[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.20,0:00:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm here to talk to you\Nabout the walkable city.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.81,0:00:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the walkable city?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.19,0:00:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, for want of a better definition,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.70,0:00:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a city in which the car\Nis an optional instrument of freedom,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.05,0:00:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than a prosthetic device.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.96,0:00:30.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'd like to talk about\Nwhy we need the walkable city,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.94,0:00:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'd like to talk about\Nhow to do the walkable city.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.22,0:00:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the talks I give these days\Nare about why we need it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.58,0:00:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you guys are smart.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.85,0:00:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also I gave that talk\Nexactly a month ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.12,0:00:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see it at TED.com.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.22,0:00:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today I want to talk\Nabout how to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.18,0:00:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a lot of time thinking about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.14,0:00:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've come up with what I call\Nthe general theory of walkability.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.27,0:01:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A bit of a pretentious term,\Nit's a little tongue-in-cheek,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.22,0:01:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's something\NI've thought about for a long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.82,0:01:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'd like to share\Nwhat I think I've figured out.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.23,0:01:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the American city,\Nthe typical American city --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.09,0:01:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the typical American city\Nis not Washington, DC,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.57,0:01:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or New York, or San Francisco;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.91,0:01:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's Grand Rapids or Cedar\NRapids or Memphis --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.18,0:01:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the typical American city\Nin which most people own cars
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.31,0:01:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the temptation\Nis to drive them all the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.66,0:01:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're going to get them to walk,\Nthen you have to offer a walk
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.46,0:01:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's as good as a drive or better.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.33,0:01:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.51,0:01:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means you need to offer\Nfour things simultaneously:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.07,0:01:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there needs to be a proper reason to walk,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.23,0:01:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the walk has to be safe and feel safe,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.73,0:01:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the walk has to be comfortable
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.45,0:01:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the walk has to be interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.24,0:01:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need to do all four\Nof these things simultaneously,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.87,0:01:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the structure of my talk today,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.93,0:01:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take you through each of those.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.58,0:01:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason to walk\Nis a story I learned from my mentors,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.87,0:01:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.25,0:01:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the founders of the New Urbanism movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.28,0:01:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I should say half the slides\Nand half of my talk today
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.12,0:02:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I learned from them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.47,0:02:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the story of planning,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.28,0:02:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the story of the formation\Nof the planning profession.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.54,0:02:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When in the 19th century\Npeople were choking
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.30,0:02:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the soot of the dark, satanic mills,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.81,0:02:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the planners said, hey, let's move\Nthe housing away from the mills.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.21,0:02:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And lifespans increased\Nimmediately, dramatically,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.70,0:02:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we like to say
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.88,0:02:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the planners have been trying to repeat\Nthat experience ever since.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.10,0:02:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's the onset\Nof what we call Euclidean zoning,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.76,0:02:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the separation of the landscape\Ninto large areas of single use.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.86,0:02:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And typically when I arrive\Nin a city to do a plan,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.36,0:02:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a plan like this already awaits me\Non the property that I'm looking at.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.42,0:02:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all a plan like this guarantees
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.15,0:02:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that you will not have a walkable city,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.21,0:02:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because nothing is located\Nnear anything else.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.16,0:02:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The alternative, of course,\Nis our most walkable city,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.82,0:02:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I like to say, you know,\Nthis is a Rothko,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.38,0:02:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is a Seurat.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.91,0:02:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a different way of making places.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.76,0:02:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even this map of Manhattan\Nis a bit misleading
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.75,0:02:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the red color\Nis uses that are mixed vertically.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.45,0:03:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the big story\Nof the New Urbanists --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.18,0:03:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to acknowledge\Nthat there are only two ways
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.72,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have been tested by the thousands
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.03,0:03:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build communities,\Nin the world and throughout history.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.99,0:03:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is the traditional neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.90,0:03:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see here several neighborhoods\Nof Newburyport, Massachusetts,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.33,0:03:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is defined as being compact\Nand being diverse --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.22,0:03:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,places to live, work, shop,\Nrecreate, get educated --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.39,0:03:26.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all within walking distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.29,0:03:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's defined as being walkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.45,0:03:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are lots of small streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.01,0:03:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each one is comfortable to walk on.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.76,0:03:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we contrast that to the other way,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.30,0:03:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an invention that happened\Nafter the Second World War,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.14,0:03:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suburban sprawl,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.42,0:03:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clearly not compact, clearly not diverse,\Nand it's not walkable,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.02,0:03:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because so few of the streets connect,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.95,0:03:47.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that those streets that do connect\Nbecome overburdened,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.85,0:03:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you wouldn't let your kid out on them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.27,0:03:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to thank Alex Maclean,\Nthe aerial photographer,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.14,0:03:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for many of these beautiful pictures\Nthat I'm showing you today.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.45,0:03:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's an architect as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.94,0:04:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's fun to break sprawl down\Ninto its constituent parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.59,0:04:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's so easy to understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.19,0:04:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the places where you only live,\Nthe places where you only work,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.04,0:04:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the places where you only shop,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.02,0:04:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our super-sized public institutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.39,0:04:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schools get bigger and bigger,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.86,0:04:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore, further\Nand further from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.28,0:04:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the ratio of the size\Nof the parking lot
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.43,0:04:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the size of the school
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.67,0:04:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells you all you need to know,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.31,0:04:24.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that no child\Nhas ever walked to this school,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.87,0:04:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no child will ever walk to this school.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.80,0:04:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The seniors and juniors are driving\Nthe freshmen and the sophomores,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.66,0:04:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course we have\Nthe crash statistics to prove it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.31,0:04:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the super-sizing\Nof our other civic institutions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.80,0:04:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like playing fields --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.100,0:04:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's wonderful that Westin\Nin the Ft. Lauderdale area
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.90,0:04:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has eight soccer fields\Nand eight baseball diamonds
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.99,0:04:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 20 tennis courts,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.87,0:04:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but look at the road\Nthat takes you to that location,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.51,0:04:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and would you let your child bike on it?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.48,0:04:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is why we have\Nthe soccer mom now.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.63,0:04:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was young, I had one soccer field,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.90,0:04:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one baseball diamond and one tennis court,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.94,0:05:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I could walk to it,\Nbecause it was in my neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.83,0:05:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the final part of sprawl\Nthat everyone forgot to count:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.70,0:05:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're going to separate everything\Nfrom everything else
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.55,0:05:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reconnect it\Nonly with automotive infrastructure,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.10,0:05:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this is what your landscape\Nbegins to look like.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.65,0:05:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main message here is:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.89,0:05:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you want to have a walkable city,\Nyou can't start with the sprawl model.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.52,0:05:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need the bones of an urban model.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.61,0:05:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the outcome\Nof that form of design,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.48,0:05:23.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as is this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.90,0:05:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is something\Nthat a lot of Americans want.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.51,0:05:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have to understand\Nit's a two-part American dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.25,0:05:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're dreaming for this,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.63,0:05:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're also going to be dreaming of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.67,0:05:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That would be your nightmare, I suppose.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.18,0:05:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often to absurd extremes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.30,0:05:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we build our landscape\Nto accommodate cars first.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.94,0:05:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the experience\Nof being in these places --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.20,0:05:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.24,0:05:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not Photoshopped.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.65,0:05:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Walter Kulash took this slide.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.67,0:05:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in Panama City.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.39,0:05:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a real place.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.95,0:05:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And being a driver\Ncan be a bit of a nuisance,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.45,0:05:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and being a pedestrian\Ncan be a bit of a nuisance
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.94,0:05:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these places.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.37,0:06:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a slide that epidemiologists\Nhave been showing for some time now,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.86,0:06:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.30,0:06:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact that we have a society\Nwhere you drive to the parking lot
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.56,0:06:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take the escalator to the treadmill
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.76,0:06:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shows that we're doing something wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.71,0:06:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we know how to do it better.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.31,0:06:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are the two models contrasted.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.01,0:06:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I show this slide,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.19,0:06:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has been a formative document\Nof the New Urbanism now
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.00,0:06:19.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for almost 30 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.43,0:06:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to show that sprawl and the traditional\Nneighborhood contain the same things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.61,0:06:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just how big are they,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.02,0:06:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how close are they to each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.65,0:06:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how are they interspersed together
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.35,0:06:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do you have a street network,\Nrather than a cul-de-sac
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.29,0:06:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a collector system of streets?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.35,0:06:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we look at a downtown area,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.19,0:06:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a place that has a hope\Nof being walkable,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.35,0:06:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mostly that's our downtowns\Nin America's cities
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.93,0:06:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and towns and villages,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.72,0:06:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we look at them and say\Nwe want the proper balance of uses.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.81,0:06:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is missing or underrepresented?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.97,0:06:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, in the typical American cities\Nin which most Americans live,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.65,0:06:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is housing that is lacking.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.69,0:06:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The jobs-to-housing balance is off.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.90,0:06:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you find that when\Nyou bring housing back,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.11,0:06:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these other things start to come back too,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.20,0:07:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and housing is usually first\Namong those things.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.70,0:07:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, the thing\Nthat shows up last and eventually
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.82,0:07:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the schools,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.01,0:07:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the young pioneers\Nhave to move in, get older, have kids
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.86,0:07:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fight, and then the schools\Nget pretty good eventually.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.92,0:07:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other part of this,\Nthe useful city part,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.42,0:07:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is transit,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.75,0:07:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can have a perfectly\Nwalkable neighborhood without it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.14,0:07:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But perfectly walkable cities\Nrequire transit,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.47,0:07:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if you don't have access\Nto the whole city as a pedestrian,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.93,0:07:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you get a car,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.12,0:07:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you get a car,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.30,0:07:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the city begins to reshape itself\Naround your needs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.87,0:07:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the streets get wider\Nand the parking lots get bigger
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.58,0:07:37.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you no longer have a walkable city.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.48,0:07:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So transit is essential.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.66,0:07:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But every transit experience,\Nevery transit trip,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.08,0:07:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,begins or ends as a walk,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.00,0:07:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we have to remember to build\Nwalkability around our transit stations.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.32,0:07:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next category, the biggest one,\Nis the safe walk.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.09,0:07:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's what most walkability\Nexperts talk about.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.33,0:07:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is essential, but alone not enough\Nto get people to walk.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.40,0:07:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are so many moving parts\Nthat add up to a walkable city.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.56,0:08:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is block size.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.16,0:08:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Portland, Oregon,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.53,0:08:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,famously 200-foot blocks,\Nfamously walkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.12,0:08:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Salt Lake City,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.47,0:08:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,famously 600-foot blocks,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.57,0:08:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,famously unwalkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.96,0:08:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the two,\Nit's almost like two different planets,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.99,0:08:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these places were both built by humans
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.33,0:08:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact, the story is that when\Nyou have a 200-foot block city,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.100,0:08:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can have a two-lane city,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.56,0:08:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a two-to-four lane city,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.100,0:08:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a 600-foot block city\Nis a six-lane city, and that's a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.08,0:08:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the crash statistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.68,0:08:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you double the block size --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.79,0:08:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was a study\Nof 24 California cities --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.84,0:08:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you double the block size,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.36,0:08:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you almost quadruple\Nthe number of fatal accidents
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.01,0:08:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on non-highway streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.60,0:08:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how many lanes do we have?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.33,0:08:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where I'm going to tell you\Nwhat I tell every audience I meet,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.83,0:08:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is to remind you\Nabout induced demand.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.58,0:08:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Induced demand applies\Nboth to highways and to city streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.05,0:08:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And induced demand tells us\Nthat when we widen the streets
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.56,0:09:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to accept the congestion\Nthat we're anticipating,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.68,0:09:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the additional trips\Nthat we're anticipating
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.04,0:09:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in congested systems,\Nit is principally that congestion
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.98,0:09:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is constraining demand,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.99,0:09:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so that the widening comes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.78,0:09:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are all of these latent trips\Nthat are ready to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.92,0:09:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People move further from work
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.33,0:09:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make other choices\Nabout when they commute,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.59,0:09:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those lanes fill up\Nvery quickly with traffic,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.99,0:09:23.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we widen the street again,\Nand they fill up again.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.51,0:09:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've learned that\Nin congested systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.76,0:09:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we cannot satisfy the automobile.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.20,0:09:31.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is from Newsweek Magazine --\Nhardly an esoteric publication:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.67,0:09:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Today's engineers acknowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.37,0:09:36.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that building new roads\Nusually makes traffic worse."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.62,0:09:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My response to reading this was,\Nmay I please meet some of these engineers,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.20,0:09:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these are not the ones that I --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.29,0:09:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are great exceptions\Nthat I'm working with now --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.91,0:09:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these are not the engineers\None typically meets working in a city,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.24,0:09:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they say, "Oh, that road\Nis too crowded, we need to add a lane."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.73,0:09:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you add a lane, and the traffic comes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.91,0:09:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they say, "See, I told you\Nwe needed that lane."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.88,0:10:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This applies both to highways\Nand to city streets if they're congested.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.81,0:10:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the amazing thing\Nabout most American cities that I work in,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.87,0:10:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more typical cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.18,0:10:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they have a lot of streets\Nthat are actually oversized
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.24,0:10:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the congestion\Nthey're currently experiencing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.67,0:10:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the case in Oklahoma City,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.41,0:10:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the mayor came running\Nto me, very upset,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.96,0:10:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were named\Nin Prevention Magazine
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.38,0:10:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the worst city for pedestrians\Nin the entire country.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.56,0:10:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that can't possibly be true,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.29,0:10:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it certainly is enough\Nto make a mayor do something about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.44,0:10:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did a walkability study,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.78,0:10:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we found, looking\Nat the car counts on the street --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.14,0:10:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are 3,000-, 4,000-, 7,000-car counts
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.84,0:10:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we know that two lanes\Ncan handle 10,000 cars per day.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.21,0:10:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at these numbers --\Nthey're all near or under 10,000 cars,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.89,0:10:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these were the streets\Nthat were designated
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.19,0:10:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the new downtown plan
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.09,0:10:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be four lanes to six lanes wide.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.75,0:10:52.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you had a fundamental disconnect\Nbetween the number of lanes
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.02,0:10:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the number of cars\Nthat wanted to use them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.28,0:10:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was my job to redesign\Nevery street in the downtown
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.22,0:11:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from curb face to curb face,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.98,0:11:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we did it for 50 blocks of streets,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.01,0:11:04.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're rebuilding it now.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.39,0:11:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a typical oversized street to nowhere
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.45,0:11:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is being narrowed, and now\Nunder construction,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.68,0:11:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the project is half done.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.34,0:11:13.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The typical street like this, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.36,0:11:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you do that,\Nyou find room for medians.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.83,0:11:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You find room for bike lanes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.83,0:11:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've doubled the amount\Nof on-street parking.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.02,0:11:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've added a full bike network\Nwhere one didn't exist before.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.100,0:11:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not everyone has the money\Nthat Oklahoma City has,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.27,0:11:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they have an extraction\Neconomy that's doing quite well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.38,0:11:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The typical city is more\Nlike Cedar Rapids,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.45,0:11:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they have an all four-lane\Nsystem, half one-way system.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.47,0:11:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a little hard to see,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.94,0:11:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what we've done -- what we're doing;\Nit's in process right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.25,0:11:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's in engineering right now --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.88,0:11:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is turning an all four-lane\Nsystem, half one-way
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.69,0:11:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into an all two-lane system, all two-way,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.29,0:11:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in so doing, we're adding\N70 percent more on-street parking,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.56,0:11:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which the merchants love,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.94,0:11:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it protects the sidewalk.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.38,0:11:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That parking makes the sidewalk safe,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.17,0:12:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're adding a much more\Nrobust bicycle network.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.95,0:12:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the lanes themselves.\NHow wide are they?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.56,0:12:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's really important.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.79,0:12:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The standards have changed\Nsuch that, as Andrés Duany says,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.98,0:12:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the typical road\Nto a subdivision in America
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.10,0:12:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allows you to see\Nthe curvature of the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.31,0:12:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.38,0:12:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a subdivision\Noutside of Washington from the 1960s.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.65,0:12:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look very carefully\Nat the width of the streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.99,0:12:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a subdivision from the 1980s.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.12,0:12:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1960s, 1980s.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.78,0:12:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The standards have changed\Nto such a degree
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.83,0:12:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that my old neighborhood of South Beach,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.81,0:12:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it was time to fix the street\Nthat wasn't draining properly,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.14,0:12:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had to widen it\Nand take away half our sidewalk,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.71,0:12:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the standards were wider.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.38,0:12:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People go faster on wider streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.10,0:12:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People know this.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.28,0:12:45.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The engineers deny it,\Nbut the citizens know it,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.43,0:12:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that in Birmingham, Michigan,\Nthey fight for narrower streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.28,0:12:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portland, Oregon, famously walkable,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.83,0:12:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instituted its "Skinny Streets" program\Nin its residential neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.40,0:12:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that skinny streets are safer.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.27,0:13:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The developer Vince Graham,\Nin his project I'On,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.34,0:13:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we worked on in South Carolina,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.18,0:13:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he goes to conferences and he shows\Nhis amazing 22-foot roads.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.82,0:13:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are two-way roads,\Nvery narrow rights of way,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.56,0:13:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he shows this well-known philosopher,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.58,0:13:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who said, "Broad is the road\Nthat leads to destruction ...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.47,0:13:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narrow is the road that leads to life."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.60,0:13:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.68,0:13:20.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.07,0:13:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This plays very well in the South.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.89,0:13:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now: bicycles.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.71,0:13:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bicycles and bicycling\Nare the current revolution underway
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.06,0:13:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in only some American cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.92,0:13:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But where you build it, they come.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.59,0:13:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a planner, I hate to say that,\Nbut the one thing I can say
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.62,0:13:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that bicycle population\Nis a function of bicycle infrastructure.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.77,0:13:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked my friend Tom Brennan\Nfrom Nelson\Nygaard in Portland
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.21,0:13:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to send me some pictures\Nof the Portland bike commute.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.81,0:13:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He sent me this. I said,\N"Was that bike to work day?"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.35,0:13:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "No, that was Tuesday."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.02,0:13:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you do what Portland did and spend\Nmoney on bicycle infrastructure --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.00,0:14:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New York City has doubled the number\Nof bikers in it several times now
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.25,0:14:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by painting these bright green lanes.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.31,0:14:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even automotive cities\Nlike Long Beach, California:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.60,0:14:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vast uptick in the number of bikers\Nbased on the infrastructure.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.70,0:14:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, what really does it,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.42,0:14:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you know 15th Street\Nhere in Washington, DC --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.12,0:14:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please meet Rahm Emanuel's\Nnew bike lanes in Chicago,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.37,0:14:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the buffered lane, the parallel parking\Npulled off the curb,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.77,0:14:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bikes between the parked\Ncars and the curb --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.80,0:14:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these mint cyclists.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.04,0:14:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If, however, as in Pasadena,\Nevery lane is a bike lane,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.62,0:14:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then no lane is a bike lane.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.60,0:14:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the only bicyclist\Nthat I met in Pasadena, so ...
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.74,0:14:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.37,0:14:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The parallel parking I mentioned --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.08,0:14:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's an essential barrier of steel
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.73,0:14:45.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that protects the curb and pedestrians\Nfrom moving vehicles.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.64,0:14:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Ft. Lauderdale;\None side of the street, you can park,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.26,0:14:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other side of the street, you can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.23,0:14:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is happy hour on the parking side.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.28,0:14:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is sad hour on the other side.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.100,0:14:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the trees themselves\Nslow cars down.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.01,0:15:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They move slower when trees\Nare next to the road,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.32,0:15:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, of course, sometimes\Nthey slow down very quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.09,0:15:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the little details --\Nthe curb return radius.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.06,0:15:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it one foot or is it 40 feet?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.75,0:15:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How swoopy is that curb to determine\Nhow fast the car goes
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.22,0:15:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how much room you have to cross.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.71,0:15:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I love this, because this\Nis objective journalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.27,0:15:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Some say the entrance to CityCenter\Nis not inviting to pedestrians."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.37,0:15:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When every aspect\Nof the landscape is swoopy,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.85,0:15:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is aerodynamic, is stream-form geometrics,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.55,0:15:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it says: "This is a vehicular place."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.89,0:15:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So no one detail, no one speciality,\Ncan be allowed to set the stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.99,0:15:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, you know, this street:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.58,0:15:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes, it will drain within a minute\Nof the hundred-year storm,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.49,0:15:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this poor woman\Nhas to mount the curb every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.31,0:15:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then quickly, the comfortable walk\Nhas to do with the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.28,0:15:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all animals seek, simultaneously,\Nprospect and refuge.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.26,0:15:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to be able to see our predators,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.38,0:15:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we also want to feel\Nthat our flanks are covered.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.92,0:16:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we're drawn to places\Nthat have good edges,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.44,0:16:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you don't supply the edges,\Npeople won't want to be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.79,0:16:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's the proper ratio\Nof height to width?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.95,0:16:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it one to one? Three to one?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.85,0:16:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you get beyond one to six,\Nyou're not very comfortable anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.66,0:16:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't feel enclosed.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.10,0:16:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, six to one in Salzburg\Ncan be perfectly delightful.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.37,0:16:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The opposite of Salzburg is Houston.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.92,0:16:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The point being the parking lot\Nis the principal problem here.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.54,0:16:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, missing teeth, those empty lots\Ncan be issues as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.14,0:16:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you have a missing corner\Nbecause of an outdated zoning code,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.41,0:16:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you could have a missing nose\Nin your neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.34,0:16:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what we had in my neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.20,0:16:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the zoning code that said\NI couldn't build on that site.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.30,0:16:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you may know, Washington, DC\Nis now changing its zoning
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.35,0:16:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow sites like this\Nto become sites like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.51,0:16:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We needed a lot of variances to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.70,0:16:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Triangular houses\Ncan be interesting to build,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.00,0:16:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you get one built,\Npeople generally like it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.13,0:16:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you've got to fill those missing noses.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.74,0:16:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, finally, the interesting walk:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.72,0:16:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,signs of humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.42,0:17:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are among the social primates.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.26,0:17:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing interests us more\Nthan other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.47,0:17:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want signs of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.98,0:17:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the perfect one-to-one ratio,\Nit's a great thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.01,0:17:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Grand Rapids,\Na very walkable city,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.24,0:17:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nobody walks on this street
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.11,0:17:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that connects the two\Nbest hotels together,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.24,0:17:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if on the left,\Nyou have an exposed parking deck,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.63,0:17:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the right,\Nyou have a conference facility
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.14,0:17:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was apparently designed\Nin admiration for that parking deck,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.59,0:17:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you don't attract that many people.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.12,0:17:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mayor Joe Riley, in his 10th term,\NMayor of Charleston, South Carolina,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.12,0:17:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taught us it only takes\N25 feet of building
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.32,0:17:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hide 250 feet of garage.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.64,0:17:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one I call the Chia Pet Garage.\NIt's in South Beach.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.39,0:17:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That active ground floor.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.85,0:17:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to end with this project\Nthat I love to show.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.60,0:17:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's by Meleca Architects.\NIt's in Columbus, Ohio.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.13,0:17:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the left is the convention center\Nneighborhood, full of pedestrians.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.85,0:17:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the right is the Short North\Nneighborhood -- ethnic,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.53,0:17:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,great restaurants,\Ngreat shops, struggling.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.26,0:17:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't doing very well\Nbecause this was the bridge,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.83,0:17:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no one was walking\Nfrom the convention center
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.32,0:18:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into that neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.56,0:18:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, when they rebuilt the highway,\Nthey added an extra 80 feet to the bridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.87,0:18:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sorry -- they rebuilt the bridge\Nover the highway.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.37,0:18:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The city paid 1.9 million dollars,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.77,0:18:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they gave the site to a developer,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.04,0:18:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the developer built this
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.45,0:18:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now the Short North\Nhas come back to life.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.80,0:18:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everyone says, the newspapers,\Nnot the planning magazines,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.04,0:18:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the newspapers say\Nit's because of that bridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.28,0:18:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's it. That's the general\Ntheory of walkability.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.93,0:18:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about your own cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.97,0:18:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about how you can apply it.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.41,0:18:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got to do all four things at once.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.39,0:18:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So find those places\Nwhere you have most of them
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.72,0:18:34.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fix what you can,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.65,0:18:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fix what still needs fixing\Nin those places.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.36,0:18:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really appreciate your attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.15,0:18:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thank you for coming today.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.24,0:18:45.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)