1
00:00:01,659 --> 00:00:02,809
Spoons.

2
00:00:04,944 --> 00:00:06,326
Cardboard boxes.

3
00:00:07,302 --> 00:00:09,722
Toddler-size electric trains.

4
00:00:10,522 --> 00:00:11,854
Holiday ornaments.

5
00:00:12,442 --> 00:00:13,832
Bounce houses.

6
00:00:14,292 --> 00:00:15,577
Blankets.

7
00:00:15,601 --> 00:00:16,751
Baskets.

8
00:00:17,228 --> 00:00:18,474
Carpets.

9
00:00:18,498 --> 00:00:19,649
Tray tables.

10
00:00:19,673 --> 00:00:21,077
Smartphones.

11
00:00:21,101 --> 00:00:22,381
Pianos.

12
00:00:23,284 --> 00:00:24,598
Robes.

13
00:00:24,622 --> 00:00:25,772
Photographs.

14
00:00:26,415 --> 00:00:28,447
What do all of these things
have in common,

15
00:00:28,471 --> 00:00:31,904
aside from the fact they're photos
that I took in the last three months,

16
00:00:31,928 --> 00:00:33,770
and therefore, own the copyright to?

17
00:00:33,794 --> 00:00:35,299
(Laughter)

18
00:00:35,323 --> 00:00:36,855
They're all inventions

19
00:00:36,879 --> 00:00:40,529
that were created
with the benefit of language.

20
00:00:40,553 --> 00:00:43,249
None of these things
would have existed without language.

21
00:00:43,273 --> 00:00:45,233
Imagine creating any one of those things

22
00:00:45,257 --> 00:00:48,003
or, like, building
an entire building like this,

23
00:00:48,027 --> 00:00:50,383
without being able to use language

24
00:00:50,407 --> 00:00:54,949
or without benefiting from any knowledge
that was got by the use of language.

25
00:00:54,973 --> 00:00:59,021
Basically, language
is the most important thing

26
00:00:59,045 --> 00:01:00,219
in the entire world.

27
00:01:00,243 --> 00:01:03,284
All of our civilization rests upon it.

28
00:01:03,308 --> 00:01:05,760
And those who devote
their lives to studying it --

29
00:01:05,784 --> 00:01:10,776
both how language emerged,
how human languages differ,

30
00:01:10,800 --> 00:01:13,310
how they differ from
animal communication systems --

31
00:01:13,334 --> 00:01:14,484
are linguists.

32
00:01:15,141 --> 00:01:20,120
Formal linguistics is a relatively
young field, more or less.

33
00:01:21,099 --> 00:01:23,496
And it's uncovered a lot
of really important stuff.

34
00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:26,052
Like, for example, that human
communication systems

35
00:01:26,076 --> 00:01:28,837
differ crucially from animal
communication systems,

36
00:01:28,861 --> 00:01:31,522
that all languages are equally expressive,

37
00:01:31,546 --> 00:01:33,585
even if they do it in different ways.

38
00:01:33,998 --> 00:01:37,272
And yet, despite this,

39
00:01:37,296 --> 00:01:41,918
there are a lot of people
who just love to pop off about language

40
00:01:41,942 --> 00:01:45,561
like they have an equal
understanding of it as a linguist,

41
00:01:45,585 --> 00:01:47,617
because, of course, they speak a language.

42
00:01:47,641 --> 00:01:50,813
And if you speak a language,
that means you have just as much right

43
00:01:50,837 --> 00:01:52,930
to talk about its function
as anybody else.

44
00:01:52,954 --> 00:01:54,946
Imagine if you were talking to a surgeon,

45
00:01:54,970 --> 00:01:56,474
and you say, "Listen, buddy.

46
00:01:56,498 --> 00:01:58,466
I've had a heart for, like, 40 years now.

47
00:01:58,490 --> 00:02:01,440
I think I know a thing or two
about aortic valve replacements.

48
00:02:01,464 --> 00:02:03,679
I think my opinion
is just as valid as yours."

49
00:02:03,703 --> 00:02:05,498
And yet, that's exactly what happens.

50
00:02:05,522 --> 00:02:09,949
This is Neil deGrasse Tyson,
saying that in the film "Arrival,"

51
00:02:09,973 --> 00:02:12,124
he would have brought a cryptographer --

52
00:02:12,148 --> 00:02:15,966
somebody who can unscramble a message
in a language they already know --

53
00:02:15,990 --> 00:02:17,268
rather than a linguist,

54
00:02:17,292 --> 00:02:18,926
to communicate with the aliens,

55
00:02:18,950 --> 00:02:21,061
because what would a linguist --

56
00:02:21,085 --> 00:02:23,299
why would that be useful
in talking to somebody

57
00:02:23,323 --> 00:02:25,229
speaking a language we don't even know?

58
00:02:25,253 --> 00:02:27,990
Though, of course, the "Arrival" film
is not off the hook.

59
00:02:28,014 --> 00:02:30,077
I mean, come on --
listen, film. Hey, buddy:

60
00:02:30,101 --> 00:02:33,141
there are aliens that come down
to our planet in gigantic ships,

61
00:02:33,165 --> 00:02:36,951
and they want to do nothing
except for communicate with us,

62
00:02:36,975 --> 00:02:39,250
and you hire one linguist?

63
00:02:39,274 --> 00:02:40,284
(Laughter)

64
00:02:40,308 --> 00:02:42,652
What's the US government
on a budget or something?

65
00:02:43,029 --> 00:02:44,617
(Laughter)

66
00:02:44,641 --> 00:02:47,545
A lot of these things can be
chalked up to misunderstandings,

67
00:02:47,569 --> 00:02:51,045
both about what language is
and about the formal study of language,

68
00:02:51,069 --> 00:02:52,380
about linguistics.

69
00:02:53,568 --> 00:02:57,996
And I think there's something that
underlies a lot of these misunderstandings

70
00:02:58,020 --> 00:03:02,559
that can be summed up
by this delightful article in "Forbes,"

71
00:03:02,583 --> 00:03:06,278
about why high school students
shouldn't learn foreign languages.

72
00:03:06,302 --> 00:03:08,435
I'm going to pull out
some quotes from this,

73
00:03:08,459 --> 00:03:10,517
and I want you to see
if you can figure out

74
00:03:10,541 --> 00:03:14,171
what underlies some
of these opinions and ideas.

75
00:03:14,929 --> 00:03:19,012
"Americans rarely read the classics,
even in translation."

76
00:03:19,036 --> 00:03:21,737
So in other words, why bother
learning a foreign language

77
00:03:21,761 --> 00:03:25,203
when they're not even going to read
the classic in the original anyway?

78
00:03:25,227 --> 00:03:26,411
What's the point?

79
00:03:26,435 --> 00:03:29,213
"Studying foreign languages in school
is a waste of time,

80
00:03:29,237 --> 00:03:32,897
compared to other things
that you could be doing in school."

81
00:03:33,887 --> 00:03:37,799
"Europe has a lot of language groups
clustered in a relatively small space."

82
00:03:37,823 --> 00:03:41,332
So for Americans, ah, what's the point
of learning another language?

83
00:03:41,356 --> 00:03:44,712
You're not really going to get
a lot of bang for your buck out of that.

84
00:03:44,736 --> 00:03:45,895
This is my favorite,

85
00:03:45,919 --> 00:03:48,062
"A student in Birmingham
would have to travel

86
00:03:48,086 --> 00:03:50,572
about a thousand miles
to get to the Mexican border,

87
00:03:50,596 --> 00:03:54,604
and even then, there would be enough
people who speak English to get around."

88
00:03:54,628 --> 00:03:57,327
In other words, if you can
kind of wave your arms around,

89
00:03:57,351 --> 00:03:59,171
and you can get to where you're going,

90
00:03:59,195 --> 00:04:02,251
then there's really no point
in learning another language anyway.

91
00:04:02,275 --> 00:04:07,307
What underlies a lot of these attitudes
is the conceptual metaphor,

92
00:04:07,331 --> 00:04:08,894
language is a tool.

93
00:04:08,918 --> 00:04:11,878
And there's something that rings
very true about this metaphor.

94
00:04:11,902 --> 00:04:13,149
Language is kind of a tool

95
00:04:13,173 --> 00:04:16,777
in that, if you know the local language,
you can do more than if you didn't.

96
00:04:16,801 --> 00:04:19,801
But the implication is that
language is only a tool,

97
00:04:19,825 --> 00:04:21,817
and this is absolutely false.

98
00:04:21,841 --> 00:04:25,142
If language was a tool,
it would honestly be a pretty poor tool.

99
00:04:25,166 --> 00:04:28,776
And we would have abandoned it long ago
for something that was a lot better.

100
00:04:28,800 --> 00:04:30,332
Think about just any sentence.

101
00:04:30,356 --> 00:04:33,995
Here's a sentence that I'm sure I've said
in my life: "Yesterday I saw Kyn."

102
00:04:34,019 --> 00:04:35,268
I have a friend named Kyn.

103
00:04:35,292 --> 00:04:38,076
And when I say this sentence,
"Yesterday I saw Kyn,"

104
00:04:38,100 --> 00:04:39,826
do you think it's really the case

105
00:04:39,850 --> 00:04:43,072
that everything in my mind
is now implanted in your mind

106
00:04:43,096 --> 00:04:44,278
via this sentence?

107
00:04:44,302 --> 00:04:46,839
Hardly, because there's a lot
of other stuff going on.

108
00:04:46,863 --> 00:04:48,251
Like, when I say "yesterday,"

109
00:04:48,275 --> 00:04:51,584
I might think what the weather
was like yesterday because I was there.

110
00:04:51,608 --> 00:04:52,758
And if I'm remembering,

111
00:04:52,782 --> 00:04:56,226
I'll probably remember there was something
I forgot to mail, which I did.

112
00:04:56,250 --> 00:04:59,566
This was a preplanned joke,
but I really did forget to mail something.

113
00:04:59,590 --> 00:05:02,440
And so that means
I'm going to have to do it Monday,

114
00:05:02,464 --> 00:05:04,657
because that's when
I'm going to get back home.

115
00:05:04,681 --> 00:05:06,501
And of course, when I think of Monday,

116
00:05:06,525 --> 00:05:09,471
I'll think of "Manic Monday"
by the Bangles. It's a good song.

117
00:05:09,495 --> 00:05:12,752
And when I say the word "saw,"
I think of this phrase:

118
00:05:12,776 --> 00:05:15,863
"'I see!' said the blind man
as he picked up his hammer and saw."

119
00:05:15,887 --> 00:05:17,038
I always do.

120
00:05:17,062 --> 00:05:20,133
Anytime I hear the word "saw" or say it,
I always think of that,

121
00:05:20,157 --> 00:05:22,254
because my grandfather
always used to say it,

122
00:05:22,278 --> 00:05:24,149
so it makes me think of my grandfather.

123
00:05:24,173 --> 00:05:26,814
And we're back to "Manic Monday"
again, for some reason.

124
00:05:26,838 --> 00:05:30,100
And with Kyn, when I'm saying
something like, "Yesterday I saw Kyn,"

125
00:05:30,124 --> 00:05:33,227
I'll think of the circumstances
under which I saw him.

126
00:05:33,251 --> 00:05:36,030
And this happened to be that day.
Here he is with my cat.

127
00:05:36,054 --> 00:05:37,879
And of course, if I'm thinking of Kyn,

128
00:05:37,903 --> 00:05:40,371
I'll think he's going to
Long Beach State right now,

129
00:05:40,395 --> 00:05:43,032
and I'll remember that
my good friend John and my mother

130
00:05:43,056 --> 00:05:44,830
both graduated from Long Beach State,

131
00:05:44,854 --> 00:05:47,698
my cousin Katie is going to
Long Beach State right now.

132
00:05:47,722 --> 00:05:49,156
And it's "Manic Monday" again.

133
00:05:49,180 --> 00:05:51,962
But this is just a fraction
of what's going on in your head

134
00:05:51,986 --> 00:05:54,278
at any given time while you are speaking.

135
00:05:54,302 --> 00:05:56,897
And all we have to represent
the entire mess

136
00:05:56,921 --> 00:05:59,815
that is going on in our head, is this.

137
00:05:59,839 --> 00:06:01,141
I mean, that's all we got.

138
00:06:01,165 --> 00:06:02,329
(Laughter)

139
00:06:02,353 --> 00:06:04,958
Is it any wonder
that our system is so poor?

140
00:06:04,982 --> 00:06:07,460
So imagine, if I can give you an analogy,

141
00:06:07,484 --> 00:06:10,626
imagine if you wanted to know
what is it like to eat a cake,

142
00:06:10,650 --> 00:06:13,006
if instead of just eating the cake,

143
00:06:13,030 --> 00:06:16,252
you instead had to ingest
the ingredients of a cake,

144
00:06:16,276 --> 00:06:17,807
one by one,

145
00:06:17,831 --> 00:06:19,343
along with instructions

146
00:06:19,367 --> 00:06:22,752
about how these ingredients
can be combined to form a cake.

147
00:06:22,776 --> 00:06:24,680
You had to eat the instructions, too.

148
00:06:24,704 --> 00:06:25,768
(Laughter)

149
00:06:25,792 --> 00:06:27,851
If that was how we had to experience cake,

150
00:06:27,875 --> 00:06:29,386
we would never eat cake.

151
00:06:30,485 --> 00:06:34,045
And yet, language is
the only way -- the only way --

152
00:06:34,069 --> 00:06:38,263
that we can figure out
what is going on here, in our minds.

153
00:06:38,287 --> 00:06:40,141
This is our interiority,

154
00:06:40,165 --> 00:06:41,609
the thing that makes us human,

155
00:06:41,633 --> 00:06:44,871
the thing that makes us different
from other animals,

156
00:06:44,895 --> 00:06:46,728
is all inside here somewhere,

157
00:06:46,752 --> 00:06:50,696
and all we have to do to represent it
is our own languages.

158
00:06:50,720 --> 00:06:53,835
A language is our best way of showing
what's going on in our head.

159
00:06:53,859 --> 00:06:56,110
Imagine if I wanted to ask
a big question, like:

160
00:06:56,134 --> 00:06:58,467
"What is the nature of human
thought and emotion?"

161
00:06:58,491 --> 00:06:59,581
What you'd want to do

162
00:06:59,605 --> 00:07:02,768
is you'd want to examine
as many different languages

163
00:07:02,792 --> 00:07:04,387
as possible.

164
00:07:04,411 --> 00:07:06,426
One isn't just going to do it.

165
00:07:06,450 --> 00:07:07,812
To give you an example,

166
00:07:07,836 --> 00:07:10,685
here's a picture I took of little Roman,

167
00:07:10,709 --> 00:07:13,688
that I took with a 12-megapixel camera.

168
00:07:13,712 --> 00:07:17,144
Now, here's that same picture
with a lot fewer pixels.

169
00:07:17,168 --> 00:07:21,051
Obviously, neither
of these pictures is a real cat.

170
00:07:21,075 --> 00:07:24,709
But one gives you a lot better sense
of what a cat is than the other.

171
00:07:26,649 --> 00:07:28,633
Language is not merely a tool.

172
00:07:28,657 --> 00:07:29,816
It is our legacy,

173
00:07:29,840 --> 00:07:32,282
it's our way of conveying
what it means to be human.

174
00:07:32,306 --> 00:07:36,697
And of course, by "our" legacy,
I mean all humans everywhere.

175
00:07:36,721 --> 00:07:41,786
And losing even one language
makes that picture a lot less clear.

176
00:07:41,810 --> 00:07:45,855
So as a job for the past 10 years

177
00:07:45,879 --> 00:07:49,164
and also as recreation, just for fun,

178
00:07:49,188 --> 00:07:50,899
I create languages.

179
00:07:50,923 --> 00:07:52,783
These are called "conlangs,"

180
00:07:52,807 --> 00:07:54,942
short for "constructed languages."

181
00:07:54,966 --> 00:07:57,045
Now, presenting these facts back to back,

182
00:07:57,069 --> 00:07:59,047
that we're losing languages on our planet

183
00:07:59,071 --> 00:08:00,890
and that I create brand-new languages,

184
00:08:00,914 --> 00:08:03,696
you might think that there's
some nonsuperficial connection

185
00:08:03,720 --> 00:08:04,886
between these two.

186
00:08:04,910 --> 00:08:07,826
In fact, a lot of people have drawn a line
between those dots.

187
00:08:07,850 --> 00:08:09,877
This is a guy who got
all bent out of shape

188
00:08:09,901 --> 00:08:12,715
that there was a conlang
in James Cameron's "Avatar."

189
00:08:12,739 --> 00:08:14,446
He says,

190
00:08:14,470 --> 00:08:16,692
"But in the three years
it took James Cameron

191
00:08:16,716 --> 00:08:18,969
to get Avatar to the screen,
a language died."

192
00:08:18,993 --> 00:08:20,921
Probably a lot more than that, actually.

193
00:08:20,945 --> 00:08:24,389
"Na'vi, alas, won't fill the hole
where it used to be ..."

194
00:08:24,413 --> 00:08:26,725
A truly profound and poignant statement --

195
00:08:26,749 --> 00:08:29,366
if you don't think about it at all.

196
00:08:29,390 --> 00:08:30,545
(Laughter)

197
00:08:30,569 --> 00:08:32,612
But when I was here at Cal,

198
00:08:32,636 --> 00:08:34,015
I completed two majors.

199
00:08:34,039 --> 00:08:36,840
One of them was linguistics,
but the other one was English.

200
00:08:36,864 --> 00:08:39,452
And of course, the English major,
the study of English,

201
00:08:39,476 --> 00:08:42,438
is not actually the study
of the English language, as we know,

202
00:08:42,462 --> 00:08:43,857
it's the study of literature.

203
00:08:43,881 --> 00:08:45,678
Literature is just a wonderful thing,

204
00:08:45,702 --> 00:08:49,493
because basically, literature,
more broadly, is kind of like art;

205
00:08:49,517 --> 00:08:51,180
it falls under the rubric of art.

206
00:08:51,204 --> 00:08:52,752
And what we do with literature,

207
00:08:52,776 --> 00:08:57,855
authors create new,
entire beings and histories.

208
00:08:57,879 --> 00:09:00,895
And it's interesting to us to see

209
00:09:00,919 --> 00:09:06,006
what kind of depth and emotion
and just unique spirit

210
00:09:06,030 --> 00:09:08,638
authors can invest
into these fictional beings.

211
00:09:08,662 --> 00:09:11,283
So much so, that, I mean --
take a look at this.

212
00:09:11,307 --> 00:09:13,561
There's an entire series of books

213
00:09:13,585 --> 00:09:15,824
that are written
about fictional characters.

214
00:09:15,848 --> 00:09:19,815
Like, the entire book is just about one
fictional, fake human being.

215
00:09:19,839 --> 00:09:22,010
There's an entire book
on George F. Babbitt

216
00:09:22,034 --> 00:09:23,871
from Sinclair Lewis's "Babbitt,"

217
00:09:23,895 --> 00:09:26,562
and I guarantee you,
that book is longer than "Babbitt,"

218
00:09:26,586 --> 00:09:27,784
which is a short book.

219
00:09:27,808 --> 00:09:29,547
Does anybody even remember that one?

220
00:09:29,571 --> 00:09:32,762
It's pretty good, I actually think
it's better than "Main Street."

221
00:09:32,786 --> 00:09:34,156
That's my hot take.

222
00:09:34,180 --> 00:09:37,889
So we've never questioned the fact
that literature is interesting.

223
00:09:38,434 --> 00:09:39,989
But despite the fact,

224
00:09:40,013 --> 00:09:44,077
not even linguists are actually interested
in what created languages can tell us

225
00:09:44,101 --> 00:09:47,968
about the depth of the human spirit
just as an artistic endeavor.

226
00:09:48,520 --> 00:09:51,397
I'll give you a nice little example here.

227
00:09:51,421 --> 00:09:54,144
There was an article written about me

228
00:09:54,168 --> 00:09:57,008
in the California alumni
magazine a while back.

229
00:09:57,032 --> 00:09:58,633
And when they wrote this article,

230
00:09:58,657 --> 00:10:01,077
they wanted to get somebody
from the opposing side,

231
00:10:01,101 --> 00:10:03,561
which, in hindsight,
seems like a weird thing to do.

232
00:10:03,585 --> 00:10:05,275
You're just talking about a person,

233
00:10:05,299 --> 00:10:08,442
and you want to get somebody
from the opposing side of that person.

234
00:10:08,466 --> 00:10:09,742
(Laughter)

235
00:10:09,766 --> 00:10:12,425
Essentially, this is just
a puff piece, but whatever.

236
00:10:12,449 --> 00:10:14,972
So, they happened to get

237
00:10:14,996 --> 00:10:17,321
one of the most brilliant
linguists of our time,

238
00:10:17,345 --> 00:10:20,371
George Lakoff, who's a linguist
here at Berkeley.

239
00:10:20,395 --> 00:10:23,957
And his work has basically forever changed
the fields of linguistics

240
00:10:23,981 --> 00:10:25,458
and cognitive science.

241
00:10:25,482 --> 00:10:28,757
And when asked about my work
and about language creation in general,

242
00:10:28,781 --> 00:10:32,426
he said, "But there's a lot of things
to be done in the study of language.

243
00:10:32,450 --> 00:10:35,206
You should spend the time
on something real."

244
00:10:35,230 --> 00:10:36,381
Yeah.

245
00:10:36,405 --> 00:10:38,864
"Something real."
Does this remind you of anything?

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To use the very framework
that he himself invented,

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let me refer back
to this conceptual metaphor:

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language is a tool.

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And he appears to be laboring
under this conceptual metaphor;

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that is, language is useful
when it can be used for communication.

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Language is useless
when it can't be used for communication.

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It might make you wonder:
What do we do with dead languages?

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But anyway.

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So, because of this idea,

255
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it might seem like
the very height of absurdity

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to have a Duolingo course
on the High Valyrian language

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that I created for HBO's
"Game of Thrones."

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You might wonder what, exactly,
are 740,000 people learning?

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(Laughter)

260
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Well, let's take a look at it.

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What are they learning?

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What could they possibly be learning?

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Well, bearing in mind that
the other language for this --

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it's for people that speak English --

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English speakers are learning quite a bit.

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Here's a sentence that they will probably
never use for communication

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in their entire lives:

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"Vala ābre urnes."

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"The man sees the woman."

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The little middle line is the gloss,

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so it's word for word,
that's what it says.

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And they're actually learning
some very fascinating things,

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especially if they're English speakers.

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They're learning that a verb can come
at the very end of a sentence.

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Doesn't really do that in English
when you have two arguments.

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They're learning that sometimes

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a language doesn't have an equivalent
for the word "the" -- it's totally absent.

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That's something language can do.

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They're learning that a long vowel
can actually be longer in duration,

280
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as opposed to different in quality,

281
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which is what our long vowels do;
they're actually the same length.

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They're learning that
there are these little inflections.

283
00:12:15,681 --> 00:12:16,836
Hmm? Hmm?

284
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There are inflections called "cases"
on the end of nouns --

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(Laughter)

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that tell you who does what
to whom in a sentence.

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Even if you leave the order
of the words the same

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and switch the endings,

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it changes who does what to whom.

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What they're learning is that languages
do things, the same things, differently.

291
00:12:38,513 --> 00:12:40,845
And that learning languages can be fun.

292
00:12:41,997 --> 00:12:45,767
What they're learning is respect
for Language: capital "L" Language.

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00:12:45,791 --> 00:12:49,974
And given the fact that 88 percent
of Americans only speak English at home,

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I don't think that's
necessarily a bad thing.

295
00:12:52,633 --> 00:12:56,436
You know why languages die on our planet?

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It's not because government imposes
one language on a smaller group,

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or because an entire group
of speakers is wiped out.

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00:13:04,580 --> 00:13:07,656
That certainly has happened in the past,
and it's happening now,

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but it's not the main reason.

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The main reason is that
a child is born to a family

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that speaks a language that
is not widely spoken in their community,

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and that child doesn't learn it.

303
00:13:18,680 --> 00:13:19,965
Why?

304
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Because that language is not valued
in their community.

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00:13:24,315 --> 00:13:26,228
Because the language isn't useful.

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Because the child can't go and get a job
if they speak that language.

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Because if language is just a tool,

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then learning their native language

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00:13:37,716 --> 00:13:39,961
is about as useful
as learning High Valyrian,

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so why bother?

311
00:13:43,387 --> 00:13:44,537
Now ...

312
00:13:46,514 --> 00:13:50,903
Maybe language study isn't going to lead
to a lot more linguistic fluency.

313
00:13:50,927 --> 00:13:53,177
But maybe that's not such a big deal.

314
00:13:53,855 --> 00:13:56,966
Maybe if more people
are studying more languages,

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00:13:56,990 --> 00:13:59,608
it will lead to more linguistic tolerance

316
00:13:59,632 --> 00:14:01,520
and less linguistic imperialism.

317
00:14:01,949 --> 00:14:04,933
Maybe if we actually respect
language for what it is --

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literally, the greatest invention
in the history of humankind --

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00:14:09,873 --> 00:14:11,079
then in the future,

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00:14:11,103 --> 00:14:14,992
we can celebrate endangered languages
as living languages,

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00:14:15,016 --> 00:14:16,683
as opposed to museum pieces.

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00:14:17,182 --> 00:14:18,968
(High Valyrian) Kirimvose.
Thank you.

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00:14:18,992 --> 00:14:20,388
(Applause)