,0:06:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have the means to take\Na musical process and study it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.77,0:06:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do you do now that you have\Nthis cool piano keyboard?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.72,0:06:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't just say,\N"It's great we have a keyboard."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.19,0:06:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to come up\Nwith a scientific experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.54,0:06:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The experiment\Nreally rests on the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.93,0:06:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens in the brain during something\Nthat's memorized and over-learned,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.60,0:06:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what happens in the brain\Nduring something
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.78,0:06:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is spontaneously\Ngenerated, or improvised,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.07,0:06:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way that's matched motorically
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.91,0:06:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in terms of lower-level\Nsensory motor features?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.78,0:06:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have here what we call the paradigms.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.40,0:06:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a scale paradigm, which is playing\Na scale up and down, memorized,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.92,0:06:31.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then there's improvising on a scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.68,0:06:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quarter notes, metronome, right hand --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.74,0:06:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientifically very safe,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.33,0:06:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but musically really boring.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.23,0:06:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then there's the bottom one,\Nwhich is called the jazz paradigm.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.23,0:06:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we brought professional\Njazz players to the NIH,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.65,0:06:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had them memorize\Nthis piece of music on the lower-left,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.63,0:06:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what you heard me playing --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.47,0:06:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had them improvise\Nto the same chord changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.99,0:06:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you can hit\Nthat lower-right sound icon,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.22,0:06:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's an example\Nof what was recorded in the scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.07,0:06:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.80,0:07:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.83,0:07:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the end, it's not the most\Nnatural environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.27,0:07:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're able to play real music.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.20,0:07:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've listened to that solo 200 times,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.19,0:07:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I still like it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.40,0:07:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the musicians\Nwere comfortable in the end.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.81,0:07:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We first measured the number of notes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.65,0:07:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Were they playing more notes\Nwhen they were improvising?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.34,0:07:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was not what was going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.95,0:07:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we looked at the brain activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.96,0:07:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will try to condense this for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.79,0:07:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are contrast maps that are showing\Nsubtractions between what changes
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.29,0:07:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you're improvising\Nvs. when you're doing something memorized.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.41,0:07:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In red is an area that's active\Nin the prefrontal cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.22,0:07:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the frontal lobe of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.71,0:07:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in blue is this area\Nthat was deactivated.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.91,0:07:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had this focal area\Ncalled the medial prefrontal cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.81,0:07:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that went way up in activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.22,0:08:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had this broad patch of area\Ncalled the lateral prefrontal cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.47,0:08:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that went way down in activity,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.02,0:08:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll summarize that for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.54,0:08:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are multifunctional\Nareas of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.67,0:08:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are not the jazz areas of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.85,0:08:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do a whole host of things
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.80,0:08:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have to do with self-reflection,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.68,0:08:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,introspection, working memory etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.06,0:08:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really, consciousness is seated\Nin the frontal lobe.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.58,0:08:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have this combination
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.63,0:08:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an area that's thought to be involved\Nin self-monitoring, turning off,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.11,0:08:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this area that's thought\Nto be autobiographical,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.59,0:08:28.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or self-expressive, turning on.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.15,0:08:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think, at least in this preliminary --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.25,0:08:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's one study; it's probably wrong,\Nbut it's one study --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.02,0:08:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.09,0:08:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we think that at least\Na reasonable hypothesis
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.84,0:08:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that, to be creative,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.03,0:08:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should have this weird dissociation\Nin your frontal lobe.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.93,0:08:43.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One area turns on,\Nand a big area shuts off,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.48,0:08:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you're not inhibited,\Nyou're willing to make mistakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.44,0:08:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you're not constantly\Nshutting down
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.63,0:08:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these new generative impulses.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.58,0:08:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now a lot of people know that music\Nis not always a solo activity --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.05,0:08:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes it's done communicatively.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.79,0:08:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next question was:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.00,0:08:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens when musicians\Nare trading back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.60,0:09:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something called "trading fours,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.23,0:09:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is something they do\Nnormally in a jazz experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.08,0:09:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a 12-bar blues,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.52,0:09:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've broken it\Ndown into four-bar groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.65,0:09:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you would know how you would trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.49,0:09:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We brought a musician\Ninto the scanner, same way,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.80,0:09:13.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had them memorize this melody
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.23,0:09:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then had another musician\Nout in the control room
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.82,0:09:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trading back and forth interactively.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.82,0:09:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a musician, Mike Pope,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.46,0:09:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the world's best bassists\Nand a fantastic piano player.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.57,0:09:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.86,0:09:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's now playing the piece\Nthat we just saw
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.25,0:09:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little better than I wrote it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.00,0:09:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) CL: Mike, come on in.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.79,0:09:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mike Pope: May the force be with you.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.58,0:09:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nurse: Nothing in your pockets, Mike?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.37,0:09:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MP: No. Nothing's in my pockets.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.58,0:09:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: You have to have the right\Nattitude to agree to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.38,0:09:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.66,0:09:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of fun actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.50,0:09:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.12,0:09:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we're playing back and forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.84,0:10:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's in there.\NYou can see his legs up there.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.08,0:10:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.45,0:10:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I'm in the control room here,\Nplaying back and forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.66,0:10:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.13,0:10:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.00,0:10:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Mike Pope:\NThis is a pretty good representation
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.37,0:10:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what it's like.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.18,0:10:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's good that it's not too quick.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.20,0:10:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact that we do it over and over again
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.80,0:10:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lets you acclimate to your surroundings.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.03,0:10:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the hardest thing for me\Nwas the kinesthetic thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.72,0:10:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at my hands through two mirrors,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.00,0:10:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laying on my back,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.00,0:10:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not able to move at all\Nexcept for my hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.70,0:10:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was challenging.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.60,0:10:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.95,0:10:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were moments, for sure --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.76,0:10:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.79,0:10:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were moments of real, honest-to-God\Nmusical interplay, for sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.79,0:10:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: At this point,\NI'll take a few moments.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.81,0:10:59.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what you're seeing here --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.72,0:11:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm doing a cardinal sin in science,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.82,0:11:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is to show you preliminary data.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.65,0:11:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one subject's data.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.43,0:11:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is, in fact, Mike Pope's data.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.20,0:11:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what am I showing you here?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.70,0:11:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he was trading fours with me,\Nimprovising vs. memorized,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.84,0:11:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his language areas lit up,\Nhis Broca's area,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.61,0:11:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the inferior frontal gyrus on the left.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.69,0:11:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had it also homologous on the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.63,0:11:22.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an area thought to be\Ninvolved in expressive communication.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.81,0:11:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This whole notion\Nthat music is a language --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.96,0:11:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe there's a neurologic\Nbasis to it after all,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.28,0:11:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can see it when two musicians\Nare having a musical conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.66,0:11:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've done this on eight subjects now,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.66,0:11:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're getting all the data together,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.61,0:11:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hopefully we'll have something\Nto say about it meaningfully.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.46,0:11:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now when I think about improvisation\Nand the language, what's next?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.73,0:11:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rap, of course, rap -- freestyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.00,0:11:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've always been fascinated by freestyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.77,0:11:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's play this video.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.31,0:11:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Mos Def: Brown skin I be,\Nstanding five-ten I be
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.17,0:11:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rockin' it when I be, in your vicinity
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.22,0:11:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whole-style synergy, recognize symmetry
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.26,0:11:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go and try to injure me,\Nbroke 'em down chemically
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.62,0:12:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ain't the number 10 MC,\Ntalk about how been I be
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.07,0:12:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Styled it like Kennedy,\Nlate like a 10 to three
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.49,0:12:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I say when I be,\Ngirls say bend that key cut
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.34,0:12:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: So there's a lot of analogy
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.18,0:12:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between what takes place\Nin freestyle rap and jazz.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.66,0:12:12.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are a lot of correlates\Nbetween the two forms of music,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.60,0:12:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think, in different time periods,\Nin lot of ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.07,0:12:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rap serves the same social function\Nthat jazz used to serve.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.92,0:12:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do you study rap scientifically?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.84,0:12:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my colleagues think I'm crazy,\Nbut I think it's very viable.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.00,0:12:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what you do:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.25,0:12:26.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have a freestyle artist come\Nand memorize a rap
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.02,0:12:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you write for them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.27,0:12:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they've never heard before,\Nand then you have them freestyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.72,0:12:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I told my lab members\Nthat I would rap for TED,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.16,0:12:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they said, "No, you won't."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.83,0:12:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I thought --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.06,0:12:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.40,0:12:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.15,0:12:45.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's the thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.45,0:12:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this big screen,\Nyou can all rap with me. OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.38,0:12:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we had them do
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.24,0:12:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was memorize this lower-left\Nsound icon, please.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.86,0:12:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the control condition.\NThis is what they memorized.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.78,0:12:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: Memory, thump.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.84,0:12:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: Thump of the beat in a known repeat
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.00,0:13:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rhythm and rhyme, they make me complete
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.00,0:13:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The climb is sublime when I'm on the mic
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.12,0:13:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spittin' rhymes that hit you\Nlike a lightning strike
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.70,0:13:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: Search
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.89,0:13:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: I search for the truth\Nin this eternal quest
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.26,0:13:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My passion's not fashion,\Nyou can see how I'm dressed
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.01,0:13:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychopathic words in my head appear
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.00,0:13:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whisper these lyrics only I can hear
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.26,0:13:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: Art.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.46,0:13:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: The art of discovering\Nand that which is hovering
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.11,0:13:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside the mind of those unconfined
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.00,0:13:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these words keep\Npouring out like rain
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I need a mad scientist to check my brain
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.76,0:13:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: Stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.09,0:13:38.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.27,0:13:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guarantee you\Nthat will never happen again.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.47,0:13:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.43,0:13:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, what's great\Nabout these free-stylers,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.64,0:13:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will get cued different words.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.53,0:13:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't know what's coming,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.100,0:13:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they'll hear something off the cuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.94,0:13:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go hit that right sound icon,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.37,0:13:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will be cued three square words:\Nlike, not and head.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.12,0:13:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He doesn't know what's coming.\NComputer: Like
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.29,0:14:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Freestyler: I'm like some kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.09,0:14:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extraterrestrial, celestial scene
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.34,0:14:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in the days, I used to sit\Nin pyramids and meditate
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.20,0:14:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With two microphones -- Computer: Head
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.40,0:14:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hovering over my head
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.76,0:14:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See if I could still listen,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.14,0:14:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spittin' off the sound
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.46,0:14:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See what you grinning
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.66,0:14:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I teach the children\Nin the back of the classroom
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.11,0:14:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About the message of apocalyptical
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.53,0:14:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: Not.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.72,0:14:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not really though,\N'cause I've got to keep it simple
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.37,0:14:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instrumental
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.00,0:14:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Detrimental playing Super Mario
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.00,0:14:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boxes [unclear] hip hop
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.18,0:14:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: Stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.62,0:14:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: It's an incredible\Nthing that's taking place.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.96,0:14:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's doing something\Nneurologically remarkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.21,0:14:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether or not you like\Nthe music is irrelevant.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.55,0:14:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Creatively speaking,\Nit's just a phenomenal thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.97,0:14:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a short video\Nof how we do this in a scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.51,0:14:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[fMRI of Hip-Hop Rap]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.05,0:14:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.21,0:14:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) CL: We're here with Emmanuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.01,0:14:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: That was recorded\Nin the scanner, by the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.34,0:14:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) CL: That's Emmanuel\Nin the scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.00,0:14:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's just memorized a rhyme for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.04,0:14:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Control Condition Memorized Verses]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.75,0:14:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Emmanuel: Top of the beat with no repeat
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.00,0:15:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rhythm and rhyme make me complete
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.00,0:15:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climb is sublime when I'm on the mic
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.00,0:15:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spittin' rhymes that'll hit you\Nlike a lightning strike
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.80,0:15:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: Search.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.98,0:15:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I search for the truth\Nin this eternal quest
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.26,0:15:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm passing on fashion;\Nyou can see how I'm dressed
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.86,0:15:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: I'm going to stop that there;\Nso what do we see in his brain?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.95,0:15:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is four rappers' brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.63,0:15:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we do see language areas lighting up,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.69,0:15:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then, eyes closed --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.00,0:15:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you are freestyling vs. memorizing,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.34,0:15:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got major visual areas lighting up.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.52,0:15:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got major cerebellar activity,\Nwhich is involved in motor coordination.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.23,0:15:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have heightened brain activity\Nwhen you're doing a comparable task,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.61,0:15:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when that one task is creative\Nand the other task is memorized.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.59,0:15:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very preliminary,\Nbut I think it's kind of cool.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.40,0:15:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To conclude, we've got\Na lot of questions to ask,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.73,0:15:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and like I said, we'll ask questions\Nhere, not answer them.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.66,0:15:50.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we want to get at the root\Nof what is creative genius neurologically,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.13,0:15:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think, with these methods,\Nwe're getting close.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.72,0:15:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think, hopefully\Nin the next 10, 20 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.04,0:15:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll see real, meaningful studies
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.96,0:15:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that say science has to catch up to art,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.00,0:16:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe we're starting now to get there.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.41,0:16:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you for your time, I appreciate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.43,0:16:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)