1 00:00:00,717 --> 00:00:03,167 I was on a long road trip this summer, 2 00:00:03,167 --> 00:00:06,245 and I was having a wonderful time listening 3 00:00:06,245 --> 00:00:10,992 to the amazing Isabel Wilkerson's "The Warmth of Other Suns." 4 00:00:10,992 --> 00:00:20,761 It documents six million black folks fleeing the South from 1915 to 1970 5 00:00:20,761 --> 00:00:24,238 looking for a respite from all the brutality 6 00:00:24,238 --> 00:00:27,999 and trying to get to a better opportunity up North, 7 00:00:27,999 --> 00:00:32,407 and it was filled with stories of the resilience and the brilliance 8 00:00:32,407 --> 00:00:34,362 of African-Americans, 9 00:00:34,362 --> 00:00:38,731 and it was also really hard to hear all the stories of the horrors 10 00:00:38,731 --> 00:00:43,430 and the humility, and all the humiliations. 11 00:00:44,320 --> 00:00:49,029 It was especially hard to hear about the beatings and the burnings 12 00:00:49,029 --> 00:00:51,366 and the lynchings of black men. 13 00:00:51,366 --> 00:00:54,632 And I said, "You know, this is a little deep. 14 00:00:54,632 --> 00:00:58,915 I need a break. I'm going to turn on the radio." 15 00:00:58,915 --> 00:01:01,561 I turned it on, and there it was: 16 00:01:02,061 --> 00:01:04,233 Ferguson, Missouri, 17 00:01:04,233 --> 00:01:05,815 Michael Brown, 18 00:01:06,445 --> 00:01:08,665 18-year-old black man, 19 00:01:08,665 --> 00:01:14,564 unarmed, shot by a white police officer, laid on the ground dead, 20 00:01:14,564 --> 00:01:18,478 blood running for four hours 21 00:01:18,478 --> 00:01:22,993 while his grandmother and little children and his neighbors watched in horror, 22 00:01:22,993 --> 00:01:24,989 and I thought, 23 00:01:26,019 --> 00:01:29,240 here it is again. 24 00:01:29,240 --> 00:01:32,962 This violence, this brutality against black men 25 00:01:32,962 --> 00:01:35,824 has been going on for centuries. 26 00:01:35,824 --> 00:01:40,385 I mean, it's the same story. It's just different names. 27 00:01:40,396 --> 00:01:43,908 It could have been Amadou Diallo. 28 00:01:44,498 --> 00:01:46,823 It could have been Sean Bell. 29 00:01:46,823 --> 00:01:50,213 It could have been Oscar Grant. 30 00:01:50,213 --> 00:01:53,065 It could have been Trayvon Martin. 31 00:01:54,205 --> 00:01:57,044 This violence, this brutality, 32 00:01:57,044 --> 00:01:59,863 is really something that's part of our national psyche. 33 00:01:59,863 --> 00:02:02,632 It's part of our collective history. 34 00:02:02,632 --> 00:02:07,447 What are we going to do about it? 35 00:02:07,447 --> 00:02:11,672 You know that part of us that still crosses the street, 36 00:02:12,672 --> 00:02:14,722 locks the doors, 37 00:02:14,722 --> 00:02:17,076 clutches the purses, 38 00:02:17,076 --> 00:02:19,962 when we see young black men? 39 00:02:19,962 --> 00:02:22,023 That part. 40 00:02:22,023 --> 00:02:25,971 I mean, I know we're not shooting people down in the street, 41 00:02:25,971 --> 00:02:30,058 but I'm saying that the same stereotypes and prejudices 42 00:02:30,058 --> 00:02:33,123 that fuel those kinds of tragic incidents 43 00:02:33,123 --> 00:02:35,328 are in us. 44 00:02:35,328 --> 00:02:39,195 We've been schooled in them as well. 45 00:02:39,195 --> 00:02:45,758 I believe that we can stop these types of incidents, 46 00:02:45,758 --> 00:02:48,729 these Fergusons from happening, 47 00:02:48,729 --> 00:02:54,078 by looking within and being willing to change ourselves. 48 00:02:54,078 --> 00:02:57,369 So I have a call to action for you. 49 00:02:57,369 --> 00:03:01,454 There are three things that I want to offer us today to think about 50 00:03:01,454 --> 00:03:06,562 as ways to stop Ferguson from happening again; 51 00:03:06,562 --> 00:03:08,861 three things that I think will help us 52 00:03:08,861 --> 00:03:12,336 reform our images of young black men; 53 00:03:12,336 --> 00:03:16,652 three things that I'm hoping will not only protect them 54 00:03:16,652 --> 00:03:20,848 but will open the world so that they can thrive. 55 00:03:20,848 --> 00:03:22,619 Can you imagine that? 56 00:03:23,149 --> 00:03:27,700 Can you imagine our country embracing young black men, 57 00:03:27,700 --> 00:03:33,045 seeing them as part of our future, giving them that kind of openness, 58 00:03:33,045 --> 00:03:36,758 that kind of grace we give to people we love? 59 00:03:36,758 --> 00:03:41,054 How much better would our lives be? How much better would our country be? 60 00:03:41,054 --> 00:03:43,967 Let me just start with number one. 61 00:03:43,967 --> 00:03:46,906 We gotta get out of denial. 62 00:03:48,956 --> 00:03:51,359 Stop trying to be good people. 63 00:03:51,359 --> 00:03:53,503 We need real people. 64 00:03:53,503 --> 00:03:55,412 You know, I do a lot of diversity work, 65 00:03:55,412 --> 00:03:58,382 and people will come up to me at the beginning of the workshop. 66 00:03:58,382 --> 00:04:02,067 They're like, "Oh, Ms. Diversity Lady, we're so glad you're here" -- 67 00:04:02,067 --> 00:04:03,646 (Laughter) -- 68 00:04:03,646 --> 00:04:06,659 "but we don't have a biased bone in our body." 69 00:04:06,659 --> 00:04:08,522 And I'm like, "Really? 70 00:04:08,522 --> 00:04:13,010 Because I do this work every day, and I see all my biases." 71 00:04:13,010 --> 00:04:16,525 I mean, not too long ago, I was on a plane 72 00:04:16,525 --> 00:04:20,902 and I heard the voice of a woman pilot coming over the P.A. system, 73 00:04:20,902 --> 00:04:23,014 and I was just so excited, so thrilled. 74 00:04:23,014 --> 00:04:26,116 I was like, "Yes, women, we are rocking it. 75 00:04:26,116 --> 00:04:28,326 We are now in the stratosphere." 76 00:04:28,326 --> 00:04:31,460 It was all good, and then it started getting turbulent and bumpy, 77 00:04:31,460 --> 00:04:32,877 and I was like, 78 00:04:32,877 --> 00:04:35,295 "I hope she can drive." 79 00:04:35,295 --> 00:04:36,634 (Laughter) 80 00:04:36,634 --> 00:04:37,826 I know. Right. 81 00:04:37,826 --> 00:04:40,068 But it's not even like I knew that was a bias 82 00:04:40,068 --> 00:04:43,558 until I was coming back on the other leg and there's always a guy driving 83 00:04:43,558 --> 00:04:45,307 and it's often turbulent and bumpy, 84 00:04:45,307 --> 00:04:48,133 and I've never questioned the confidence of the male driver. 85 00:04:48,133 --> 00:04:50,089 The pilot is good. 86 00:04:50,089 --> 00:04:52,585 Now, here's the problem. 87 00:04:52,585 --> 00:05:00,096 If you ask me explicitly, I would say, "Female pilot: awesome." 88 00:05:00,096 --> 00:05:04,792 But it appears that when things get funky and a little troublesome, a little risky, 89 00:05:04,792 --> 00:05:08,802 I lean on a bias that I didn't even know that I had. 90 00:05:08,802 --> 00:05:11,416 You know, fast-moving planes in the sky, 91 00:05:11,416 --> 00:05:13,379 I want a guy. 92 00:05:13,379 --> 00:05:15,662 That's my default. 93 00:05:15,662 --> 00:05:18,291 Men are my default. 94 00:05:18,291 --> 00:05:20,611 Who is your default? 95 00:05:20,611 --> 00:05:22,641 Who do you trust? 96 00:05:22,641 --> 00:05:24,774 Who are you afraid of? 97 00:05:24,774 --> 00:05:28,805 Who do you implicitly feel connected to? 98 00:05:28,805 --> 00:05:31,847 Who do you run away from? 99 00:05:31,847 --> 00:05:34,271 I'm going to tell you what we have learned. 100 00:05:34,271 --> 00:05:39,669 The implicit association test, which measures unconscious bias, 101 00:05:39,669 --> 00:05:41,389 you can go online and take it. 102 00:05:41,389 --> 00:05:43,645 Five million people have taken it. 103 00:05:43,645 --> 00:05:49,555 Turns out, our default is white. We like white people. 104 00:05:49,555 --> 00:05:52,315 We prefer white. What do I mean by that? 105 00:05:52,315 --> 00:05:57,569 When people are shown images of black men and white men, 106 00:05:57,569 --> 00:06:01,562 we are more quickly able to associate 107 00:06:01,562 --> 00:06:05,640 that picture with a positive word, that white person with a positive word, 108 00:06:05,640 --> 00:06:08,305 than we are when we are trying to associate 109 00:06:08,305 --> 00:06:11,520 positive with a black face, and vice versa. 110 00:06:12,010 --> 00:06:13,900 When we see a black face, 111 00:06:13,900 --> 00:06:19,948 it is easier for us to connect black with negative 112 00:06:19,948 --> 00:06:22,075 than it is white with negative. 113 00:06:22,075 --> 00:06:27,339 Seventy percent of white people taking that test prefer white. 114 00:06:29,039 --> 00:06:33,753 Fifty percent of black people taking that test prefer white. 115 00:06:33,753 --> 00:06:39,310 You see, we were all outside when the contamination came down. 116 00:06:39,310 --> 00:06:45,697 What do we do about the fact that our brain automatically associates? 117 00:06:45,697 --> 00:06:51,306 You know, one of the things that you probably are thinking about, 118 00:06:51,306 --> 00:06:53,284 and you're probably like, you know what, 119 00:06:53,284 --> 00:06:56,818 I'm just going to double down on my color blindness. 120 00:06:56,818 --> 00:06:58,545 Yes, I'm going to recommit to that. 121 00:06:58,545 --> 00:07:00,662 I'm going to suggest to you, no. 122 00:07:00,662 --> 00:07:03,821 We've gone about as far as we can go trying to make a difference 123 00:07:03,821 --> 00:07:05,434 trying to not see color. 124 00:07:05,434 --> 00:07:10,269 The problem was never that we saw color. It was what we did when we saw the color. 125 00:07:10,269 --> 00:07:14,270 It's a false ideal. 126 00:07:14,270 --> 00:07:17,040 And while we're busy pretending not to see, 127 00:07:17,040 --> 00:07:20,871 we are not being aware of the ways in which racial difference 128 00:07:20,871 --> 00:07:26,152 is changing people's possibilities, that's keeping them from thriving, 129 00:07:26,152 --> 00:07:31,339 and sometimes it's causing them an early death. 130 00:07:31,339 --> 00:07:36,885 So in fact, what the scientists are telling us is, no way. 131 00:07:36,885 --> 00:07:39,280 Don't even think about color blindness. 132 00:07:39,280 --> 00:07:41,760 In fact, what they're suggesting is, 133 00:07:41,760 --> 00:07:46,290 stare at awesome black people. 134 00:07:46,290 --> 00:07:48,030 (Laughter) 135 00:07:48,030 --> 00:07:52,997 Look at them directly in their faces and memorize them, 136 00:07:52,997 --> 00:07:57,663 because when we look at awesome folks who are black, 137 00:07:57,663 --> 00:08:00,872 it helps to dissociate 138 00:08:00,872 --> 00:08:06,405 the association that happens automatically in our brain. 139 00:08:06,405 --> 00:08:11,827 Why do you think I'm showing you these beautiful black men behind me? 140 00:08:11,827 --> 00:08:15,039 There were so many, I had to cut them. 141 00:08:15,039 --> 00:08:16,351 Okay, so here's the thing: 142 00:08:16,351 --> 00:08:22,279 I'm trying to reset your automatic associations about who black men are. 143 00:08:22,279 --> 00:08:24,641 I'm trying to remind you 144 00:08:24,641 --> 00:08:29,665 that young black men grow up to be amazing human beings 145 00:08:29,665 --> 00:08:35,371 who have changed our lives and made them better. 146 00:08:35,371 --> 00:08:37,890 So here's the thing. 147 00:08:37,890 --> 00:08:40,441 The other possibility in science, 148 00:08:40,441 --> 00:08:43,365 and it's only temporarily changing our automatic assumptions, 149 00:08:43,365 --> 00:08:45,870 but one thing we know 150 00:08:45,870 --> 00:08:50,662 is that if you take a white person who is odious that you know, 151 00:08:50,662 --> 00:08:53,672 and stick it up next to a person of color, 152 00:08:53,672 --> 00:08:56,131 a black person, who is fabulous, 153 00:08:56,131 --> 00:08:59,637 then that sometimes actually causes us to disassociate too. 154 00:08:59,637 --> 00:09:04,851 So think Jeffrey Dahmer and Colin Powell. 155 00:09:04,851 --> 00:09:07,359 Just stare at them, right? (Laughter) 156 00:09:07,359 --> 00:09:10,168 But these are the things. So go looking for your bias. 157 00:09:10,168 --> 00:09:14,257 Please, please, just get out of denial and go looking for disconfirming data 158 00:09:14,257 --> 00:09:18,847 that will prove that in fact your old stereotypes are wrong. 159 00:09:18,847 --> 00:09:20,781 Okay, so that's number one: number two, 160 00:09:20,781 --> 00:09:25,466 what I'm going to say is move toward young black men instead of away from them. 161 00:09:25,466 --> 00:09:28,058 It's not the hardest thing to do, 162 00:09:28,058 --> 00:09:31,928 but it's also one of these things 163 00:09:31,928 --> 00:09:34,604 where you have to be conscious and intentional about it. 164 00:09:34,604 --> 00:09:37,712 You know, I was in a Wall Street area one time several years ago 165 00:09:37,712 --> 00:09:41,094 when I was with a colleague of mine, and she's really wonderful 166 00:09:41,094 --> 00:09:44,734 and she does diversity work with me and she's a woman of color, she's Korean. 167 00:09:44,734 --> 00:09:46,684 And we were outside, it was late at night, 168 00:09:46,684 --> 00:09:49,726 and we were sort of wondering where we were going, we were lost. 169 00:09:49,726 --> 00:09:53,910 And I saw this person across the street, and I was thinking, "Oh great, black guy." 170 00:09:53,910 --> 00:09:56,678 I was going toward him without even thinking about it. 171 00:09:56,678 --> 00:10:00,462 And she was like, "Oh, that's interesting." 172 00:10:00,462 --> 00:10:03,280 The guy across the street, he was a black guy. 173 00:10:03,280 --> 00:10:06,939 I think black guys generally know where they're going. 174 00:10:06,939 --> 00:10:10,584 I don't know why exactly I think that, but that's what I think. 175 00:10:10,584 --> 00:10:15,925 So she was saying, "Oh, you were going, 'Yay, a black guy'?" 176 00:10:15,925 --> 00:10:18,989 She said, "I was going, 'Ooh, a black guy.'" 177 00:10:18,989 --> 00:10:22,385 Other direction. Same need, same guy, same clothes, 178 00:10:22,385 --> 00:10:25,734 same time, same street, different reaction. 179 00:10:25,734 --> 00:10:28,463 And she said, "I feel so bad. I'm a diversity consultant. 180 00:10:28,463 --> 00:10:31,281 I did the black guy thing. I'm a woman of color. Oh my God!" 181 00:10:31,281 --> 00:10:35,055 And I said, "You know what? Please. We really need to relax about this." 182 00:10:35,055 --> 00:10:38,781 I mean, you've got to realize I go way back with black guys. 183 00:10:38,781 --> 00:10:41,527 (Laughter) 184 00:10:41,527 --> 00:10:44,763 My dad is a black guy. You see what I'm saying? 185 00:10:44,763 --> 00:10:48,703 I've got a 6'5" black guy son. I was married to a black guy. 186 00:10:48,703 --> 00:10:51,219 My black guy thing is so wide and so deep 187 00:10:51,219 --> 00:10:56,009 that I can pretty much sort and figure out who that black guy is, 188 00:10:56,009 --> 00:10:57,959 and he was my black guy. 189 00:10:57,959 --> 00:11:01,733 He said, "Yes, ladies, I know where you're going. I'll take you there." 190 00:11:01,733 --> 00:11:05,376 You know, biases are the stories we make up about people 191 00:11:05,376 --> 00:11:07,888 before we know who they actually are. 192 00:11:07,888 --> 00:11:10,620 But how are we going to know who they are 193 00:11:10,620 --> 00:11:14,427 when we've been told to avoid and be afraid of them? 194 00:11:14,427 --> 00:11:19,480 So I'm going to tell you to walk toward your discomfort. 195 00:11:19,480 --> 00:11:22,517 And I'm not asking you to take any crazy risks. 196 00:11:22,517 --> 00:11:27,417 I'm saying, just do an inventory, 197 00:11:27,417 --> 00:11:31,309 expand your social and professional circles. 198 00:11:31,309 --> 00:11:33,139 Who's in your circle? 199 00:11:33,139 --> 00:11:34,595 Who's missing? 200 00:11:35,635 --> 00:11:39,592 How many authentic relationships 201 00:11:39,592 --> 00:11:46,062 do you have with young black people, folks, men, women? 202 00:11:46,062 --> 00:11:49,814 Or any other major difference from who you are 203 00:11:49,814 --> 00:11:53,150 and how you roll, so to speak? 204 00:11:53,150 --> 00:11:56,229 Because, you know what? Just look around your periphery. 205 00:11:56,229 --> 00:11:58,532 There may be somebody at work, in your classroom, 206 00:11:58,532 --> 00:12:01,980 in your house of worship, somewhere, there's some black young guy there. 207 00:12:01,980 --> 00:12:03,438 And you're nice. You say hi. 208 00:12:03,438 --> 00:12:09,784 I'm saying go deeper, closer, further, and build the kinds of relationships, 209 00:12:09,784 --> 00:12:15,064 the kinds of friendships that actually cause you to see the holistic person 210 00:12:15,064 --> 00:12:18,552 and to really go against the stereotypes. 211 00:12:18,552 --> 00:12:20,145 I know some of you are out there, 212 00:12:20,145 --> 00:12:23,436 I know because I have some white friends in particular that will say, 213 00:12:23,436 --> 00:12:25,408 "You have no idea how awkward I am. 214 00:12:25,408 --> 00:12:28,140 Like, I don't think this is going to work for me. 215 00:12:28,140 --> 00:12:29,876 I'm sure I'm going to blow this." 216 00:12:29,876 --> 00:12:35,835 Okay, maybe, but this thing is not about perfection. It's about connection. 217 00:12:35,835 --> 00:12:40,839 And you're not going to get comfortable before you get uncomfortable. 218 00:12:40,839 --> 00:12:42,969 I mean, you just have to do it. 219 00:12:42,969 --> 00:12:45,316 And young black men, what I'm saying is 220 00:12:45,316 --> 00:12:50,361 if someone comes your way, genuinely and authentically, take the invitation. 221 00:12:50,361 --> 00:12:52,211 Not everyone is out to get you. 222 00:12:52,211 --> 00:12:56,691 Go looking for those people who can see your humanity. 223 00:12:56,691 --> 00:13:00,199 You know, it's the empathy and the compassion 224 00:13:00,199 --> 00:13:04,903 that comes out of having relationships with people who are different from you. 225 00:13:04,903 --> 00:13:07,898 Something really powerful and beautiful happens: 226 00:13:07,898 --> 00:13:10,414 you start to realize that they are you, 227 00:13:10,414 --> 00:13:16,196 that they are part of you, that they are you in your family, 228 00:13:16,196 --> 00:13:19,194 and then we cease to be bystanders 229 00:13:19,194 --> 00:13:23,179 and we become actors, we become advocates, 230 00:13:23,179 --> 00:13:25,677 and we become allies. 231 00:13:25,677 --> 00:13:31,148 So go away from your comfort into a bigger, brighter thing, 232 00:13:31,148 --> 00:13:36,140 because that is how we will stop another Ferguson from happening. 233 00:13:36,140 --> 00:13:38,370 That's how we create a community 234 00:13:38,370 --> 00:13:41,382 where everybody, especially young black men, can thrive. 235 00:13:41,382 --> 00:13:44,305 So this last thing is going to be harder, 236 00:13:44,305 --> 00:13:47,173 and I know it, but I'm just going to put it out there anyway. 237 00:13:47,173 --> 00:13:52,412 When we see something, we have to have the courage to say something, 238 00:13:52,412 --> 00:13:56,206 even to the people we love. 239 00:13:56,206 --> 00:13:59,847 You know, it's holidays and it's going to be a time 240 00:13:59,847 --> 00:14:03,279 when we're sitting around the table and having a good time. 241 00:14:03,279 --> 00:14:05,478 Many of us, anyways, will be in holidays, 242 00:14:05,478 --> 00:14:10,402 and you've got to listen to the conversations around the table. 243 00:14:10,402 --> 00:14:17,094 You start to say things like, "Grandma's a bigot." 244 00:14:17,094 --> 00:14:18,924 (Laughter) 245 00:14:18,924 --> 00:14:21,863 "Uncle Joe is racist." 246 00:14:21,863 --> 00:14:26,482 And you know, we love Grandma and we love Uncle Joe. We do. 247 00:14:26,482 --> 00:14:31,937 We know they're good people, but what they're saying is wrong. 248 00:14:33,317 --> 00:14:38,964 And we need to be able to say something, because you know who else is at the table? 249 00:14:40,300 --> 00:14:43,154 The children are at the table. 250 00:14:43,154 --> 00:14:48,399 And we wonder why these biases don't die, and move from generation to generation? 251 00:14:48,399 --> 00:14:51,650 Because we're not saying anything. 252 00:14:51,650 --> 00:14:58,172 We've got to be willing to say, "Grandma, we don't call people that anymore." 253 00:14:58,172 --> 00:15:03,383 "Uncle Joe, it isn't true that he deserved that. 254 00:15:03,383 --> 00:15:06,319 No one deserves that." 255 00:15:06,319 --> 00:15:09,733 And we've got to be willing 256 00:15:09,733 --> 00:15:14,507 to not shelter our children from the ugliness of racism 257 00:15:14,507 --> 00:15:17,819 when black parents don't have the luxury to do so, 258 00:15:17,819 --> 00:15:22,600 especially those who have young black sons. 259 00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:25,981 We've got to take our lovely darlings, our future, 260 00:15:25,981 --> 00:15:33,783 and we've got to tell them we have an amazing country with incredible ideals, 261 00:15:33,783 --> 00:15:36,762 we have worked incredibly hard, and we have made some progress, 262 00:15:36,762 --> 00:15:39,932 but we are not done. 263 00:15:39,932 --> 00:15:43,926 We still have in us this old stuff 264 00:15:43,926 --> 00:15:46,967 about superiority and it is causing us 265 00:15:46,967 --> 00:15:50,439 to embed those further into our institutions 266 00:15:50,439 --> 00:15:52,418 and our society and generations, 267 00:15:52,418 --> 00:15:56,027 and it is making for despair 268 00:15:56,027 --> 00:16:03,151 and disparities and a devastating devaluing of young black men. 269 00:16:03,151 --> 00:16:05,612 We still struggle, you have to tell them, 270 00:16:05,612 --> 00:16:08,390 with seeing both the color 271 00:16:08,390 --> 00:16:12,024 and the character of young black men, 272 00:16:12,024 --> 00:16:15,857 but that you, and you expect them, 273 00:16:15,857 --> 00:16:20,371 to be part of the forces of change in this society 274 00:16:20,371 --> 00:16:26,939 that will stand against injustice and is willing, above all other things, 275 00:16:26,939 --> 00:16:35,725 to make a society where young black men can be seen for all of who they are. 276 00:16:36,705 --> 00:16:41,627 So many amazing black men, 277 00:16:41,627 --> 00:16:49,959 those who are the most amazing statesmen that have ever lived, 278 00:16:49,959 --> 00:16:52,992 brave soldiers, 279 00:16:52,992 --> 00:16:57,286 awesome, hardworking laborers. 280 00:16:57,286 --> 00:17:01,942 These are people who are powerful preachers. 281 00:17:01,942 --> 00:17:07,537 They are incredible scientists and artists and writers. 282 00:17:07,537 --> 00:17:11,512 They are dynamic comedians. 283 00:17:11,512 --> 00:17:16,448 They are doting grandpas, 284 00:17:16,448 --> 00:17:19,480 caring sons. 285 00:17:19,480 --> 00:17:24,237 They are strong fathers, 286 00:17:24,237 --> 00:17:28,593 and they are young men with dreams of their own. 287 00:17:28,593 --> 00:17:32,150 Thank you. 288 00:17:32,150 --> 00:17:36,283 (Applause)