0:00:00.325,0:00:02.388
In the middle of my Ph.D.,

0:00:02.388,0:00:05.850
I was hopelessly stuck.

0:00:05.850,0:00:07.630
Every research direction that I tried

0:00:07.630,0:00:09.246
led to a dead end.

0:00:09.246,0:00:11.148
It seemed like my basic assumptions

0:00:11.148,0:00:13.076
just stopped working.

0:00:13.076,0:00:16.075
I felt like a pilot flying through the mist,

0:00:16.075,0:00:18.870
and I lost all sense of direction.

0:00:18.870,0:00:20.351
I stopped shaving.

0:00:20.351,0:00:23.092
I couldn't get out of bed in the morning.

0:00:23.092,0:00:24.825
I felt unworthy

0:00:24.825,0:00:27.978
of stepping across the gates of the university,

0:00:27.978,0:00:30.126
because I wasn't like Einstein or Newton

0:00:30.126,0:00:32.279
or any other scientist whose results

0:00:32.279,0:00:33.810
I had learned about, because in science,

0:00:33.810,0:00:37.192
we just learn about the results, not the process.

0:00:37.192,0:00:41.893
And so obviously, I couldn't be a scientist.

0:00:41.893,0:00:43.557
But I had enough support

0:00:43.557,0:00:44.954
and I made it through

0:00:44.954,0:00:47.174
and discovered something new about nature.

0:00:47.174,0:00:49.917
This is an amazing feeling of calmness,

0:00:49.917,0:00:51.249
being the only person in the world

0:00:51.249,0:00:53.474
who knows a new law of nature.

0:00:53.474,0:00:56.516
And I started the second project in my Ph.D,

0:00:56.516,0:00:57.880
and it happened again.

0:00:57.880,0:01:00.169
I got stuck and I made it through.

0:01:00.169,0:01:01.555
And I started thinking,

0:01:01.555,0:01:02.712
maybe there's a pattern here.

0:01:02.712,0:01:04.553
I asked the other graduate students, and they said,

0:01:04.553,0:01:06.596
"Yeah, that's exactly what happened to us,

0:01:06.596,0:01:08.945
except nobody told us about it."

0:01:08.945,0:01:10.895
We'd all studied science as if it's a series

0:01:10.895,0:01:14.471
of logical steps between question and answer,

0:01:14.471,0:01:17.217
but doing research is nothing like that.

0:01:17.217,0:01:19.551
At the same time, I was also studying

0:01:19.551,0:01:21.638
to be an improvisation theater actor.

0:01:21.638,0:01:23.072
So physics by day,

0:01:23.072,0:01:25.090
and by night, laughing, jumping, singing,

0:01:25.090,0:01:26.402
playing my guitar.

0:01:26.402,0:01:27.881
Improvisation theater,

0:01:27.881,0:01:30.890
just like science, goes into the unknown,

0:01:30.890,0:01:32.302
because you have to make a scene onstage

0:01:32.302,0:01:34.005
without a director, without a script,

0:01:34.005,0:01:36.283
without having any idea what you'll portray

0:01:36.283,0:01:38.689
or what the other characters will do.

0:01:38.689,0:01:40.538
But unlike science,

0:01:40.538,0:01:43.561
in improvisation theater, they tell you from day one

0:01:43.561,0:01:45.776
what's going to happen to[br]you when you get onstage.

0:01:45.776,0:01:48.548
You're going to fail miserably.

0:01:48.548,0:01:49.725
You're going to get stuck.

0:01:49.725,0:01:51.843
And we would practice staying creative

0:01:51.843,0:01:53.046
inside that stuck place.

0:01:53.046,0:01:54.951
For example, we had an exercise

0:01:54.951,0:01:56.093
where we all stood in a circle,

0:01:56.093,0:01:59.058
and each person had to do[br]the world's worst tap dance,

0:01:59.058,0:02:00.644
and everybody else applauded

0:02:00.644,0:02:01.886
and cheered you on,

0:02:01.886,0:02:04.649
supporting you onstage.

0:02:04.649,0:02:06.557
When I became a professor

0:02:06.557,0:02:07.938
and had to guide my own students

0:02:07.938,0:02:09.911
through their research projects,

0:02:09.911,0:02:11.278
I realized again,

0:02:11.278,0:02:12.990
I don't know what to do.

0:02:12.990,0:02:14.984
I'd studied thousands of hours of physics,

0:02:14.984,0:02:16.598
biology, chemistry,

0:02:16.598,0:02:18.970
but not one hour, not one concept

0:02:18.970,0:02:21.556
on how to mentor, how to guide someone

0:02:21.556,0:02:23.293
to go together into the unknown,

0:02:23.293,0:02:25.214
about motivation.

0:02:25.214,0:02:27.144
So I turned to improvisation theater,

0:02:27.144,0:02:29.317
and I told my students from day one

0:02:29.317,0:02:32.218
what's going to happen when you start research,

0:02:32.218,0:02:33.944
and this has to do with our mental schema

0:02:33.944,0:02:35.956
of what research will be like.

0:02:35.956,0:02:38.234
Because you see, whenever people do anything,

0:02:38.234,0:02:40.876
for example if I want to touch this blackboard,

0:02:40.876,0:02:42.536
my brain first builds up a schema,

0:02:42.536,0:02:44.395
a prediction of exactly what my muscles will do

0:02:44.395,0:02:46.551
before I even start moving my hand,

0:02:46.551,0:02:48.399
and if I get blocked,

0:02:48.399,0:02:50.274
if my schema doesn't match reality,

0:02:50.274,0:02:52.558
that causes extra stress called cognitive dissonance.

0:02:52.558,0:02:55.467
That's why your schemas had better match reality.

0:02:55.467,0:02:58.622
But if you believe the way science is taught,

0:02:58.622,0:03:00.519
and if you believe textbooks, you're liable

0:03:00.519,0:03:06.813
to have the following schema of research.

0:03:06.813,0:03:10.131
If A is the question,

0:03:10.131,0:03:13.531
and B is the answer,

0:03:13.531,0:03:18.124
then research is a direct path.

0:03:18.127,0:03:21.242
The problem is that if an experiment doesn't work,

0:03:21.242,0:03:24.904
or a student gets depressed,

0:03:24.904,0:03:26.990
it's perceived as something utterly wrong

0:03:26.990,0:03:30.020
and causes tremendous stress.

0:03:30.020,0:03:31.803
And that's why I teach my students

0:03:31.803,0:03:35.665
a more realistic schema.

0:03:38.860,0:03:40.384
Here's an example

0:03:40.384,0:03:43.520
where things don't match your schema.

0:03:46.379,0:03:49.641
(Laughter)

0:03:49.641,0:03:52.840
(Applause)

0:04:01.564,0:04:05.010
So I teach my students a different schema.

0:04:05.010,0:04:07.204
If A is the question,

0:04:07.204,0:04:09.385
B is the answer,

0:04:13.320,0:04:14.855
stay creative in the cloud,

0:04:14.855,0:04:16.830
and you start going,

0:04:16.830,0:04:19.193
and experiments don't work, experiments don't work,

0:04:19.193,0:04:21.728
experiments don't work, experiments don't work,

0:04:21.728,0:04:24.404
until you reach a place linked[br]with negative emotions

0:04:24.404,0:04:26.682
where it seems like your basic assumptions

0:04:26.682,0:04:27.798
have stopped making sense,

0:04:27.798,0:04:30.853
like somebody yanked the carpet beneath your feet.

0:04:30.853,0:04:34.181
And I call this place the cloud.

0:04:47.685,0:04:50.363
Now you can be lost in the cloud

0:04:50.363,0:04:52.871
for a day, a week, a month, a year,

0:04:52.871,0:04:54.369
a whole career,

0:04:54.369,0:04:56.531
but sometimes, if you're lucky enough

0:04:56.531,0:04:58.387
and you have enough support,

0:04:58.387,0:05:00.377
you can see in the materials at hand,

0:05:00.377,0:05:03.625
or perhaps meditating on the shape of the cloud,

0:05:03.625,0:05:05.627
a new answer,

0:05:07.285,0:05:10.969
C, and you decide to go for it.

0:05:10.969,0:05:13.338
And experiments don't work, experiments don't work,

0:05:13.338,0:05:14.807
but you get there,

0:05:14.807,0:05:16.027
and then you tell everyone about it

0:05:16.027,0:05:19.529
by publishing a paper that reads A arrow C,

0:05:19.529,0:05:21.488
which is a great way to communicate,

0:05:21.488,0:05:23.832
but as long as you don't forget the path

0:05:23.832,0:05:25.631
that brought you there.

0:05:25.631,0:05:27.606
Now this cloud is an inherent part

0:05:27.606,0:05:30.210
of research, an inherent part of our craft,

0:05:30.210,0:05:33.420
because the cloud stands guard at the boundary.

0:05:37.721,0:05:39.990
It stands guard at the boundary

0:05:39.990,0:05:42.962
between the known

0:05:45.795,0:05:49.399
and the unknown,

0:05:53.110,0:05:55.385
because in order to discover something truly new,

0:05:55.385,0:05:58.962
at least one of your basic[br]assumptions has to change,

0:05:58.962,0:06:00.216
and that means that in science,

0:06:00.216,0:06:02.178
we do something quite heroic.

0:06:02.178,0:06:03.999
Every day, we try to bring ourselves

0:06:03.999,0:06:05.811
to the boundary between[br]the known and the unknown

0:06:05.811,0:06:07.632
and face the cloud.

0:06:07.632,0:06:09.337
Now notice that I put B

0:06:09.337,0:06:10.080
in the land of the known,

0:06:10.080,0:06:11.891
because we knew about it in the beginning,

0:06:11.891,0:06:15.540
but C is always more interesting

0:06:15.540,0:06:18.263
and more important than B.

0:06:18.263,0:06:20.456
So B is essential in order to get going,

0:06:20.456,0:06:22.274
but C is much more profound,

0:06:22.274,0:06:26.771
and that's the amazing thing about resesarch.

0:06:26.771,0:06:28.959
Now just knowing that word, the cloud,

0:06:28.959,0:06:31.514
has been transformational in my research group,

0:06:31.514,0:06:33.384
because students come to me and say,

0:06:33.384,0:06:34.982
"Uri, I'm in the cloud,"

0:06:34.982,0:06:38.148
and I say, "Great, you must be feeling miserable."

0:06:38.148,0:06:40.290
(Laughter)

0:06:40.290,0:06:42.203
But I'm kind of happy,

0:06:42.203,0:06:43.881
because we might be close to the boundary

0:06:43.881,0:06:45.777
between the known and the unknown,

0:06:45.777,0:06:47.323
and we stand a chance of discovering

0:06:47.323,0:06:49.184
something truly new,

0:06:49.184,0:06:50.526
since the way our mind works,

0:06:50.526,0:06:53.674
it's just knowing that the cloud

0:06:53.674,0:06:58.100
is normal, it's essential,

0:06:58.100,0:06:59.305
and in fact beautiful,

0:06:59.305,0:07:02.928
we can join the Cloud Appreciation Society,

0:07:02.928,0:07:04.846
and it detoxifies the feeling that something

0:07:04.846,0:07:07.408
is deeply wrong with me.

0:07:07.408,0:07:09.858
And as a mentor, I know what to do,

0:07:09.858,0:07:12.060
which is to step up my support for the student,

0:07:12.060,0:07:13.541
because research in psychology shows

0:07:13.541,0:07:17.100
that if you're feeling fear and despair,

0:07:17.100,0:07:18.097
your mind narrows down

0:07:18.097,0:07:20.928
to very safe and conservative ways of thinking.

0:07:20.928,0:07:22.503
If you'd like to explore the risky paths

0:07:22.503,0:07:23.891
needed to get out of the cloud,

0:07:23.891,0:07:25.652
you need other emotions --

0:07:25.652,0:07:27.853
solidarity, support, hope —

0:07:27.853,0:07:29.590
that come with your connection from somebody else,

0:07:29.590,0:07:31.140
so like in improvisation theater,

0:07:31.140,0:07:33.441
in science, it's best to walk into the unknown

0:07:33.441,0:07:35.410
together.

0:07:35.410,0:07:37.852
So knowing about the cloud,

0:07:37.852,0:07:41.176
you also learn from improvisation theater

0:07:41.176,0:07:43.778
a very effective way to have conversations

0:07:43.778,0:07:45.538
inside the cloud.

0:07:45.538,0:07:47.515
It's based on the central principle

0:07:47.515,0:07:49.282
of improvisation theater,

0:07:49.282,0:07:50.375
so here improvisation theater

0:07:50.375,0:07:51.671
came to my help again.

0:07:51.671,0:07:53.962
It's called saying "Yes, and"

0:07:53.962,0:07:57.427
to the offers made by other actors.

0:08:04.297,0:08:07.191
That means accepting the offers

0:08:07.191,0:08:09.702
and building on them, saying, "Yes, and."

0:08:09.702,0:08:10.941
For example, if one actor says,

0:08:10.941,0:08:12.096
"Here is a pool of water,"

0:08:12.096,0:08:13.141
and the other actor says,

0:08:13.141,0:08:15.010
"No, that's just a stage,"

0:08:15.010,0:08:16.748
the improvisation is over.

0:08:16.748,0:08:20.520
It's dead, and everybody feels frustrated.

0:08:20.520,0:08:21.868
That's called blocking.

0:08:21.868,0:08:23.475
If you're not mindful of communications,

0:08:23.475,0:08:26.412
scientific conversations can have a lot of blocking.

0:08:26.412,0:08:28.648
Saying "Yes, and" sounds like this.

0:08:28.648,0:08:31.156
"Here is a pool of water."[br]"Yeah, let's jump in."

0:08:31.156,0:08:34.165
"Look, there's a whale! Let's grab it by its tail.

0:08:34.165,0:08:36.266
It's pulling us to the moon!"

0:08:36.266,0:08:39.286
So saying "Yes, and" bypasses our inner critic.

0:08:39.286,0:08:40.980
We all have an inner critic

0:08:40.980,0:08:42.221
that kind of guards what we say,

0:08:42.221,0:08:44.144
so people don't think that we're obscene

0:08:44.144,0:08:45.259
or crazy or unoriginal,

0:08:45.259,0:08:46.519
and science is full of the fear

0:08:46.519,0:08:48.076
of appearing unoriginal.

0:08:48.076,0:08:50.243
Saying "Yes, and" bypasses the critic

0:08:50.243,0:08:52.855
and unlocks hidden voices of creativity

0:08:52.855,0:08:54.380
you didn't even know that you had,

0:08:54.380,0:08:56.410
and they often carry the answer

0:08:56.410,0:08:58.815
about the cloud.

0:08:58.815,0:09:01.416
So you see, knowing about the cloud

0:09:01.416,0:09:02.820
and about saying "Yes, and"

0:09:02.820,0:09:05.679
made my lab very creative.

0:09:05.679,0:09:08.207
Students started playing off of each others' ideas,

0:09:08.207,0:09:10.321
and we made surprising discoveries

0:09:10.321,0:09:13.190
in the interface between physics and biology.

0:09:13.190,0:09:16.140
For example, we were stuck for a year

0:09:16.140,0:09:17.289
trying to understand the intricate

0:09:17.289,0:09:19.982
biochemical networks inside our cells,

0:09:19.982,0:09:22.439
and we said, "We are deeply in the cloud,"

0:09:22.439,0:09:24.419
and we had a playful conversation

0:09:24.419,0:09:26.207
where my student Shai Shen Orr said,

0:09:26.207,0:09:29.050
"Let's just draw this on a[br]piece of paper, this network,"

0:09:29.050,0:09:30.503
and instead of saying,

0:09:30.503,0:09:32.654
"But we've done that so many times

0:09:32.654,0:09:33.688
and it doesn't work,"

0:09:33.688,0:09:36.631
I said, "Yes, and

0:09:36.631,0:09:38.672
let's use a very big piece of paper,"

0:09:38.672,0:09:39.764
and then Ron Milo said,

0:09:39.764,0:09:41.984
"Let's use a gigantic architect's

0:09:41.984,0:09:43.780
blueprint kind of paper, and I know where to print it,"

0:09:43.780,0:09:46.280
and we printed out the network and looked at it,

0:09:46.280,0:09:48.789
and that's where we made[br]our most important discovery,

0:09:48.789,0:09:50.990
that this complicated network is just made

0:09:50.990,0:09:54.453
of a handful of simple, repeating interaction patterns

0:09:54.453,0:09:57.616
like motifs in a stained glass window.

0:09:57.616,0:09:59.664
We call them network motifs,

0:09:59.664,0:10:01.816
and they're the elementary circuits

0:10:01.816,0:10:03.201
that help us understand

0:10:03.201,0:10:05.901
the logic of the way cells make decisions

0:10:05.901,0:10:08.750
in all organisms, including our body.

0:10:08.750,0:10:10.675
Soon enough, after this,

0:10:10.675,0:10:12.295
I started being invited to give talks

0:10:12.295,0:10:15.306
to thousands of scientists across the world,

0:10:15.306,0:10:17.139
but the knowledge about the cloud

0:10:17.139,0:10:18.271
and saying "Yes, and"

0:10:18.271,0:10:20.110
just stayed within my own lab,

0:10:20.110,0:10:22.241
because you see, in science,[br]we don't talk about the process,

0:10:22.241,0:10:24.674
anything subjective or emotional.

0:10:24.674,0:10:26.537
We talk about the results.

0:10:26.537,0:10:28.606
So there was no way to talk about it in conferences.

0:10:28.606,0:10:30.530
That was unthinkable.

0:10:30.530,0:10:32.606
And I saw scientists in other groups get stuck

0:10:32.606,0:10:34.380
without even having a word to describe

0:10:34.380,0:10:35.701
what they're seeing,

0:10:35.701,0:10:37.056
and their ways of thinking

0:10:37.056,0:10:38.584
narrowed down to very safe paths,

0:10:38.584,0:10:40.244
their science didn't reach its full potential,

0:10:40.244,0:10:41.997
and they were miserable.

0:10:41.997,0:10:43.936
I thought, that's the way it is.

0:10:43.936,0:10:45.957
I'll try to make my lab as creative as possible,

0:10:45.957,0:10:47.637
and if everybody else does the same,

0:10:47.637,0:10:49.827
science will eventually become

0:10:49.827,0:10:52.041
more and more better and better.

0:10:52.041,0:10:54.961
That way of thinking got turned on its head

0:10:54.961,0:10:57.300
when by chance I went to hear Evelyn Fox Keller

0:10:57.300,0:10:58.658
give a talk about her experiences

0:10:58.658,0:11:00.349
as a woman in science.

0:11:00.349,0:11:02.172
And she asked,

0:11:02.172,0:11:04.120
"Why is it that we don't talk about the subjective

0:11:04.120,0:11:06.306
and emotional aspects of doing science?

0:11:06.306,0:11:10.298
It's not by chance. It's a matter of values."

0:11:10.298,0:11:12.476
You see, science seeks knowledge

0:11:12.476,0:11:14.271
that's objective and rational.

0:11:14.271,0:11:16.469
That's the beautiful thing about science.

0:11:16.469,0:11:18.425
But we also have a cultural myth

0:11:18.425,0:11:19.679
that the doing of science,

0:11:19.679,0:11:21.979
what we do every day to get that knowledge,

0:11:21.979,0:11:24.419
is also only objective and rational,

0:11:24.419,0:11:26.851
like Mr. Spock.

0:11:26.851,0:11:28.265
And when you label something

0:11:28.265,0:11:30.078
as objective and rational,

0:11:30.078,0:11:31.720
automatically, the other side,

0:11:31.720,0:11:33.177
the subjective and emotional,

0:11:33.177,0:11:35.279
become labeled as non-science

0:11:35.279,0:11:37.250
or anti-science or threatening to science,

0:11:37.250,0:11:39.061
and we just don't talk about it.

0:11:39.061,0:11:41.015
And when I heard that,

0:11:41.015,0:11:43.182
that science has a culture,

0:11:43.182,0:11:44.729
everything clicked into place for me,

0:11:44.729,0:11:46.393
because if science has a culture,

0:11:46.393,0:11:47.649
culture can be changed,

0:11:47.649,0:11:49.242
and I can be a change agent

0:11:49.242,0:11:51.954
working to change the culture[br]of science wherever I could.

0:11:51.954,0:11:55.023
And so the very next lecture I gave in a conference,

0:11:55.023,0:11:56.635
I talked about my science,

0:11:56.635,0:11:58.147
and then I talked about the importance

0:11:58.147,0:12:00.329
of the subjective and emotional[br]aspects of doing science

0:12:00.329,0:12:01.449
and how we should talk about them,

0:12:01.449,0:12:02.683
and I looked at the audience,

0:12:02.683,0:12:05.043
and they were cold.

0:12:05.043,0:12:08.334
They couldn't hear what I was saying

0:12:08.334,0:12:09.585
in the context of a 10 back-to-back

0:12:09.585,0:12:11.424
PowerPoint presentation conference.

0:12:11.424,0:12:13.906
And I tried again and again,[br]conference after conference,

0:12:13.906,0:12:16.279
but I wasn't getting through.

0:12:16.279,0:12:19.185
I was in the cloud.

0:12:19.185,0:12:22.699
And eventually I managed to get out the cloud

0:12:22.699,0:12:25.510
using improvisation and music.

0:12:25.510,0:12:28.249
Since then, every conference I go to,

0:12:28.249,0:12:31.111
I give a science talk and a second, special talk

0:12:31.111,0:12:33.104
called "Love and fear in the lab,"

0:12:33.104,0:12:35.321
and I start it off by doing a song

0:12:35.321,0:12:37.893
about scientists' greatest fear,

0:12:37.893,0:12:40.805
which is that we work hard,

0:12:40.805,0:12:43.147
we discover something new,

0:12:43.147,0:12:46.504
and somebody else publishes it before we do.

0:12:46.504,0:12:49.120
We call it being scooped,

0:12:49.120,0:12:52.334
and being scooped feels horrible.

0:12:52.334,0:12:54.547
It makes us afraid to talk to each other,

0:12:54.547,0:12:55.380
which is no fun,

0:12:55.380,0:12:58.140
because we came to science to share our ideas

0:12:58.140,0:12:59.451
and to learn from each other,

0:12:59.451,0:13:02.940
and so I do a blues song,

0:13:05.040,0:13:10.544
which — (Applause) —

0:13:10.544,0:13:13.767
called "Scooped Again,"

0:13:13.767,0:13:16.425
and I ask the audience to be my backup singers,

0:13:16.425,0:13:20.405
and I tell them, "Your text is 'Scoop, Scoop.'"

0:13:20.405,0:13:23.050
It sounds like this: "Scoop, scoop!"

0:13:23.050,0:13:24.013
Sounds like this.

0:13:24.013,0:13:26.232
♪ I've been scooped again ♪

0:13:26.232,0:13:27.975
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪

0:13:27.975,0:13:29.253
And then we go for it.

0:13:29.253,0:13:31.298
♪ I've been scooped again ♪

0:13:31.298,0:13:32.584
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪

0:13:32.584,0:13:34.479
♪ I've been scooped again ♪

0:13:34.479,0:13:35.785
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪

0:13:35.785,0:13:37.568
♪ I've been scooped again ♪

0:13:37.568,0:13:39.207
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪

0:13:39.207,0:13:40.875
♪ I've been scooped again ♪

0:13:40.875,0:13:42.637
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪

0:13:42.637,0:13:45.912
♪ Oh mama, can't you feel my pain ♪

0:13:45.912,0:13:49.698
♪ Heavens help me, I've been scooped again ♪

0:13:50.925,0:13:57.316
(Applause)

0:13:57.735,0:13:58.965
Thank you.

0:13:58.965,0:14:00.464
Thank you for your backup singing.

0:14:00.464,0:14:02.548
So everybody starts laughing, starts breathing,

0:14:02.548,0:14:04.560
notices that there's other scientists around them

0:14:04.560,0:14:05.867
with shared issues,

0:14:05.867,0:14:07.672
and we start talking about the emotional

0:14:07.672,0:14:09.522
and subjective things that go on in research.

0:14:09.522,0:14:11.706
It feels like a huge taboo has been lifted.

0:14:11.706,0:14:14.505
Finally, we can talk about[br]this in a scientific conference.

0:14:14.505,0:14:16.691
And scientists have gone on to form peer groups

0:14:16.691,0:14:18.301
where they meet regularly

0:14:18.301,0:14:19.930
and create a space to talk about the emotional

0:14:19.930,0:14:22.231
and subjective things that[br]happen as they're mentoring,

0:14:22.231,0:14:23.594
as they're going into the unknown,

0:14:23.594,0:14:25.164
and even started courses

0:14:25.164,0:14:26.839
about the process of doing science,

0:14:26.839,0:14:28.734
about going into the unknown together,

0:14:28.734,0:14:30.150
and many other things.

0:14:30.150,0:14:31.484
So my vision is that,

0:14:31.484,0:14:34.946
just like every scientist knows the word "atom,"

0:14:34.946,0:14:36.913
that matter is made out of atoms,

0:14:36.913,0:14:38.397
every scientist would know the words

0:14:38.397,0:14:40.741
like "the cloud," saying "Yes, and,"

0:14:40.741,0:14:43.820
and science will become much more creative,

0:14:43.820,0:14:46.824
make many, many more unexpected discoveries

0:14:46.824,0:14:49.360
for the benefit of us all,

0:14:49.360,0:14:51.576
and would also be much more playful.

0:14:51.576,0:14:54.166
And what I might ask you to remember from this talk

0:14:54.166,0:14:56.862
is that next time you face

0:14:56.862,0:14:58.588
a problem you can't solve

0:14:58.588,0:15:01.180
in work or in life,

0:15:01.180,0:15:03.056
there's a word for what you're going to see:

0:15:03.056,0:15:04.233
the cloud.

0:15:04.233,0:15:05.766
And you can go through the cloud

0:15:05.766,0:15:07.174
not alone but together

0:15:07.174,0:15:09.212
with someone who is your source of support

0:15:09.212,0:15:11.260
to say "Yes, and" to your ideas,

0:15:11.260,0:15:13.577
to help you say "Yes, and" to your own ideas,

0:15:13.577,0:15:15.464
to increase the chance that,

0:15:15.464,0:15:17.190
through the wisps of the cloud,

0:15:17.190,0:15:18.688
you'll find that moment of calmness

0:15:18.688,0:15:20.491
where you get your first glimpse

0:15:20.491,0:15:23.741
of your unexpected discovery,

0:15:23.741,0:15:26.465
your C.

0:15:26.465,0:15:28.785
Thank you.

0:15:28.785,0:15:32.785
(Applause)