[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.12,0:00:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was walking my mountain the other day,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.66,0:00:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was feeling really at home with the forest.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.75,0:00:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was so grateful to it
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.46,0:00:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for showing me that forests are built on relationships
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.21,0:00:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which form networks,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.83,0:00:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like these beautiful river networks.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.75,0:00:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.97,0:00:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Wow, forests are just like human families."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.18,0:00:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was so taken by the beauty of this idea
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.22,0:00:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I fell and I crashed down on the ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.56,0:00:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I hit my head on this new stump.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.90,0:00:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was so angry!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.10,0:00:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, I was so heartbroken
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.03,0:00:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there was a whole family of trees cut down.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.90,0:00:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thing is, where I'm from in Western Canada,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.96,0:00:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's clearcuts like this hidden everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.66,0:00:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it wasn't until Google Earth starting sending images,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.41,0:00:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.96,0:00:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we realized the whole world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.71,0:00:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was wiping its noses on our old-growth forests.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.63,0:00:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did you know
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.26,0:00:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that deforestation like this around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.38,0:01:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causes more greenhouse gas emissions
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.60,0:01:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than all the trains, planes and automobiles combined?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.70,0:01:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, I'm really upset about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.21,0:01:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'm also really hopeful
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.93,0:01:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I've also discovered in my research
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.45,0:01:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that forest networks are organized
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.35,0:01:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same way as our own neural networks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.80,0:01:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our social networks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.68,0:01:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I believe that if we can learn to integrate these into a whole
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.77,0:01:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can change this dangerous pathway of global warming
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.51,0:01:30.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I believe we are wired for healing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.79,0:01:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, here's the science:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.71,0:01:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most ancient of these networks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.08,0:01:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this below-ground fungal network, or mushroom network.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.58,0:01:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it evolved over a billion years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.75,0:01:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow organisms to migrate from the ocean onto the land.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.68,0:01:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And eventually, they got together with plants
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.50,0:01:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this symbiosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.85,0:01:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this allowed plants to photosynthesize,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.62,0:01:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pulling CO2, which is our biggest greenhouse gas,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.37,0:01:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of the atmosphere and giving off oxygen,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.02,0:02:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allows us to breathe
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.04,0:02:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually allowed humans to eventually evolve.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.35,0:02:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we call this symbiosis a mycorrhiza,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.23,0:02:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,myco for fungus, rrhiza for root.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.49,0:02:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the fungus and root get together,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.33,0:02:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they trade for mutual benefit.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.13,0:02:18.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, all trees in all forests all over the world
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.83,0:02:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depend on these mycorrhizas for their very survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.82,0:02:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can't live without them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.04,0:02:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way it works
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.51,0:02:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that a seed falls on the forest floor,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.51,0:02:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it germinates,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.63,0:02:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it sends a root down into the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.43,0:02:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it starts sending out chemical signals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.79,0:02:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the fungi to grow towards the root.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.02,0:02:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the fungus communicates back
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.90,0:02:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with its own signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.65,0:02:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it says to the root,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.06,0:02:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'You need to grow towards me and branch and soften.'
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.54,0:02:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so by this communication,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.23,0:02:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they grow together into this magical symbiosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.38,0:02:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way that symbiosis works
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.58,0:02:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the plant takes its hard-earned carbon from photosynthesis
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.04,0:02:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and brings it to the fungus
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.25,0:02:59.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the fungus can't photosynthesize.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.75,0:03:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the fungus takes nutrients and water it gathers from the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.95,0:03:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where plant roots can't grow,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.17,0:03:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they give it to the plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.51,0:03:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they're both benefiting in this cooperation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.05,0:03:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as the fungus grows through the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.35,0:03:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it starts linking plant and plant
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.31,0:03:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tree and tree together
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.89,0:03:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the whole forest is linked together.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.40,0:03:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did you know that a single tree
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.48,0:03:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be literally linked up to hundreds of other trees
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.19,0:03:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as far as the eye can see?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.16,0:03:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you're walking through the forest,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.16,0:03:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you see, the trees, the roots, the mushrooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.83,0:03:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are just the tip of the iceberg.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.36,0:03:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Under a single footstep,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.19,0:03:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are 300 miles of fungal cells
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.54,0:03:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stacked end on end moving stuff around.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.13,0:03:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you could look down into the ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.04,0:03:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would be like this super highway
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.61,0:03:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with cars going everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.52,0:03:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, all networks are made of nodes and links.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.31,0:03:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In forests, those nodes would be trees
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.22,0:03:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the links fungi.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.78,0:04:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of like in your Facebook network,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.61,0:04:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where nodes would be friends
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.06,0:04:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and links would be your friendships.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.69,0:04:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we all know that some of those nodes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.64,0:04:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.72,0:04:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are busier than others,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.97,0:04:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like that friend who is always sending out group messages.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.40,0:04:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's the same in forests,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.78,0:04:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these nodes in forests,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.24,0:04:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we call them hubs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.95,0:04:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're the big trees in the forests
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.83,0:04:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with roots going everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.89,0:04:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we also have learned
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.42,0:04:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the systems organized around these hubs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.39,0:04:28.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these big old trees,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.97,0:04:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so in forests, that's where the regeneration occurs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.38,0:04:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In your Facebook network,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.05,0:04:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might be how parties are organized,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.60,0:04:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around that hub that's always sending out the group messages.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.14,0:04:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call those hubs in forests mother trees;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.18,0:04:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're the big old trees in the forest.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.27,0:04:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they fix the carbon in their leaves,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.02,0:04:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they send it down through their massive trunks
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.36,0:04:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and into the networks all around them
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.55,0:04:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are linked up to all the other trees
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.14,0:04:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seedlings, the young ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.56,0:04:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they start sending that carbon everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.83,0:04:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more those seedlings are stressed out,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.91,0:05:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe from drought or shade,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.72,0:05:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more the mother tree sends to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.92,0:05:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of like in your families,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.49,0:05:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where if you're kind of stressed out,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.91,0:05:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mom and dad kick in and help you out a bit more, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.97,0:05:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's the same in forests.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.92,0:05:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other thing that we've recently discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.18,0:05:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that mother trees will preferentially send
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.05,0:05:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more signals to her own kids, her own children.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.19,0:05:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, this way she helps them do better,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.97,0:05:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they survive more,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.64,0:05:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they can pass their genes on to future generations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.44,0:05:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how natural selection works.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.97,0:05:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the way these forests are organized
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.24,0:05:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes them both resilient and vulnerable.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.78,0:05:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're resilient because there's many mother trees,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.79,0:05:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's many fungal species linking them together.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.30,0:05:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that network is really hard to break.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.32,0:05:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty darn tough.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.00,0:05:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.17,0:05:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we humans have figured out how to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.92,0:05:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we do is we take out the mother trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.48,0:05:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe taking one out won't make much difference
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.01,0:05:58.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when you take more and more and more
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.85,0:06:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and clearcut and more and more and more
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.68,0:06:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it can cause the system to collapse and fall down,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.39,0:06:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like dominoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.89,0:06:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can cross tipping points
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.86,0:06:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cause more forest death and more global warming,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.32,0:06:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're doing that.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.30,0:06:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we do,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.97,0:06:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our choices we make,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.32,0:06:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can lead us towards global heatlh or global sickness.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.98,0:06:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do have choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.88,0:06:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm going to leave you with four ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.66,0:06:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I think are worth spreading.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.39,0:06:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First one:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.66,0:06:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To love the forest
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.83,0:06:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to go spend time in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.40,0:06:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go be in the forest, connect with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.25,0:06:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you'll fight hard enough to protect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.64,0:06:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.64,0:06:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Learn how they work.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.97,0:06:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Learn how those networks link things together
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.72,0:06:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in organized forests.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.22,0:06:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.14,0:06:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you gotta go out there take risks, make mistakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.76,0:06:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Third:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.21,0:06:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Protect forests.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.68,0:06:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They need you to do that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.11,0:06:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they can't do it themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.30,0:06:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're stuck in one spot.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.05,0:06:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can't run away from humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.72,0:06:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they can't run away from global warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.64,0:06:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They need you.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.31,0:06:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.78,0:06:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.32,0:07:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use your own very clever, brilliant,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.65,0:07:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neural and social networks to create amazing messages,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.20,0:07:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and spread the word that forests are worth saving
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.55,0:07:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you're worth saving,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.29,0:07:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I believe that together
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.64,0:07:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're all wired for healing.