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Let's start with a seemingly
easy question.

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Who, here, is convinced
to be dreaming, right now?

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Raise your hand, one, two -

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not many, thankfully.

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(Laughter)

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Another question, linked to the first -
even though it doesn't seem so.

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Who of you would trust someone

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who betrays you every day?

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Every day, every night actually,
it fools you into believing false things.

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Is there someone
who would trust that person?

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No, we all agree on this.

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Yet this is what we do:

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we trust someone
who deceives us every day.

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This is what we all do,
because our mind fools us

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every day, every night, when we sleep,
for about an hour and a half.

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That is the duration
of the so-called REM phases,

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the sleep's dreaming phase.

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Which kind of experience is dream?

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We all know that, we believe what we see.

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If we're having a nightmare,
we are afraid,

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because that monster is chasing us,
we believe it is true.

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If we have a love affair
with someone, we believe it.

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And the experience we are living,
we live it intensely.

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Our mind deceives us
in an extremely convincing way,

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involving all our senses.

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It involves sight, involves hearing,

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involves touch, involves emotions.

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Our brain and our mind
create for us, when we dream,

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some sort of movie,
natural virtual reality.

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Some of you may have tried
to use virtual reality, right?

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We are immersed in it, we believe in it.
Even more so in a dream.

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It is a "natural" technology, so to say,
and it's even more effective.

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Yet during the day, when we are awake,

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we trust our mind,

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which is the same
that betrayed us in the night,

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the same that deceived us,

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that perhaps inspired us during the night,

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but still generating something
that just is not true.

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It is fake, it is illusory,
it is a shadow.

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This idea that our mind deceives us

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has deeply crossed
our entire Western culture

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generating two approaches,
two ways of thinking

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extremely important for all of us.

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We could not be here now

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if we had not reconsidered
the deceptive nature of our senses.

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One approach is science.

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With the scientific method,

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science wants to go beyond the limits
of the individual mind,

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the deception of our senses,

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That's why we use a meter.

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If I guess by naked eye,
something is five feet meter long,

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I know I can deceive myself,
my mind is not that accurate,

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I need to use a tool

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to objectively measure that length.

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This holds true for everything in science.

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We set up models,
but we do not trust them.

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We must run experiments,
we must take measures

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so that our idea, our fantasy,

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is somehow confirmed
by the external reality.

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So the scientific method

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is totally aware
of how deceptive our mind is.

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And it doesn't count
a single scientist's opinion,

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because she may have made a mistake,

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she might have made experiments,
let's say, only in a certain direction.

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Another scientist is needed

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who questions, tries to falsify,

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what the first scientist stated.

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Another discipline
that strongly takes into account

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the deceptive nature of our senses

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is Western philosophy.

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There's also the Eastern one,

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but we are more familiar
with the Western one.

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Think of Descartes, René Descartes,

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a great French philosopher,
one of the fathers of modern thought.

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He starts his philosophical study,
his philosophical exploration,

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precisely from the fundamental doubt
about the relatability of his senses

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and tried to find
a sounder base than his senses,

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one that a philosophical system
can later be built upon.

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And so he starts saying
"I think therefore I am",

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which is well known.

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You see, science and philosophy,

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and various philosophical approaches
that we do not explore now,

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are fully aware of our senses'
deluding nature.

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But we, as individuals,

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we rarely ask ourselves during the day:

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am I dreaming or not?

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Instead, we believe
in what our senses, all the time,

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make us see, hear, feel, touch.

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But I'd like to stress with you now

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a particular method we can use

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to become more aware

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of our senses' deceptive nature.

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And this happens just while we dream.

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That is, while we are having
a normal dream,

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trying to nurture the ability

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to wonder if that is a dream or not.

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Let's assume I'm chased
by a nightmare's monster;

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while I'm running away,
I contemplate the situation

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and ask myself: is this a dream or not?

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And I turn my face to the monster.

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It is an extremely difficult
change of conscience, it is not easy,

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but perhaps some of you
will have experienced it.

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Some of you may have had a dream

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where you felt it was a dream
and maybe you guided it a little bit.

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Those are called "pre-lucid dreams".

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A lucid dream is an extremely
intense experience,

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where we are fully aware
of the fact that we are dreaming.

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You see, as a teenager
I had that experience

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as I clumsily practiced

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meditation techniques during the day

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and one night I happened
to have a lucid dream

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of this extremely intense type,

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which shaped a bit, let's say,

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the way I saw, and still see,

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consciousness and awareness.

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With the first dream then,

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immediately reported
on the lucid dreams's book,

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was the first in a series
of hundreds and hundreds of lucid dreams

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that I had in my life
and still continue to have.

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And they have a great
transformative power.

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Initially with the first dreams,
you learn a little to play.

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One thing I did, for example,

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was to get up a few inches off the ground.

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So I tried to challenge
the laws of physics

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and move from one place to another

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of that extremely detailed
dream reality, by sliding.

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But then, why stop at that?

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So in later dreams I elevated myself more,

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and even passed through walls.

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I had the chance to fly over a city,

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to go from one city to another,

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always with extreme realism.

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Meeting people generated for us
by our dream world -

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we cannot control the people in the dream,

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they have a strange
independence of thought;

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but we can decide to go to them.

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We can transform our body,

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because we have a dream body,

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which is the same one
of when we are awake,

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but if we look at our dream hands

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we can transform them, with an effort
of lucidity and awareness,

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giving them six or ten fingers,

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or the hands of an animal,
to become a wolf.

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One can become an eagle,

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not only to fly but also
to have the body of an eagle.

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It is possible to become a dog,

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a woman if you are a man,
or the other way around.

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It is possible to be
in two places simultaneously,

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being aware of that -
and why not, even three places.

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Once it happened to me
to be in three different places,

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I was flying in one, walking in another,

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and melted with the floor
in the third one.

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Not so pleasant but interesting.

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And anyway, you're in control.
You can wake up at any time.

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So, we said about philosophy.

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There are various traces
of our awareness' ability

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to move into the world of shadows.

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And the best allegory for this idea
is a very famous one

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I am sure that many of you
will have heard or studied.

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It is the Plato's Cave,

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or the Allegory of the Cave,
as it is also known.

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It's a story, I recapitulate here,

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written by Plato 2,400 years ago
in his Republic,

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staged in a cave deep within the Earth.

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There are prisoners in chains

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who are forced to look
only at the bottom of the cave,

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with no chance to move or look back.

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That is their world.

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Behind them, unbeknownst to them,
there is a huge fire

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and between fire and prisoners

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there are people passing with objects.

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So the prisoners see,
at the bottom of the cave.

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a number of moving shadows.

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That is their reality,

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and they therefore believe
that this is the only reality.

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Those shadows are all that is there.

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It just so happens, one day,

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one of those prisoners
is released from the chains.

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He is able to get out
of his limited world.

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The first thing he does,
he sees that there is a huge fire

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and he sees there are
three-dimensional objects

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he had absolutely no idea of before,

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And he understands that shadows,

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once thought to be
the objects of the world,

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are only a projection
of the actual three-dimensional reality.

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Then, at a distance, he sees a light,

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which is the entrance to the cave
he had lived in until then,

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he goes there, he comes out

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and sees that the world
is much more complex

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and very rich, colorful, full of light

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and there is a large fire,
much larger than that of the cave,

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which is the sun,
which enlightens everything.

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And he can interact with these objects,
he can run, he can touch them.

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Awakened as it is - you see,
this is a metaphor for awakening -

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but there is another passage,

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which is what also happens
in lucid dreaming,

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that is, he decides to get back
to the world of shadows.

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He returns down inside the cave

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where his inmates are still prisoners,

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and he wants to tell them

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that the reality of the shadows
is not the real reality

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but there is a much more complex reality,
much richer, much finer,

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much more true, out there.

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As you can see, allegories
describe mental processes,

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just as dreams.

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indeed allegories and dreams overlap,
they have a close connection.

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In this allegory of Plato

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there is this mental process of awakening,

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A hard process,

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also because initially
it's hard to wake up,

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blinded as we are by light;

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but little by little,
we wake up completely.

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But then you see,
there's this second passage,

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the return to the world of shadows,

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the return to sleep,
the return to the illusory condition

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where we try to interact
but from an awakened standpoint.

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So you see how it is like
to wake up in a dream.

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Recent neuroscientific research

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has focused on this phenomenon.

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It used to be the exclusive
realm of philosophy

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or maybe some anecdote
told here and there.

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Then it became a mostly
psychological field,

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and now even of neuroscience.

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So what happens
in a lucidly dreaming brain?

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Well, the message is this,

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we have a part of the brain
that is critically important,

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called the prefrontal cortex,

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the one we have behind the forehead.

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And you can imagine its role

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as a sort of conductor
of all of our mental abilities.

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It directs the vision,

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which decides when to pay attention,

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what we must pay attention to
in our visual range.

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So the conductor -

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as it doesn’t play an instrument itself

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but regulates, let's say, the productions
of all the other instruments.

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Thus it is a kind of boss of our mind.

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That's when we have normal,
ordinary dreams,

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the prefrontal cortex is off,

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while the rest of the brain
is normally active

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almost as if we were awake.

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So it's a very active brain,
but in the prefrontal cortex.

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What has been discovered is,
when we have a lucid dream -

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a very rare event,
very hard to reproduce in labs,

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prefrontal cortex gets activated,

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not just as completely
as if we were awake,

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but in many substantial parts
it's more active, consumes more oxygen.

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It was also found,

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those who are most prone to lucid dreaming

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or developed this ability
to be conscious in their dreams,

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have a thicker prefrontal cortex,

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we can measure it with an MRI,

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which signals a greater predisposition

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to be the conductor,

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to have an active conductor in their mind.

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Many studies - and many are still ongoing,

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is an extremely recent research topic.

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The prefrontal cortex
is my favorite research topic,

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so I started dealing many years ago

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on how the prefrontal cortex
regulates and directs our behavior.

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So what can we do, in order to increase

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our ability to be aware
while sleeping, in the dream?

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Well one technique is that
of asking yourself, even when awake,

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if we are dreaming or not.

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I mean, all of a sudden,
am I dreaming or not?

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Asking the question,
rather than giving the answer,

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casting some doubt

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on how actually real is what we see.

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If it is our projection
or is an objective fact.

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Repeating it several times during the day
makes us, say, create a kind of habit.

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And it may happen, one of these times
we ask that ourselves,

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that we are actually dreaming.

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And so I'm talking to someone
in my dream world,

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and I stop for a moment, saying,

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am I really talking with this person,
am I really watching a TED talk

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or is it a dream?

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And try to give youself a valid answer.

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Doing this several times during the day -

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but let me get this straight,
not to escape in a dream world!

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Exactly for the opposite purpose:

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enhance awareness, lucidity and presence

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in what we are experiencing.

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By doing so, we can become
experienced lucid dreamers.

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And which advantage do we have
in our conscious world?

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Think of a situation when you're hit
by a negative event:

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for example, you're fired.

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Bad, objectively bad.

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But how much negative projection we create
around such an objectively bad event?

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We began to underestimate ourselves:
why have they fired me?

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I didn't deserve that job,

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I never showed that I was good at it,
or at that other thing,

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I have no more chances left.
What will my family think about me?

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All this, you see, is dream-like:

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it is a dream dress

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we put on real and concrete facts.

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Training to lucid dreaming

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helps us to tell objective reality
from our projection.

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In this way we can live better.

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Not to escape in a distant world,

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but to be more present in reality.

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Thus getting closer

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to the freed prisoner of Plato's Cave

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and be able to go around,
out in the outside world,

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in light of the sun,

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or even return to the world of shadows
and not let them to capture us again.

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So I say goodbye to you with a wish
for a good awakening in dreams.

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(Applause)