[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.32,0:00:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the middle of my Ph.D.,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.39,0:00:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was hopelessly stuck.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.85,0:00:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every research direction that I tried
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.63,0:00:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led to a dead end.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.25,0:00:11.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seemed like my basic assumptions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.15,0:00:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just stopped working.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.08,0:00:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I felt like a pilot flying through the mist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.08,0:00:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I lost all sense of direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.87,0:00:20.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I stopped shaving.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.35,0:00:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I couldn't get out of bed in the morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.09,0:00:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I felt unworthy
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.82,0:00:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of stepping across the gates of the university,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.98,0:00:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I wasn't like Einstein or Newton
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.13,0:00:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or any other scientist whose results
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.28,0:00:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had learned about, because in science,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.81,0:00:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just learn about the results, not the process.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.19,0:00:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so obviously, I couldn't be a scientist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.89,0:00:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I had enough support
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.56,0:00:44.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I made it through
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.95,0:00:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and discovered something new about nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.17,0:00:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an amazing feeling of calmness,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.92,0:00:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being the only person in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.25,0:00:53.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who knows a new law of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.47,0:00:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I started the second project in my Ph.D,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.52,0:00:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it happened again.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.88,0:01:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got stuck and I made it through.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.17,0:01:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I started thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.56,0:01:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe there's a pattern here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.71,0:01:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked the other graduate students, and they said,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.55,0:01:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Yeah, that's exactly what happened to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.60,0:01:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except nobody told us about it."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.94,0:01:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd all studied science as if it's a series
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.90,0:01:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of logical steps between question and answer,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.47,0:01:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but doing research is nothing like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.22,0:01:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, I was also studying
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.55,0:01:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be an improvisation theater actor.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.64,0:01:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So physics by day,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.07,0:01:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by night, laughing, jumping, singing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.09,0:01:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,playing my guitar.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.40,0:01:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Improvisation theater,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.88,0:01:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like science, goes into the unknown,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.89,0:01:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you have to make a scene onstage
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.30,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without a director, without a script,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without having any idea what you'll portray
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.28,0:01:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what the other characters will do.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.69,0:01:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But unlike science,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.54,0:01:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in improvisation theater, they tell you from day one
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.56,0:01:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's going to happen to\Nyou when you get onstage.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.78,0:01:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're going to fail miserably.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.55,0:01:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're going to get stuck.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.72,0:01:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we would practice staying creative
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.84,0:01:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside that stuck place.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.05,0:01:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, we had an exercise
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.95,0:01:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we all stood in a circle,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.09,0:01:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and each person had to do\Nthe world's worst tap dance,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.06,0:02:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everybody else applauded
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.64,0:02:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cheered you on,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.89,0:02:04.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,supporting you onstage.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.65,0:02:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I became a professor
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.56,0:02:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had to guide my own students
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.94,0:02:09.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through their research projects,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.91,0:02:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I realized again,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.28,0:02:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know what to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.99,0:02:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd studied thousands of hours of physics,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.98,0:02:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biology, chemistry,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.60,0:02:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not one hour, not one concept
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.97,0:02:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how to mentor, how to guide someone
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.56,0:02:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go together into the unknown,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.29,0:02:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about motivation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.21,0:02:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I turned to improvisation theater,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.14,0:02:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I told my students from day one
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.32,0:02:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's going to happen when you start research,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.22,0:02:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this has to do with our mental schema
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.94,0:02:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what research will be like.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.96,0:02:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because you see, whenever people do anything,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.23,0:02:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example if I want to touch this blackboard,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.88,0:02:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my brain first builds up a schema,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.54,0:02:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a prediction of exactly what my muscles will do
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.40,0:02:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before I even start moving my hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.55,0:02:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if I get blocked,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.40,0:02:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if my schema doesn't match reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.27,0:02:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that causes extra stress called cognitive dissonance.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.56,0:02:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why your schemas had better match reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.47,0:02:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you believe the way science is taught,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.62,0:03:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you believe textbooks, you're liable
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.52,0:03:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have the following schema of research.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.81,0:03:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If A is the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.13,0:03:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and B is the answer,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.53,0:03:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then research is a direct path.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.13,0:03:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is that if an experiment doesn't work,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.24,0:03:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a student gets depressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.90,0:03:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's perceived as something utterly wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.99,0:03:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and causes tremendous stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.02,0:03:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why I teach my students
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.80,0:03:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a more realistic schema.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.86,0:03:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's an example
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.38,0:03:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where things don't match your schema.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.38,0:03:49.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.64,0:03:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.56,0:04:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I teach my students a different schema.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.01,0:04:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If A is the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.20,0:04:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,B is the answer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.32,0:04:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stay creative in the cloud,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.86,0:04:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you start going,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.83,0:04:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and experiments don't work, experiments don't work,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.19,0:04:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experiments don't work, experiments don't work,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.73,0:04:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you reach a place linked\Nwith negative emotions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.40,0:04:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it seems like your basic assumptions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.68,0:04:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have stopped making sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.80,0:04:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like somebody yanked the carpet beneath your feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.85,0:04:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I call this place the cloud.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.68,0:04:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you can be lost in the cloud
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.36,0:04:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a day, a week, a month, a year,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.87,0:04:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a whole career,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.37,0:04:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but sometimes, if you're lucky enough
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.53,0:04:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have enough support,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.39,0:05:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see in the materials at hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.38,0:05:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or perhaps meditating on the shape of the cloud,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.62,0:05:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new answer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.28,0:05:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,C, and you decide to go for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.97,0:05:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And experiments don't work, experiments don't work,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.34,0:05:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you get there,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.81,0:05:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you tell everyone about it
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.03,0:05:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by publishing a paper that reads A arrow C,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.53,0:05:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a great way to communicate,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.49,0:05:23.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as long as you don't forget the path
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.83,0:05:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that brought you there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.63,0:05:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this cloud is an inherent part
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.61,0:05:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of research, an inherent part of our craft,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.21,0:05:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the cloud stands guard at the boundary.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.72,0:05:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It stands guard at the boundary
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.99,0:05:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the known
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.80,0:05:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the unknown,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.11,0:05:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in order to discover something truly new,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.38,0:05:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least one of your basic\Nassumptions has to change,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.96,0:06:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that means that in science,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.22,0:06:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we do something quite heroic.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.18,0:06:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every day, we try to bring ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.100,0:06:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the boundary between\Nthe known and the unknown
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.81,0:06:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and face the cloud.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.63,0:06:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now notice that I put B
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.34,0:06:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the land of the known,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.08,0:06:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we knew about it in the beginning,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.89,0:06:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but C is always more interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.54,0:06:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more important than B.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.26,0:06:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So B is essential in order to get going,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.46,0:06:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but C is much more profound,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.27,0:06:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the amazing thing about resesarch.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.77,0:06:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now just knowing that word, the cloud,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.96,0:06:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been transformational in my research group,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.51,0:06:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because students come to me and say,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.38,0:06:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Uri, I'm in the cloud,"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.98,0:06:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I say, "Great, you must be feeling miserable."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.15,0:06:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.29,0:06:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm kind of happy,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.20,0:06:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we might be close to the boundary
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.88,0:06:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the known and the unknown,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.78,0:06:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we stand a chance of discovering
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.32,0:06:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something truly new,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.18,0:06:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the way our mind works,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.53,0:06:53.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just knowing that the cloud
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.67,0:06:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is normal, it's essential,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.10,0:06:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact beautiful,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.30,0:07:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can join the Cloud Appreciation Society,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.93,0:07:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it detoxifies the feeling that something
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.85,0:07:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is deeply wrong with me.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.41,0:07:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a mentor, I know what to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.86,0:07:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is to step up my support for the student,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.06,0:07:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because research in psychology shows
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.54,0:07:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you're feeling fear and despair,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.10,0:07:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your mind narrows down
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.10,0:07:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to very safe and conservative ways of thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.93,0:07:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you'd like to explore the risky paths
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.50,0:07:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,needed to get out of the cloud,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.89,0:07:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need other emotions --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.65,0:07:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solidarity, support, hope —
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.85,0:07:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that come with your connection from somebody else,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.59,0:07:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so like in improvisation theater,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.14,0:07:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in science, it's best to walk into the unknown
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.44,0:07:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.41,0:07:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So knowing about the cloud,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.85,0:07:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you also learn from improvisation theater
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.18,0:07:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very effective way to have conversations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.78,0:07:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the cloud.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.54,0:07:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's based on the central principle
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.52,0:07:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of improvisation theater,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.28,0:07:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so here improvisation theater
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.38,0:07:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came to my help again.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.67,0:07:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called saying "Yes, and"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.96,0:07:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the offers made by other actors.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.30,0:08:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means accepting the offers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.19,0:08:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and building on them, saying, "Yes, and."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.70,0:08:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, if one actor says,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.94,0:08:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Here is a pool of water,"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.10,0:08:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other actor says,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.14,0:08:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"No, that's just a stage,"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.01,0:08:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the improvisation is over.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.75,0:08:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's dead, and everybody feels frustrated.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.52,0:08:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's called blocking.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.87,0:08:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're not mindful of communications,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.48,0:08:26.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientific conversations can have a lot of blocking.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.41,0:08:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saying "Yes, and" sounds like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.65,0:08:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Here is a pool of water."\N"Yeah, let's jump in."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.16,0:08:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Look, there's a whale! Let's grab it by its tail.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.16,0:08:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pulling us to the moon!"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.27,0:08:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So saying "Yes, and" bypasses our inner critic.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.29,0:08:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all have an inner critic
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.98,0:08:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that kind of guards what we say,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.22,0:08:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so people don't think that we're obscene
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.14,0:08:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or crazy or unoriginal,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.26,0:08:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and science is full of the fear
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.52,0:08:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of appearing unoriginal.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.08,0:08:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saying "Yes, and" bypasses the critic
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.24,0:08:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and unlocks hidden voices of creativity
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.86,0:08:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you didn't even know that you had,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.38,0:08:56.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they often carry the answer
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.41,0:08:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the cloud.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.82,0:09:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you see, knowing about the cloud
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.42,0:09:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about saying "Yes, and"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.82,0:09:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made my lab very creative.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.68,0:09:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Students started playing off of each others' ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.21,0:09:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we made surprising discoveries
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.32,0:09:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the interface between physics and biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.19,0:09:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, we were stuck for a year
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.14,0:09:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to understand the intricate
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.29,0:09:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biochemical networks inside our cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.98,0:09:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we said, "We are deeply in the cloud,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.44,0:09:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had a playful conversation
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.42,0:09:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where my student Shai Shen Orr said,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.21,0:09:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Let's just draw this on a\Npiece of paper, this network,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.05,0:09:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead of saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.50,0:09:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But we've done that so many times
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.65,0:09:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it doesn't work,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.69,0:09:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Yes, and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.63,0:09:38.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's use a very big piece of paper,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.67,0:09:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then Ron Milo said,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.76,0:09:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Let's use a gigantic architect's
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.98,0:09:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blueprint kind of paper, and I know where to print it,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.78,0:09:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we printed out the network and looked at it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.28,0:09:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's where we made\Nour most important discovery,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.79,0:09:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this complicated network is just made
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.99,0:09:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a handful of simple, repeating interaction patterns
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.45,0:09:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like motifs in a stained glass window.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.62,0:09:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call them network motifs,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.66,0:10:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're the elementary circuits
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.82,0:10:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that help us understand
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.20,0:10:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the logic of the way cells make decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.90,0:10:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all organisms, including our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.75,0:10:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soon enough, after this,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.68,0:10:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started being invited to give talks
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.30,0:10:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to thousands of scientists across the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.31,0:10:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the knowledge about the cloud
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.14,0:10:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saying "Yes, and"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.27,0:10:20.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just stayed within my own lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.11,0:10:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you see, in science,\Nwe don't talk about the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.24,0:10:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything subjective or emotional.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.67,0:10:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We talk about the results.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.54,0:10:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there was no way to talk about it in conferences.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.61,0:10:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was unthinkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.53,0:10:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I saw scientists in other groups get stuck
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.61,0:10:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without even having a word to describe
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.38,0:10:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they're seeing,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.70,0:10:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their ways of thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.06,0:10:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narrowed down to very safe paths,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.58,0:10:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their science didn't reach its full potential,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.24,0:10:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were miserable.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.100,0:10:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought, that's the way it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.94,0:10:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll try to make my lab as creative as possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.96,0:10:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if everybody else does the same,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.64,0:10:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,science will eventually become
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.83,0:10:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more and more better and better.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.04,0:10:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That way of thinking got turned on its head
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.96,0:10:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when by chance I went to hear Evelyn Fox Keller
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.30,0:10:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give a talk about her experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.66,0:11:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a woman in science.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.35,0:11:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she asked,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.17,0:11:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Why is it that we don't talk about the subjective
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.12,0:11:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and emotional aspects of doing science?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.31,0:11:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not by chance. It's a matter of values."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.30,0:11:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, science seeks knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.48,0:11:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's objective and rational.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.27,0:11:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the beautiful thing about science.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.47,0:11:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we also have a cultural myth
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.42,0:11:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the doing of science,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.68,0:11:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we do every day to get that knowledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.98,0:11:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also only objective and rational,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.42,0:11:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Mr. Spock.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.85,0:11:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when you label something
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.26,0:11:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as objective and rational,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.08,0:11:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,automatically, the other side,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.72,0:11:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the subjective and emotional,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.18,0:11:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become labeled as non-science
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.28,0:11:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or anti-science or threatening to science,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.25,0:11:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we just don't talk about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.06,0:11:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I heard that,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.02,0:11:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that science has a culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.18,0:11:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything clicked into place for me,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.73,0:11:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if science has a culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.39,0:11:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,culture can be changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.65,0:11:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can be a change agent
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.24,0:11:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working to change the culture\Nof science wherever I could.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.95,0:11:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the very next lecture I gave in a conference,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.02,0:11:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I talked about my science,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.64,0:11:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then I talked about the importance
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.15,0:12:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the subjective and emotional\Naspects of doing science
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.33,0:12:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how we should talk about them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.45,0:12:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I looked at the audience,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.68,0:12:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.04,0:12:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They couldn't hear what I was saying
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.33,0:12:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the context of a 10 back-to-back
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.58,0:12:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PowerPoint presentation conference.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.42,0:12:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I tried again and again,\Nconference after conference,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.91,0:12:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I wasn't getting through.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.28,0:12:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was in the cloud.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.18,0:12:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And eventually I managed to get out the cloud
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.70,0:12:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using improvisation and music.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.51,0:12:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since then, every conference I go to,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.25,0:12:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I give a science talk and a second, special talk
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.11,0:12:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called "Love and fear in the lab,"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.10,0:12:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I start it off by doing a song
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.32,0:12:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about scientists' greatest fear,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.89,0:12:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that we work hard,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.80,0:12:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we discover something new,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.15,0:12:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somebody else publishes it before we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.50,0:12:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call it being scooped,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.12,0:12:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and being scooped feels horrible.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.33,0:12:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes us afraid to talk to each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.55,0:12:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is no fun,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.38,0:12:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we came to science to share our ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.14,0:12:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to learn from each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.45,0:13:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so I do a blues song,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.04,0:13:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which — (Applause) —
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.54,0:13:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called "Scooped Again,"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.77,0:13:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I ask the audience to be my backup singers,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.42,0:13:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I tell them, "Your text is 'Scoop, Scoop.'"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.40,0:13:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounds like this: "Scoop, scoop!"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.05,0:13:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.01,0:13:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ I've been scooped again ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.23,0:13:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.98,0:13:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we go for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.25,0:13:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ I've been scooped again ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.30,0:13:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.58,0:13:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ I've been scooped again ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.48,0:13:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.78,0:13:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ I've been scooped again ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.57,0:13:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.21,0:13:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ I've been scooped again ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.88,0:13:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.64,0:13:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ Oh mama, can't you feel my pain ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.91,0:13:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ Heavens help me, I've been scooped again ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.92,0:13:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.74,0:13:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.96,0:14:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you for your backup singing.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.46,0:14:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So everybody starts laughing, starts breathing,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.55,0:14:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,notices that there's other scientists around them
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.56,0:14:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with shared issues,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.87,0:14:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we start talking about the emotional
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.67,0:14:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subjective things that go on in research.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.52,0:14:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It feels like a huge taboo has been lifted.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.71,0:14:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, we can talk about\Nthis in a scientific conference.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.50,0:14:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And scientists have gone on to form peer groups
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.69,0:14:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they meet regularly
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.30,0:14:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and create a space to talk about the emotional
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.93,0:14:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subjective things that\Nhappen as they're mentoring,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.23,0:14:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they're going into the unknown,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.59,0:14:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even started courses
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.16,0:14:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the process of doing science,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.84,0:14:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about going into the unknown together,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.73,0:14:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many other things.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.15,0:14:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my vision is that,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.48,0:14:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like every scientist knows the word "atom,"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.95,0:14:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that matter is made out of atoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.91,0:14:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every scientist would know the words
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.40,0:14:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like "the cloud," saying "Yes, and,"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.74,0:14:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and science will become much more creative,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.82,0:14:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make many, many more unexpected discoveries
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.82,0:14:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the benefit of us all,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.36,0:14:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and would also be much more playful.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.58,0:14:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I might ask you to remember from this talk
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.17,0:14:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that next time you face
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.86,0:14:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a problem you can't solve
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.59,0:15:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in work or in life,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.18,0:15:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a word for what you're going to see:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.06,0:15:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cloud.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.23,0:15:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can go through the cloud
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.77,0:15:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not alone but together
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.17,0:15:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with someone who is your source of support
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.21,0:15:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to say "Yes, and" to your ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.26,0:15:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help you say "Yes, and" to your own ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.58,0:15:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to increase the chance that,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.46,0:15:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the wisps of the cloud,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.19,0:15:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll find that moment of calmness
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.69,0:15:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you get your first glimpse
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.49,0:15:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of your unexpected discovery,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.74,0:15:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your C.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.46,0:15:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.78,0:15:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)