[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.15,0:00:14.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what if I could make for you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.02,0:00:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a designer baby?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.03,0:00:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if you as a parent-to-be
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.35,0:00:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I as a scientist decided\Nto go down that road together?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.91,0:00:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if we didn't?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.19,0:00:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if we thought, "That's a bad idea,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.89,0:00:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many of our family,\Nfriends and coworkers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.29,0:00:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did make that decision?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.14,0:00:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's fast-forward just 15 years from now.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.77,0:00:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's pretend it's the year 2030,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.57,0:00:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're a parent.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.53,0:00:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have your daughter,\NMarianne, next to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.81,0:00:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in 2030, she is\Nwhat we call a natural,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.21,0:00:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she has no genetic modifications.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.09,0:00:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because you and your partner\Nconsciously made that decision,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.29,0:01:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many in your social circle,\Nthey kind of look down on you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.53,0:01:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They think you're a Luddite\Nor a technophobe.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.37,0:01:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marianne's best friend Jenna,\Nwho lives right next door,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.43,0:01:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a very different story.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.83,0:01:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was born a genetically modified\Ndesigner baby with numerous upgrades.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.10,0:01:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.63,0:01:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah. Upgrades.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.79,0:01:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these enhancements were introduced
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.71,0:01:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using a new genetic\Nmodification technology
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.27,0:01:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that goes by the funny name CRISPR,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.07,0:01:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, like something's crisp,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.79,0:01:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is CRISPR.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.43,0:01:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scientist that Jenna's parents\Nhired to do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.75,0:01:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for several million dollars,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.47,0:01:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,introduced CRISPR\Ninto a whole panel of human embryos.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.27,0:01:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they used genetic testing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.99,0:01:50.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they predicted that\Nthat little tiny embryo, Jenna's embryo,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.07,0:01:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be the best of the bunch.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.07,0:01:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, Jenna is an actual, real person.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.55,0:01:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's sitting on the carpet\Nin your living room,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.79,0:02:02.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,playing with your daughter Marianne.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.99,0:02:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And your families have known\Neach other for years now,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.11,0:02:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's become very clear to you
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.55,0:02:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Jenna is extraordinary.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.11,0:02:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's incredibly intelligent.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.15,0:02:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're honest with yourself,\Nshe's smarter than you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.43,0:02:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's five years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.84,0:02:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.95,0:02:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's beautiful, tall, athletic,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.87,0:02:25.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the list goes on and on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.19,0:02:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, there's\Na whole new generation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.79,0:02:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these GM kids like Jenna.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.83,0:02:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so far it looks like
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.99,0:02:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're healthier\Nthan their parents' generation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.35,0:02:38.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than your generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.11,0:02:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they have lower health-care costs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.95,0:02:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're immune to a host\Nof health conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.71,0:02:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including HIV/AIDS and genetic diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.99,0:02:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It all sounds so great,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.35,0:02:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can't help but have\Nthis sort of unsettling feeling,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.43,0:03:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a gut feeling, that there's something\Njust not quite right about Jenna,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.07,0:03:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you've had the same feeling\Nabout other GM kids that you've met.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.03,0:03:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You were also reading\Nin the newspaper earlier this week
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.43,0:03:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a study of these children\Nwho were born as designer babies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.39,0:03:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indicates they may have some issues,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.27,0:03:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like increased aggressiveness\Nand narcissism.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.55,0:03:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But more immediately on your mind
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.23,0:03:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is some news that you just got\Nfrom Jenna's family.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.95,0:03:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's so smart,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.47,0:03:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's now going to be going\Nto a special school,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.59,0:03:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a different school\Nthan your daughter Marianne,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.11,0:03:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is kind of throwing\Nyour family into a disarray.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.87,0:03:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marianne's been crying,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.23,0:03:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and last night when you took her to bed\Nto kiss her goodnight,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.07,0:03:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she said, "Daddy, will Jenna\Neven be my friend anymore?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.89,0:03:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, as I've been telling you\Nthis imagined 2030 story,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.45,0:03:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a feeling\Nthat I may have put some of you
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.09,0:03:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into this sci-fi\Nframe of reference. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.69,0:03:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You think you're reading a sci-fi book.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.21,0:04:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or maybe, like,\Nin Halloween mode of thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.17,0:04:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is really\Na possible reality for us,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.61,0:04:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just 15 years from now.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.89,0:04:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a stem cell and genetics researcher
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.85,0:04:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can see this new CRISPR technology
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.81,0:04:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its potential impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.01,0:04:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we may find ourselves in that reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.65,0:04:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot will depend\Non what we decide to do today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.37,0:04:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you're still\Nkind of thinking in sci-fi mode,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.89,0:04:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consider that the world of science\Nhad a huge shock earlier this year,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.41,0:04:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the public largely\Ndoesn't even know about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.37,0:04:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Researchers in China just a few months ago
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.17,0:04:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reported the creation\Nof genetically modified human embryos.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.85,0:04:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the first time in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.41,0:04:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they did it using\Nthis new CRISPR technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.97,0:04:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It didn't work perfectly,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.73,0:04:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I still think\Nthey sort of cracked the door ajar
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.33,0:04:53.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a Pandora's box here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.89,0:04:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think some people\Nare going to run with this technology
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.81,0:04:59.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to make designer babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.61,0:05:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, before I go on, some of you\Nmay hold up your hands and say,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.69,0:05:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Stop, Paul, wait a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.97,0:05:07.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wouldn't that be illegal?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.81,0:05:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't just go off\Nand create a designer baby."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.07,0:05:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, to some extent, you're right.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.09,0:05:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some countries, you couldn't do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.93,0:05:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in many other countries,\Nincluding my country, the US,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.21,0:05:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's actually no law on this,\Nso in theory, you could do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.09,0:05:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was another development\Nthis year that resonates in this area,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.57,0:05:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that happened\Nnot so far from here over in the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.89,0:05:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the UK traditionally\Nhas been the strictest country
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.01,0:05:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to human\Ngenetic modification.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.85,0:05:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was illegal there,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.81,0:05:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just a few months ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.41,0:05:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they carved out an exception to that rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.89,0:05:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They passed a new law
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.45,0:05:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowing the creation\Nof genetically modified humans
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.93,0:05:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the noble goal of trying\Nto prevent a rare kind of genetic disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.81,0:05:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But still, I think in combination,\Nthese events are pushing us
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.53,0:06:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,further towards an acceptance
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.09,0:06:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of human genetic modification.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.25,0:06:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've been talking\Nabout this CRISPR technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.17,0:06:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What actually is CRISPR?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.77,0:06:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you think about the GMOs\Nthat we're all more familiar with,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.13,0:06:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like GMO tomatoes and wheat
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.37,0:06:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and things like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.33,0:06:20.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this technology\Nis similar to the technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.97,0:06:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were used to make those,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.85,0:06:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's dramatically better,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.25,0:06:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cheaper and faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.53,0:06:30.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.09,0:06:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually like\Na genetic Swiss army knife.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.57,0:06:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can pretend this is a Swiss army knife
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.85,0:06:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with different tools in it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.21,0:06:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the tools\Nis kind of like a magnifying glass
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.37,0:06:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a GPS for our DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.29,0:06:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it can home in on a certain spot.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.89,0:06:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the next tool is like scissors
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.57,0:06:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can cut the DNA right in that spot.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.85,0:06:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, we have a pen,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.45,0:06:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we can literally rewrite\Nthe genetic code in that location.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.97,0:06:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really that simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.09,0:07:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this technology, which came\Non the scene just three years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.77,0:07:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has taken science by storm.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.41,0:07:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's evolving so fast, and it's\Nso freaking exciting to scientists --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.69,0:07:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I admit I'm fascinated by it\Nand we use it in my own lab --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.45,0:07:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I think someone\Nis going to go that extra step
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.05,0:07:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and continue the GM human embryo work
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.65,0:07:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe make designer babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.49,0:07:25.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is so ubiquitous now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.17,0:07:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just came on the scene three years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.61,0:07:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thousands of labs\Nliterally have this in hand today,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.97,0:07:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're doing important research.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.37,0:07:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of them are not interested\Nin designer babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.01,0:07:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're studying human disease
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.53,0:07:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other important elements of science.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.97,0:07:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's a lot of good research\Ngoing on with CRISPR.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.41,0:07:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the fact that we can\Nnow do genetic modifications
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.85,0:07:52.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that used to take years\Nand cost millions of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.65,0:07:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a few weeks\Nfor a couple thousand bucks,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.69,0:07:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to me, as a scientist, that's fantastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.85,0:07:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but again, at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.01,0:08:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it opens the door to people going too far.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.73,0:08:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think for some people,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.17,0:08:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the focus is not going to be\Nso much on science.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.21,0:08:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not what's going\Nto be driving them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.25,0:08:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to be ideology\Nor the chase for a profit.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.53,0:08:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're going to go\Nfor designer babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.34,0:08:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why should we be concerned about this?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.93,0:08:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know from Darwin,\Nif we go back two centuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.17,0:08:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that evolution and genetics\Nprofoundly have impacted humanity,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.33,0:08:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who we are today.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.49,0:08:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some think there's like\Na social Darwinism at work in our world,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.45,0:08:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe even a eugenics as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.53,0:08:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine those trends, those forces,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.29,0:08:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a booster rocket\Nof this CRISPR technology
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.29,0:08:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is so powerful and so ubiquitous.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.81,0:08:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, we can just go back\None century to the last century
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.73,0:08:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see the power that eugenics can have.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.61,0:08:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my father, Peter Knoepfler,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.09,0:08:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually born right here in Vienna.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.89,0:09:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was Viennese,\Nand he was born here in 1929.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.41,0:09:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when my grandparents\Nhad little baby Peter,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.33,0:09:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world was very different. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.09,0:09:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a different Vienna.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.41,0:09:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The United States was different.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.01,0:09:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world was different.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.29,0:09:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a eugenics rising,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.61,0:09:18.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my grandparents realized,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.97,0:09:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pretty quickly I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.41,0:09:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were on the wrong side\Nof the eugenics equation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.65,0:09:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so despite this being their home
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.05,0:09:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their whole extended family's home,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.13,0:09:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this area being their family's\Nhome for generations,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.49,0:09:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they decided because of eugenics
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.53,0:09:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they had to leave.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.49,0:09:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they survived,\Nbut they were heartbroken,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.65,0:09:44.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm not sure my dad\Never really got over leaving Vienna.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.81,0:09:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He left when he was just eight years old
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.17,0:09:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1938.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.45,0:09:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today, I see a new eugenics
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.55,0:09:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of bubbling to the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.91,0:09:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's supposed to be a kinder,\Ngentler, positive eugenics,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.91,0:10:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different than all that past stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.11,0:10:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think even though it's focused\Non trying to improve people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.51,0:10:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could have negative consequences,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.23,0:10:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it really worries me
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.51,0:10:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that some of the top proponents\Nof this new eugenics,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.31,0:10:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they think CRISPR is the ticket\Nto make it happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.27,0:10:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I have to admit, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.03,0:10:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eugenics, we talk\Nabout making better people.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.31,0:10:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a tough question.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.59,0:10:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is better when we're talking\Nabout a human being?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.27,0:10:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I admit I think maybe a lot of us
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.95,0:10:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could agree that human beings,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.91,0:10:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe we could use a little betterment.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.91,0:10:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at our politicians
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.23,0:10:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here, you know, back in the US --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.31,0:10:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God forbid we go there right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.95,0:10:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe even if we just look in the mirror,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.95,0:10:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there might be ways\Nwe think we could be better.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.51,0:10:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I might wish, honestly, that I had\Nmore hair here, instead of baldness.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.35,0:10:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people might wish they were taller,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.91,0:10:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a different weight, a different face.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.34,0:11:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we could do those things,\Nwe could make those things happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.27,0:11:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or we could make them happen\Nin our children,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.55,0:11:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would be very seductive.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.95,0:11:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet coming with it\Nwould be these risks.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.87,0:11:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I talked about eugenics,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.79,0:11:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there would be risks\Nto individuals as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.63,0:11:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we forget about enhancing people
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.11,0:11:22.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we just try to make them\Nhealthier using genetic modification,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.59,0:11:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this technology is so new
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.07,0:11:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so powerful,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.67,0:11:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that by accident,\Nwe could make them sicker.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.43,0:11:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That easily could happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.59,0:11:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's another risk,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.87,0:11:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is that all of the legitimate,\Nimportant genetic modification research
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.47,0:11:40.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going on just in the lab --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.15,0:11:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, no interest in designer babies --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.19,0:11:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few people going\Nthe designer baby route,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.07,0:11:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things go badly,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.47,0:11:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that entire field could be damaged.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.35,0:11:53.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also think it's not that unlikely
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.83,0:11:58.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that governments might start taking\Nan interest in genetic modification.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.79,0:12:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example,\Nour imagined GM Jenna child
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.75,0:12:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is healthier,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.99,0:12:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there's a generation that looks\Nlike they have lower health-care costs,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.03,0:12:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's possible that governments\Nmay start trying to compel their citizens
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.27,0:12:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go the GM route.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.19,0:12:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at China's one-child policy.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.23,0:12:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's thought that that prevented\Nthe birth of 400 million human beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.11,0:12:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not beyond the realm of possible
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.91,0:12:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that genetic modification\Ncould be something that governments push.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.19,0:12:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if designer babies become popular,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.46,0:12:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our digital age --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.55,0:12:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,viral videos, social media --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.23,0:12:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if designer babies\Nare thought to be fashionable,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.83,0:12:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they kind of become\Nthe new glitterati,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.99,0:12:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the new Kardashians or something?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.75,0:12:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.79,0:12:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, are those trends\Nthat we really could control?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.35,0:12:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not convinced that we could.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.55,0:12:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So again, today it's Halloween
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.75,0:13:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when we talk\Nabout genetic modification,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.23,0:13:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's one Halloween-associated character
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.39,0:13:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is talked about\Nor invoked more than anything else,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.07,0:13:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is Frankenstein.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.51,0:13:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mostly that's been Frankenfoods\Nand all this other stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.95,0:13:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we think about this now\Nand we think about it in the human context
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.55,0:13:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a day like Halloween,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.83,0:13:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if parents can, in essence,\Ncostume their children genetically,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.27,0:13:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are we going to be talking about\NFrankenstein 2.0 kind of situation?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.15,0:13:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think so. I don't think\Nit's going to get to that extreme.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.35,0:13:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when we are going about\Nhacking the human code,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.35,0:13:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think all bets are off\Nin terms of what might come of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.63,0:13:42.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There would still be dangers.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.33,0:13:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can look in the past
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.69,0:13:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to other elements\Nof transformative science
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.33,0:13:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see how they can\Nbasically go out of control
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.17,0:13:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and permeate society.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.17,0:13:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'll just give you one example,\Nand that is in vitro fertilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.09,0:13:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost exactly 40 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.73,0:14:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,test-tube baby number one,\NLouise Brown was born,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.45,0:14:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's a great thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.73,0:14:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think since then\Nfive million IVF babies have been born,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.29,0:14:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bringing immeasurable happiness.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.97,0:14:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of parents now can love those kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.13,0:14:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you think about it,\Nin four decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.21,0:14:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five million babies being born\Nfrom a new technology
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.13,0:14:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is pretty remarkable,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.97,0:14:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the same kind of thing could happen
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.21,0:14:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with human genetic modification\Nand designer babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.81,0:14:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So depending on the decisions\Nwe make in the next few months,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.01,0:14:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next year or so,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.33,0:14:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if designer baby number one is born,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.49,0:14:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within a few decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.73,0:14:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there could well be millions\Nof genetically modified humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.41,0:14:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a difference there too,\Nbecause if we, you in the audience, or I,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.89,0:14:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we decide to have a designer baby,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.81,0:14:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then their children will also\Nbe genetically modified, and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.85,0:14:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's heritable.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.17,0:14:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's a big difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.81,0:14:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with all of this in mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.73,0:14:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what should we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.33,0:15:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's actually going to be a meeting
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.17,0:15:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a month from tomorrow in Washington, D.C.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.09,0:15:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the US National Academy of Sciences
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.05,0:15:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tackle that exact question.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.69,0:15:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the right path forward\Nwith human genetic modification?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.21,0:15:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe at this time,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.65,0:15:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need a moratorium.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.13,0:15:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to ban this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.65,0:15:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should not allow\Ncreating genetically modified people,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.25,0:15:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's just too dangerous\Nand too unpredictable.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.57,0:15:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's a lot of people --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.05,0:15:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.21,0:15:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.45,0:15:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.09,0:15:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let me say, just as a scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.41,0:15:41.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a little bit scary\Nfor me to say that in public,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.93,0:15:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because science generally doesn't like\Nself-regulation and things like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.90,0:15:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think we need to put a hold on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.06,0:15:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are many people\Nwho not only disagree with me,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.82,0:15:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they feel the exact opposite.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.34,0:15:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're like, step on the gas,\Nfull speed ahead,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.70,0:16:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's make designer babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.34,0:16:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so in the meeting in December
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.30,0:16:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other meetings that are likely\Nto follow in the next few months,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.78,0:16:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's very possible\Nthere may be no moratorium.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.94,0:16:12.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think part\Nof the problem that we have
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.02,0:16:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that all of this trend,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.10,0:16:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this revolution in genetic modification\Napplying to humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.22,0:16:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the public hasn't known about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.86,0:16:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody has been saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.70,0:16:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look, this is a big deal,\Nthis is a revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.78,0:16:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this could affect you\Nin very personal ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.06,0:16:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so part of my goal\Nis actually to change that
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.90,0:16:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to educate and engage with the public
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.86,0:16:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get you guys talking about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.18,0:16:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I hope at these meetings\Nthat there will be a role for the public
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.98,0:16:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring their voice to bear as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.52,0:16:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we kind of circle back now\Nto 2030 again, that imagined story,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.87,0:16:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and depending on the decisions\Nwe make, again, today --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.06,0:16:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally we don't have a lot of time --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.02,0:16:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the next few months,\Nthe next year or so,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.14,0:16:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this technology\Nis spreading like wildfire.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.38,0:17:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's pretend we're back in that reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.34,0:17:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're at a park,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.18,0:17:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our kid is swinging on the swing.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.52,0:17:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that kid a regular old kid,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.16,0:17:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or did we decide to have a designer baby?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.64,0:17:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's say we went\Nthe sort of traditional route,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.12,0:17:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's our kid swinging on the swing,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.64,0:17:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and frankly, they're kind of a mess.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.48,0:17:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their hair is all over\Nthe place like mine.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.20,0:17:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a stuffy nose.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.44,0:17:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not the best student in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.16,0:17:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're adorable, you love them,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.40,0:17:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there on the swing next to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.36,0:17:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their best friend is a GM kid,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.40,0:17:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the two of them\Nare kind of swinging like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.84,0:17:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can't help\Nbut compare them, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.88,0:17:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the GM kid is swinging higher,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.40,0:17:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they look better,\Nthey're a better student,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.60,0:17:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't have that stuffy nose\Nyou need to wipe.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.42,0:17:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How is that going to make you feel
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.80,0:17:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what decision\Nmight you make next time?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.65,0:17:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.89,0:18:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)