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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I am a surgeon who studies creativity,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.00,0:00:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I have never had a patient tell me
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.00,0:00:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that "I really want you to be creative during surgery,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.00,0:00:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so I guess there's a little bit of irony to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.00,0:00:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will say though that, after having done surgery a lot,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.00,0:00:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's somewhat similar to playing a musical instrument.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.00,0:00:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for me, this sort of deep and enduring fascination with sound
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.00,0:00:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what led me to both be a surgeon
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.00,0:00:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also to study the science of sound, particularly music.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.00,0:00:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I'm going to try to talk to you over the next few minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.00,0:00:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about my career
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.00,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of how I'm able to actually try to study music
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really try to grapple with all these questions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how the brain is able to be creative.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've done most of this work at Johns Hopkins University,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also at the National Institute of Health where I was previously.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.00,0:00:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to go over some science experiments
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.00,0:00:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to cover three musical experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to start off by playing a video for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.00,0:00:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this video is a video of Keith Jarrett, who's a well-known jazz improviser
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.00,0:00:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably the most well-known, iconic example
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.00,0:00:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of someone who takes improvisation to a really higher level.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.00,0:00:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he'll improvise entire concerts
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.00,0:00:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off the top of his head,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.00,0:00:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he'll never play it exactly the same way again,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.00,0:01:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so, as a form of intense creativity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.00,0:01:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think this is a great example.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.00,0:01:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so why don't we go and click the video.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.00,0:02:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really a remarkable, awesome thing that happens there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.00,0:02:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've always -- just as a listener, as just a fan --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.00,0:02:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I listen to that, and I'm just astounded.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.00,0:02:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think -- how can this possibly be?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.00,0:02:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can the brain generate that much information,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.00,0:02:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that much music, spontaneously?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.00,0:02:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I set out with this concept, scientifically,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.00,0:02:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that artistic creativity, it's magical, but it's not magic,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.00,0:02:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning that it's a product of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.00,0:02:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's not too many brain-dead people creating art.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.00,0:02:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so with this notion that artistic creativity
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in fact a neurologic product,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I took this thesis that we could study it
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like we study any other complex neurologic process.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think there's some sub-questions there that I put there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.00,0:02:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it truly possible to study creativity scientifically?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.00,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that's a good question.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll tell you that most scientific studies of music,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're very dense,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.00,0:02:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you actually go through them, it's very hard to recognize the music in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.00,0:02:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, they seem to be very unmusical entirely
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.00,0:02:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to miss the whole point of the music.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.00,0:02:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it brings the second question:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.00,0:02:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should scientists study creativity?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:03:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe we're not the right people to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well it may be,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.00,0:03:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I will say that, from a scientific perspective --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.00,0:03:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we talked a lot about innovation today --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.00,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the science of innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much we understand about how the brain is able to innovate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.00,0:03:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in its infancy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.00,0:03:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and truly, we know very little about how we are able to be creative.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I think that we're going to see
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the next 10, 20, 30 years
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,0:03:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a real science of creativity that's burgeoning and is going to flourish.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we now have new methods that can enable us
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take this process of something like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.00,0:03:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,complex jazz improvisation, and study it rigorously.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.00,0:03:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it gets down to the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.00,0:03:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so all of us have this remarkable brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.00,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is poorly understood to say the least.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that neuroscientists
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.00,0:03:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have many more questions than answers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.00,0:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I myself, I'm not going to give you many answers today,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.00,0:03:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just ask a lot of questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.00,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And fundamentally that's what I do in my lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I ask questions about what is this brain doing to enable us to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.00,0:03:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the main method that I use. This is called functional MRI.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.00,0:03:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you've been in an MRI scanner, it's very much the same,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.00,0:03:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this one is outfitted in a special way
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.00,0:03:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to not just take pictures of your brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.00,0:04:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to also take pictures of active areas of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.00,0:04:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the way that's done is by the following.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.00,0:04:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's something called BOLD imaging,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.00,0:04:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is Blood Oxygen Level Dependent imaging.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.00,0:04:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now when you're in an fMRI scanner,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.00,0:04:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're in a big magnet
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.00,0:04:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's aligning your molecules in certain areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.00,0:04:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When an area of the brain is active, meaning a neural area is active,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.00,0:04:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it gets blood flow shunted to that area.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That blood flow causes an increase
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in local blood to that area
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a deoxyhemoglobin change in concentration.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.00,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Deoxyhemoglobin can be detected by MRI,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.00,0:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas oxyhemoglobin can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.00,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So through this method of inference --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're measuring blood flow, not neural activity --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we say that an area of the brain that's getting more blood
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.00,0:04:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was active during a particular task,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.00,0:04:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the crux of how fMRI works.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.00,0:04:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's been used since the '90s
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.00,0:04:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to study really complex processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.00,0:04:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm going to review a study that I did,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.00,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was jazz in an fMRI scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was done with a colleague of mine, Alan Braun, at the NIH.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.00,0:04:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a short video of how we did this project.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.00,0:04:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Charles Limb: This is a plastic MIDI piano keyboard
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.00,0:04:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we use for the jazz experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.00,0:04:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a 35-key keyboard
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is designed to fit both inside the scanner,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.00,0:05:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be magnetically safe,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.00,0:05:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have minimal interference
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.00,0:05:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would contribute to any artifact
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.00,0:05:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have this cushion so that it can rest on the players' legs
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.00,0:05:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while they're lying down in the scanner, playing on their back.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.00,0:05:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it works like this -- this doesn't actually produce any sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.00,0:05:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sends out what's called a MIDI signal --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.00,0:05:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a Musical Instrument Digital Interface --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.00,0:05:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through these wires into the box and then the computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.00,0:05:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which then trigger high-quality piano samples like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.00,0:05:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.00,0:05:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.00,0:05:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: Okay, so it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,0:05:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so through this piano keyboard,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.00,0:06:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we now have the means to take a musical process and study it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.00,0:06:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do you do now that you have this cool piano keyboard?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.00,0:06:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't just sort of -- "It's great we've got this keyboard."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.00,0:06:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually have to come up with a scientific experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.00,0:06:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the experiment really rests on the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.00,0:06:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens in the brain during something that's memorized and over-learned,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.00,0:06:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what happens in the brain during something
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.00,0:06:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is spontaneously generated, or improvised,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.00,0:06:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way that's matched motorically
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.00,0:06:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in terms of lower-level sensory motor features?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.00,0:06:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, I have here what we call the "paradigms."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.00,0:06:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a scale paradigm, which is just playing a scale up and down, memorized.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.00,0:06:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's improvising on a scale --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.00,0:06:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quarter notes, metronome, right hand --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientifically very safe,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.00,0:06:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but musically really boring.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.00,0:06:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's the bottom one, which is called the jazz paradigm.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.00,0:06:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what we did was we brought professional jazz players to the NIH,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.00,0:06:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had them memorize this piece of music on the left, the lower-left --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.00,0:06:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what you heard me playing --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.00,0:06:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we had them improvise to the same exact chord changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.00,0:06:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you can hit that lower-right sound icon,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.00,0:06:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's an example of what was recorded in the scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.00,0:06:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.00,0:07:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the end, it's not the most natural environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.00,0:07:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're able to play real music.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.00,0:07:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've listened to that solo 200 times,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.00,0:07:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I still like it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.00,0:07:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the musicians, they were comfortable in the end.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.00,0:07:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we first measured the number of notes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.00,0:07:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Were they in fact just playing a lot more notes when they were improvising?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.00,0:07:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was not what was going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.00,0:07:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we looked at the brain activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.00,0:07:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to try to condense this for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.00,0:07:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are contrast maps that are showing subtractions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.00,0:07:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between what changes when you're improvising
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.00,0:07:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus when you're doing something memorized.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.00,0:07:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In red is an area that active in the prefrontal cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.00,0:07:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the frontal lobe of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.00,0:07:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in blue is this area that was deactivated.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.00,0:07:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we had this focal area called the medial prefrontal cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.00,0:07:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that went way up in activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had this broad patch of area called the lateral prefrontal cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.00,0:08:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that went way down in activity, and I'll summarize that for you here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.00,0:08:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now these are multifunctional areas of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.00,0:08:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I like to say, these are not the "jazz areas" of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.00,0:08:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do a whole host of things
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.00,0:08:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have to do with self-reflection,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.00,0:08:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,introspection, working memory and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.00,0:08:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really, consciousness is seated in the frontal lobe.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.00,0:08:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have this combination
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.00,0:08:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an area that's thought to be involved in self-monitoring, turning off,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.00,0:08:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this area that's thought to be autobiographical,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.00,0:08:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or self-expressive, turning on.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.00,0:08:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we think, at least in this preliminary --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.00,0:08:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's one study; it's probably wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.00,0:08:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's one study --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.00,0:08:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we think that at least a reasonable hypothesis
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.00,0:08:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that, to be creative,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.00,0:08:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to have this weird dissociation in your frontal lobe.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.00,0:08:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One area turns on, and a big area shuts off,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.00,0:08:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you're not inhibited, so that you're willing to make mistakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.00,0:08:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you're not constantly shutting down
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.00,0:08:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these new generative impulses.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.00,0:08:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now a lot of people know that music is not always a solo activity --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.00,0:08:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes it's done communicatively.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.00,0:08:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the next question was:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.00,0:08:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens when musicians are trading back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something called "trading fours,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is something they do normally in a jazz experiment?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.00,0:09:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a twelve-bar blues.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.00,0:09:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've broken it down into four-bar groups here,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.00,0:09:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you would know how you would trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.00,0:09:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what we did was we brought a musician into the scanner -- same way --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.00,0:09:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had them memorize this melody
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.00,0:09:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then had another musician out in the control room
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.00,0:09:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trading back and forth interactively.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.00,0:09:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a musician, Mike Pope,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.00,0:09:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the world's best bassists and a fantastic piano player.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.00,0:09:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he's now playing the piece
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.00,0:09:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we just saw
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.00,0:09:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a little better than I wrote it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.00,0:09:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) CL: Mike, come on in. Mike Pope: May the force be with you.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.00,0:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nurse: Nothing's in your pockets, right Mike?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.00,0:09:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MP: Nope. Nothing's in my pockets. Nurse: Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.00,0:09:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: You have to have the right attitude to agree to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.00,0:09:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.00,0:09:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of fun actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.00,0:09:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so now we're playing back and forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.00,0:10:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's in there. You can see his legs up there.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.00,0:10:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I'm in the control room here, playing back and forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.00,0:10:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.00,0:10:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Mike Pope: This is a pretty good representation
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.00,0:10:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what it's like.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's good that it's not too quick.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.00,0:10:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact that we do it over and over again
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.00,0:10:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lets you acclimate to your surroundings.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.00,0:10:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the hardest thing for me was the kinesthetic thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.00,0:10:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of looking at my hands
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.00,0:10:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through two mirrors,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.00,0:10:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laying on my back
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.00,0:10:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not able to move at all except for my hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.00,0:10:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was challenging.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.00,0:10:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.00,0:10:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were moments, for sure,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.00,0:10:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were moments
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.00,0:10:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of real, honest-to-God musical interplay, for sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.00,0:10:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: At this point, I'll take a few moments.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.00,0:10:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what you're seeing here --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.00,0:11:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm doing a cardinal sin in science,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.00,0:11:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is to show you preliminary data.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.00,0:11:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one subject's data.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.00,0:11:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is, in fact, Mike Pope's data.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.00,0:11:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what am I showing you here?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.00,0:11:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he was trading fours with me, improvising versus memorized,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.00,0:11:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his language areas lit up, his Broca's area,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.00,0:11:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is inferior frontal gyrus on the left.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.00,0:11:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He actually had it also homologous on the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.00,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an area thought to be involved in expressive communication.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This whole notion that music is a language --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:11:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well maybe there's a neurologic basis to it in fact after all,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.00,0:11:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can see it when two musicians are having a musical conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.00,0:11:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we've done this actually on eight subjects now,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.00,0:11:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're just getting all the data together,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.00,0:11:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so hopefully we'll have something to say about it meaningfully.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.00,0:11:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now when I think about improvisation and the language, well what's next?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.00,0:11:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rap, of course, rap --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.00,0:11:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,free-style.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.00,0:11:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I've always been fascinated by free-style.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.00,0:11:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's go ahead and play this video here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.00,0:11:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Mos Def: ♫ ... brown skin I be, standing five-ten I be ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.00,0:11:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Rockin' it when I be, in your vicinity ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.00,0:11:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Whole-style synergy, recognize symmetry ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.00,0:11:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Go and try to injure me, broke 'em down chemically ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.00,0:11:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Ain't the number 10 MC, talk about how been I be ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.00,0:12:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Styled it like Kennedy, late like a 10 to three ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.00,0:12:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ When I say when I be, girls say bend that key cut ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.00,0:12:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: And so there's a lot of analogy
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.00,0:12:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between what takes place in free-style rap and jazz.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.00,0:12:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are, in fact, a lot of correlations between the two forms of music
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.00,0:12:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think in different time periods.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.00,0:12:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a lot a ways, rap serves the same social function
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.00,0:12:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that jazz used to serve.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.00,0:12:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do you study rap scientifically?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.00,0:12:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my colleagues kind of think I'm crazy,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.00,0:12:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think it's very viable.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.00,0:12:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this is what you do: you have a free-style artist
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.00,0:12:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come in and memorize a rap that you write for them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.00,0:12:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they've never heard before,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.00,0:12:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you have them free-style.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.00,0:12:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I told my lab members that I would rap for TED,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.00,0:12:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they said, "No, you won't."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.00,0:12:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I thought --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.00,0:12:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.00,0:12:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's the thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.00,0:12:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this big screen, you can all rap with me. Okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.00,0:12:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we had them do
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.00,0:12:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was memorize this lower-left sound icon, please.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.00,0:12:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the control condition. This is what they memorized.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.00,0:12:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: ♫ Memory, thump. ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.00,0:13:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: ♫ Thump of the beat in a known repeat ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.00,0:13:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Rhythm and rhyme, they make me complete ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.00,0:13:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ The climb is sublime when I'm on the mic ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.00,0:13:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Spittin' rhymes that hit you like a lightning strike ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.00,0:13:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ I search for the truth in this eternal quest ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.00,0:13:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ My passion's not fashion, you can see how I'm dressed ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.00,0:13:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Psychopathic words in my head appear ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.00,0:13:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Whisper these lyrics only I can hear ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.00,0:13:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ The art of discovering and that which is hovering ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.00,0:13:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Inside the mind of those unconfined ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.00,0:13:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ All of these words keep pouring out like rain ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ I need a mad scientist to check my brain ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.00,0:13:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.00,0:13:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guarantee you that will never happen again.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.00,0:13:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.00,0:13:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, what's great about these free-stylers,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.00,0:13:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will get cued different words.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.00,0:13:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't know what's coming, but they'll hear something off the cuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.00,0:13:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go ahead and hit that right sound icon.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.00,0:13:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are going to be cued these three square words: "like," "not" and "head."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.00,0:13:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He doesn't know what's coming.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.00,0:13:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Free-styler: ♫ I'm like some kind of [unclear] ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.00,0:14:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ [unclear] extraterrestrial, celestial scene ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.00,0:14:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Back in the days, I used to sit in pyramids and meditate ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.00,0:14:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ With two microphones hovering over my head ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.00,0:14:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ See if I could still listen, spittin' off the sound ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.00,0:14:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ See what you grinning ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.00,0:14:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ I teach the children in the back of the classroom ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.00,0:14:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ About the message of apocalyptical ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.00,0:14:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Not really though, 'cause I've got to keep it simple ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.00,0:14:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ [unclear] instrumental ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.00,0:14:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Detrimental playing Super Mario ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.00,0:14:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ [unclear] boxes [unclear] hip hop ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.00,0:14:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: So again, it's an incredible thing that's taking place.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.00,0:14:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's doing something that, neurologically, is remarkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.00,0:14:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether or not you like the music is irrelevant.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.00,0:14:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Creatively speaking, it's just a phenomenal thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.00,0:14:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a short video of how we actually do this in a scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.00,0:14:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.00,0:14:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) CL: We're here with Emmanuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.00,0:14:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: That was recorded in the scanner, by the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.00,0:14:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) CL: That's Emmanuel in the scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.00,0:14:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's just memorized a rhyme for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.00,0:15:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Emmanuel: ♫ Top of the beat with no repeat ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.00,0:15:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Rhythm and rhyme make me complete ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.00,0:15:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Climb is sublime when I'm on the mic ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.00,0:15:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Spittin' rhymes that'll hit you like a lightning strike ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.00,0:15:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ I search for the truth in this eternal quest ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.00,0:15:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ I'm passing on fashion; you can see how I'm dressed ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.00,0:15:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: Okay. So I'm going to stop that there. So what do we see in his brain?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.00,0:15:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this is actually four rappers' brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.00,0:15:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we see, we do see language areas lighting up,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.00,0:15:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then -- eyes closed --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.00,0:15:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you are free-styling versus memorizing,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.00,0:15:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got major visual areas lighting up.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.00,0:15:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got major cerebellar activity, which is involved in motor coordination.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.00,0:15:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have heightened brain activity when you're doing a comparable task,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.00,0:15:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when that one task is creative and the other task is memorized.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.00,0:15:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very preliminary, but I think it's kind of cool.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.00,0:15:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just to conclude, we've got a lot of questions to ask,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.00,0:15:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and like I said, we'll ask questions here, not answer them.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.00,0:15:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we want to get at the root of what is creative genius, neurologically,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.00,0:15:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think, with these methods, we're getting close to being there.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.00,0:15:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think hopefully in the next 10, 20 years
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.00,0:15:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll actually see real, meaningful studies
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.00,0:16:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that say science has to catch up to art,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.00,0:16:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe we're starting now to get there.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.00,0:16:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I want to thank you for your time. I appreciate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.00,0:16:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)