[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.76,0:00:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you have used\Nan electronic spreadsheet, Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.76,0:00:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Microsoft Excel? Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.24,0:00:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very good. Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.52,0:00:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how many of you have run a business\Nwith a spreadsheet by hand, Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.12,0:00:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like my dad did for his small\Nprinting business in Philadelphia? Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.16,0:00:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot less. Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.92,0:00:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that's the way it was done\Nfor hundreds of years. Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.48,0:00:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In early 1978,\NI started working on an idea Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.52,0:00:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that eventually became VisiCalc. Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.48,0:00:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the next year it shipped Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.16,0:00:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,running on something new\Ncalled an Apple II personal computer. Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.24,0:00:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could tell that things\Nhad really changed when, six years later, Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.32,0:00:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Wall Street Journal ran an editorial Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.52,0:00:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that assumed you knew what VisiCalc was\Nand maybe even were using it. Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.76,0:00:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steve Jobs back in 1990 Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.16,0:00:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said that "spreadsheets\Npropelled the industry forward." Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.88,0:00:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"VisiCalc propelled the success of Apple\Nmore than any other single event." Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.44,0:00:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On a more personal note, Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.60,0:01:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steve said, "If VisiCalc had been written\Nfor some other computer, Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.76,0:01:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd be interviewing\Nsomebody else right now." Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.36,0:01:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, VisiCalc was instrumental in getting\Npersonal computers on business desks. Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.76,0:01:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did it come about? Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.68,0:01:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was it? What did I go through\Nto make it be what it was? Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.92,0:01:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I first learned to program\Nback in 1966, when I was 15 -- Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.28,0:01:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a couple months\Nafter this photo was taken. Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.20,0:01:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Few high schoolers had access\Nto computers in those days. Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.56,0:01:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But through luck\Nand an awful lot of perseverance, Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.08,0:01:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was able to get\Ncomputer time around the city. Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.20,0:01:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After sleeping in the mud at Woodstock,\NI went off to MIT to go to college, Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.52,0:01:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where to make money,\NI worked on the Multics Project. Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.32,0:01:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Multics was a trailblazing\Ninteractive time-sharing system. Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.36,0:01:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you heard of the Linux\Nand Unix operating systems? Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.56,0:01:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They came from Multics. Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.32,0:01:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I worked on the Multics versions Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.64,0:01:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what are known\Nas interpreted computer languages, Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.48,0:02:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are used by people\Nin noncomputer fields Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.96,0:02:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do their calculations\Nwhile seated at a computer terminal. Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.56,0:02:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After I graduated from MIT, Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.84,0:02:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to work for\NDigital Equipment Corporation. Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.32,0:02:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At DEC, I worked on software Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.52,0:02:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the new area\Nof computerized typesetting. Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.80,0:02:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I helped newspapers\Nreplace their reporters' typewriters Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.16,0:02:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with computer terminals. Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.88,0:02:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd write software Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.12,0:02:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then I'd go out in the field\Nto places like the Kansas City Star, Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.84,0:02:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I would train users\Nand get feedback. Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.28,0:02:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was real-world experience Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.16,0:02:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is quite different\Nthan what I saw in the lab at MIT. Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.88,0:02:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that, I was project leader Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.52,0:02:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the software for DEC's first\Nword processor, again a new field. Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.72,0:02:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like with typesetting, the important thing\Nwas crafting a user interface Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.24,0:02:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was both natural and efficient\Nfor noncomputer people to use. Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.36,0:03:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After I was at DEC, I went\Nto work for a small company Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.36,0:03:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made microprocessor-based electronic\Ncash registers for the fast-food industry. Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.36,0:03:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I had always wanted to start\Na company with my friend Bob Frankston Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.08,0:03:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I met on the Multics project at MIT. Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.48,0:03:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I decided to go back to school to learn\Nas much as I could about business. Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.20,0:03:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the fall of 1977, Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.00,0:03:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I entered the MBA program\Nat Harvard Business School. Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.84,0:03:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was one of the few\Npercentage of students Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.36,0:03:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had a background\Nin computer programming. Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.08,0:03:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a picture of me from the yearbook\Nsitting in the front row. Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.28,0:03:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.32,0:03:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, at Harvard,\Nwe learned by the case method. Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.96,0:03:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd do about three cases a day. Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.92,0:03:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cases consist of up to a few dozen pages\Ndescribing particular business situations. Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.60,0:03:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They often have exhibits,\Nand exhibits often have words and numbers Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.20,0:03:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laid out in ways that make sense\Nfor the particular situation. Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.84,0:03:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're usually all somewhat different. Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.80,0:03:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's my homework. Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.04,0:04:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, numbers, words,\Nlaid out in ways that made sense. Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.24,0:04:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of calculations --\Nwe got really close to our calculators. Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.72,0:04:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, here's my calculator. Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.20,0:04:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For Halloween, I went\Ndressed up as a calculator. Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.00,0:04:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.78,0:04:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the beginning of each class,\Nthe professor would call on somebody Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.00,0:04:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to present the case. Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.08,0:04:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they would do is\Nthey would explain what was going on Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.88,0:04:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then dictate information\Nthat the professor would transcribe Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.64,0:04:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto the many motorized blackboards\Nin the front of the class, Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.57,0:04:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we'd have a discussion. Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.12,0:04:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the really frustrating things\Nis when you've done all your homework, Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.60,0:04:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you come in the next day\Nonly to find out that you made an error Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.64,0:04:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of the other numbers\Nyou did were wrong. Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.20,0:04:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you couldn't participate as well. Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.00,0:04:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were marked by class participation. Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.32,0:04:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, sitting there with 87 other people\Nin the class, I got to daydream a lot. Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.28,0:04:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most programmers in those days\Nworked on mainframes, Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.16,0:05:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building things like inventory systems,\Npayroll systems and bill-paying systems. Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.52,0:05:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I had worked\Non interactive word processing Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.04,0:05:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on-demand personal computation. Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.16,0:05:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of thinking\Nabout paper printouts and punch cards, Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.88,0:05:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I imagined a magic blackboard Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.68,0:05:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you erased one number\Nand wrote a new thing in, Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.08,0:05:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the other numbers\Nwould automatically change, Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.96,0:05:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like word processing with numbers. Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.60,0:05:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I imagined that my calculator\Nhad mouse hardware on the bottom of it Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.24,0:05:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a head-up display,\Nlike in a fighter plane. Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.72,0:05:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I could type some numbers in,\Nand circle it, and press the sum button. Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.88,0:05:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And right in the middle of a negotiation\NI'd be able to get the answer. Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.64,0:05:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I just had to take my fantasy\Nand turn it into reality. Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.64,0:05:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My father taught me about prototyping. Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.56,0:05:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He showed me mock-ups Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.20,0:05:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he'd make to figure out\Nthe placement on the page Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.56,0:05:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the things for brochures\Nthat he was printing. Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.12,0:05:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he'd use it\Nto get feedback from customers Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.08,0:05:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and OKs before he sent the job\Noff to the presses. Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.44,0:06:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The act of making a simple, working\Nversion of what you're trying to build Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.56,0:06:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forces you to uncover key problems. Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.72,0:06:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it lets you find solutions\Nto those problems much less expensively. Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.72,0:06:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I decided to build a prototype. Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.76,0:06:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to a video terminal connected to\NHarvard's time-sharing system Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.36,0:06:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got to work. Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.88,0:06:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first problems\Nthat I ran into was: Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.16,0:06:28.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you represent values in formulas? Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.28,0:06:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me show you what I mean. Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.00,0:06:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought that you would point somewhere, Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.20,0:06:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,type in some words,\Nthen type in some somewhere else, Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.32,0:06:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put in some numbers and some more numbers,\Npoint where you want the answer. Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.24,0:06:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then point to the first, press minus,\Npoint to the second, Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.48,0:06:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get the result. Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.36,0:06:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem was:\NWhat should I put in the formula? Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.80,0:06:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had to be something\Nthe computer knew what to put in. Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.44,0:06:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you looked at the formula, Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.16,0:06:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you needed to know\Nwhere on the screen it referred to. Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.84,0:07:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing I thought was\Nthe programmer way of doing it. Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.76,0:07:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first time you pointed to somewhere, Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.69,0:07:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer would ask you\Nto type in a unique name. Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.76,0:07:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It became pretty clear pretty fast that\Nthat was going to be too tedious. Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.56,0:07:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The computer had to automatically\Nmake up the name and put it inside. Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.60,0:07:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I thought, why not make it be\Nthe order in which you create them? Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.48,0:07:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tried that. Value 1, value 2. Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.00,0:07:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pretty quickly I saw\Nthat if you had more than a few values Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.79,0:07:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd never remember\Non the screen where things were. Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.32,0:07:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then I said, why not instead of\Nallowing you to put values anywhere, Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.64,0:07:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll restrict you to a grid? Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.72,0:07:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then when you pointed to a cell, Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.96,0:07:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer could put\Nthe row and column in as a name. Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.64,0:07:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, if I did it like a map and put ABC\Nacross the top and numbers along the side, Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.84,0:07:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you saw B7 in a formula, Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.76,0:07:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd know exactly\Nwhere it was on the screen. Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.64,0:07:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you had to type the formula\Nin yourself, you'd know what to do. Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.44,0:08:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Restricting you to a grid\Nhelped solve my problem. Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.20,0:08:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also opened up new capabilities,\Nlike the ability to have ranges of cells. Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.36,0:08:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't too restrictive -- Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.96,0:08:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could still put any value,\Nany formula, in any cell. Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.12,0:08:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the way we do it to this day,\Nalmost 40 years later. Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.11,0:08:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My friend Bob and I decided that we were\Ngoing to build this product together. Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.80,0:08:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I did more work figuring out exactly\Nhow the program was supposed to behave. Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.24,0:08:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wrote a reference card\Nto act as documentation. Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.52,0:08:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also helped me ensure\Nthat the user interface I was defining Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.32,0:08:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be explained concisely\Nand clearly to regular people. Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.52,0:08:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bob worked in the attic of the apartment\Nhe rented in Arlington, Massachusetts. Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.96,0:08:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the inside of the attic. Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.24,0:08:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bob bought time on the MIT Multics System Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.04,0:08:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to write computer code\Non a terminal like this. Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.40,0:08:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then he would download test versions\Nto a borrowed Apple II Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.92,0:09:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over a phone line\Nusing an acoustic coupler, Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.20,0:09:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we would test. Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.92,0:09:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For one of these tests I prepared\Nfor this case about the Pepsi Challenge. Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.72,0:09:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Print wasn't working yet,\Nso I had to copy everything down. Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.48,0:09:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Save wasn't working,\Nso every time it crashed, Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.92,0:09:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had to type in all of the formulas\Nagain, over and over again. Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.24,0:09:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next day in class, I raised my hand;\NI got called on, and I presented the case. Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.24,0:09:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I did five-year projections.\NI did all sorts of different scenarios. Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.84,0:09:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I aced the case.\NVisiCalc was already useful. Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.16,0:09:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The professor said, "How did you do it?" Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.47,0:09:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I didn't want to tell him\Nabout our secret program. Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.16,0:09:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.20,0:09:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I said, "I took this and added this Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.08,0:09:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and multiplied by this\Nand subtracted that." Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.20,0:09:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "Well,\Nwhy didn't you use a ratio?" Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.32,0:09:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Hah! A ratio --\Nthat wouldn't have been as exact!" Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.36,0:09:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I didn't say was,\N"Divide isn't working yet." Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.96,0:09:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.08,0:09:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, though,\Nwe did finish enough of VisiCalc Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.96,0:09:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to show it to the public. Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.44,0:10:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My dad printed up a sample reference card Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.44,0:10:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could use as marketing material. Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.28,0:10:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In June of 1979, our publisher\Nannounced VisiCalc to the world, Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.08,0:10:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a small booth at the giant National\NComputer Conference in New York City. Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.80,0:10:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The New York Times had\Na humorous article about the conference. Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.48,0:10:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The machines perform\Nwhat seem religious rites ... Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.96,0:10:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even as the believers gather, Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.36,0:10:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the painters in the Coliseum sign room\Nare adding to the pantheon, Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.48,0:10:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carefully lettering 'VISICALC'\Nin giant black on yellow. Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.68,0:10:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All hail VISICALC!" Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.52,0:10:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Gasp) New York Times:\N"All hail VISICALC." Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.12,0:10:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.64,0:10:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the last mention\Nof the electronic spreadsheet Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.92,0:10:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the popular business press\Nfor about two years. Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.84,0:10:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people didn't get it yet. Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.00,0:10:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some did. Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.92,0:10:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In October of 1979, we shipped VisiCalc. Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.88,0:10:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It came in packaging\Nthat looked like this. Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.72,0:10:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it looked like this\Nrunning on the Apple II. Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.00,0:11:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the rest, as they say, is history. Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.36,0:11:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there's an awful lot\Nmore to this story, Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.48,0:11:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that'll have to wait for another day. Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.56,0:11:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing, though, Harvard remembers. Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.40,0:11:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's that classroom. Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.24,0:11:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They put up a plaque\Nto commemorate what happened there. Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.64,0:11:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.40,0:11:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it also serves as a reminder Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.36,0:11:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you, too, should take\Nyour unique backgrounds, skills and needs Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.88,0:11:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and build prototypes to discover\Nand work out the key problems, Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.16,0:11:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and through that, change the world. Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.04,0:11:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.28,0:11:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)