0:00:23.760,0:00:25.176 Hi, I'm an engineer 0:00:25.200,0:00:27.176 and I make robots. 0:00:27.200,0:00:30.696 Now, of course you all know[br]what a robot is, right? 0:00:30.720,0:00:32.896 If you don't, you'd probably go to Google, 0:00:32.920,0:00:34.776 and you'd ask Google what a robot is. 0:00:34.800,0:00:36.040 So let's do that. 0:00:36.680,0:00:39.416 We'll go to Google[br]and this is what we get. 0:00:39.440,0:00:42.616 Now, you can see here there are[br]lots of different types of robots, 0:00:42.640,0:00:46.376 but they're predominantly[br]humanoid in structure. 0:00:46.400,0:00:48.056 And they look pretty conventional 0:00:48.080,0:00:50.536 because they've got plastic,[br]they've got metal, 0:00:50.560,0:00:52.856 they've got motors and gears and so on. 0:00:52.880,0:00:54.496 Some of them look quite friendly, 0:00:54.520,0:00:56.576 and you could go up[br]and you could hug them. 0:00:56.600,0:00:58.016 Some of them not so friendly, 0:00:58.040,0:01:00.496 they look like they're[br]straight out of "Terminator," 0:01:00.520,0:01:03.056 in fact they may well be[br]straight out of "Terminator." 0:01:03.080,0:01:05.816 You can do lots of really cool[br]things with these robots -- 0:01:05.840,0:01:07.456 you can do really exciting stuff. 0:01:07.480,0:01:10.416 But I'd like to look[br]at different kinds of robots -- 0:01:10.440,0:01:12.416 I want to make different kinds of robots. 0:01:12.440,0:01:15.856 And I take inspiration[br]from the things that don't look like us, 0:01:15.880,0:01:17.280 but look like these. 0:01:17.720,0:01:20.296 So these are natural biological organisms 0:01:20.320,0:01:22.896 and they do some[br]really cool things that we can't, 0:01:22.920,0:01:25.416 and current robots can't either. 0:01:26.040,0:01:29.216 They do all sorts of great things[br]like moving around on the floor; 0:01:29.240,0:01:31.496 they go into our gardens[br]and they eat our crops; 0:01:31.520,0:01:32.776 they climb trees; 0:01:32.800,0:01:35.016 they go in water, they come out of water; 0:01:35.040,0:01:37.616 they trap insects and digest them. 0:01:37.640,0:01:39.456 So they do really interesting things. 0:01:39.480,0:01:42.856 They live, they breathe, they die, 0:01:42.880,0:01:44.696 they eat things from the environment. 0:01:44.720,0:01:47.296 Our current robots don't really do that. 0:01:47.320,0:01:48.536 Now, wouldn't it be great 0:01:48.560,0:01:52.216 if you could use some of those[br]characteristics in future robots 0:01:52.240,0:01:54.936 so that you could solve[br]some really interesting problems? 0:01:54.960,0:01:58.016 I'm going to look at a couple of problems[br]now in the environment 0:01:58.040,0:02:00.776 where we can use[br]the skills and the technologies 0:02:00.800,0:02:02.816 derived from these animals 0:02:02.840,0:02:04.376 and from the plants, 0:02:04.400,0:02:06.496 and we can use them[br]to solve those problems. 0:02:06.520,0:02:08.880 Let's have a look[br]at two environmental problems. 0:02:09.600,0:02:11.015 They're both of our making -- 0:02:11.039,0:02:13.496 this is man interacting[br]with the environment 0:02:13.520,0:02:15.896 and doing some rather unpleasant things. 0:02:15.920,0:02:19.560 The first one is to do[br]with the pressure of population. 0:02:20.080,0:02:22.496 Such is the pressure[br]of population around the world 0:02:22.520,0:02:26.656 that agriculture and farming is required[br]to produce more and more crops. 0:02:26.680,0:02:27.896 Now, to do that, 0:02:27.920,0:02:30.296 farmers put more and more[br]chemicals onto the land. 0:02:30.320,0:02:33.456 They put on fertilizers,[br]nitrates, pesticides -- 0:02:33.480,0:02:36.856 all sorts of things[br]that encourage the growth of the crops, 0:02:36.880,0:02:39.016 but there are some negative impacts. 0:02:39.040,0:02:42.496 One of the negative impacts is[br]if you put lots of fertilizer on the land, 0:02:42.520,0:02:44.936 not all of it goes into the crops. 0:02:44.960,0:02:47.536 Lots of it stays in the soil, 0:02:47.560,0:02:49.016 and then when it rains, 0:02:49.040,0:02:51.536 these chemicals go into the water table. 0:02:51.560,0:02:52.816 And in the water table, 0:02:52.840,0:02:56.336 then they go into streams,[br]into lakes, into rivers 0:02:56.360,0:02:57.560 and into the sea. 0:02:58.040,0:03:00.656 Now, if you put all[br]of these chemicals, these nitrates, 0:03:00.680,0:03:02.296 into those kinds of environments, 0:03:02.320,0:03:06.096 there are organisms in those environments[br]that will be affected by that -- 0:03:06.120,0:03:07.736 algae, for example. 0:03:07.760,0:03:10.296 Algae loves nitrates, it loves fertilizer, 0:03:10.320,0:03:12.416 so it will take in all these chemicals, 0:03:12.440,0:03:15.376 and if the conditions are right,[br]it will mass produce. 0:03:15.400,0:03:17.656 It will produce masses[br]and masses of new algae. 0:03:17.680,0:03:19.216 That's called a bloom. 0:03:19.240,0:03:22.416 The trouble is that[br]when algae reproduces like this, 0:03:22.440,0:03:24.680 it starves the water of oxygen. 0:03:25.120,0:03:26.376 As soon as you do that, 0:03:26.400,0:03:29.320 the other organisms[br]in the water can't survive. 0:03:29.720,0:03:31.736 So, what do we do? 0:03:31.760,0:03:35.776 We try to produce a robot[br]that will eat the algae, 0:03:35.800,0:03:37.649 consume it and make it safe. 0:03:37.673,0:03:39.379 Now, this is such a big problem 0:03:39.403,0:03:41.236 that, you can see in the slide here, 0:03:41.260,0:03:44.244 there's an algal bloom[br]off the coast of Cornwall, 0:03:44.268,0:03:45.435 in 1999. 0:03:45.459,0:03:47.525 It was 50 kilometers in length. 0:03:47.633,0:03:48.895 This is a massive problem 0:03:48.919,0:03:52.356 that is going to have an impact[br]on fisheries, shellfish and so on. 0:03:52.380,0:03:53.740 So that's the first problem. 0:03:54.300,0:03:56.796 The second problem is also of our making, 0:03:56.820,0:03:58.700 and it's to do with oil pollution. 0:03:59.140,0:04:02.876 Now, oil comes out[br]of the engines that we use, 0:04:02.900,0:04:04.236 the boats that we use. 0:04:04.260,0:04:07.316 Sometimes tankers[br]flush their oil tanks into the sea, 0:04:07.340,0:04:09.596 so oil is released into the sea that way. 0:04:09.872,0:04:12.467 Also, there are some[br]disasters that occur -- 0:04:12.491,0:04:15.157 pipeline disasters, oil field disasters. 0:04:15.459,0:04:19.736 And here is the Deepwater[br]Horizon oil spill from 2010. 0:04:19.856,0:04:23.705 And from the satellite image,[br]you can see a massive oil spill. 0:04:23.864,0:04:27.379 That has a devastating impact[br]on the environment, 0:04:27.403,0:04:30.760 on the birds, on the fish,[br]and on the coastline. 0:04:31.370,0:04:33.946 Wouldn't it be nice[br]if we could treat that in some way 0:04:33.970,0:04:38.690 using robots that could eat the pollution[br]the oil fields have produced? 0:04:39.250,0:04:40.866 So that's what we do. 0:04:40.890,0:04:43.490 We make robots that will eat pollution. 0:04:43.970,0:04:45.306 To actually make the robot, 0:04:45.330,0:04:47.530 we take inspiration from two organisms. 0:04:48.370,0:04:50.506 On the right there[br]you see the basking shark. 0:04:50.530,0:04:53.066 The basking shark is a massive shark. 0:04:53.090,0:04:55.666 It's noncarnivorous,[br]so you can swim with it, 0:04:55.690,0:04:57.146 as you can see. 0:04:57.170,0:04:59.026 And the basking shark opens its mouth, 0:04:59.050,0:05:01.890 and it swims through the water,[br]collecting plankton. 0:05:02.970,0:05:05.186 As it does that, it digests the food, 0:05:05.210,0:05:08.730 and then it uses that energy[br]in its body to keep moving. 0:05:09.490,0:05:11.346 So, could we make a robot like that -- 0:05:11.370,0:05:13.906 like the basking shark[br]that chugs through the water 0:05:13.930,0:05:15.290 and eats up pollution? 0:05:16.250,0:05:17.986 Well, let's see if we can do that. 0:05:18.010,0:05:21.066 But also, we take the inspiration[br]from other organisms. 0:05:21.090,0:05:23.146 I've got a picture here[br]of a water boatman, 0:05:23.170,0:05:24.986 and the water boatman is really cute. 0:05:25.010,0:05:26.586 When it's swimming in the water, 0:05:26.610,0:05:29.090 it uses its paddle-like legs[br]to push itself forward. 0:05:29.690,0:05:31.706 So we take those two organisms 0:05:31.730,0:05:34.730 and we combine them together[br]to make a new kind of robot. 0:05:35.410,0:05:38.586 In fact, because we're using[br]the water boatman as inspiration, 0:05:38.610,0:05:41.386 and our robot sits on top of the water, 0:05:41.410,0:05:42.666 and it rows, 0:05:42.690,0:05:44.906 we call it the "Row-bot." 0:05:44.930,0:05:48.786 So a Row-bot is a robot that rows. 0:05:48.810,0:05:51.506 OK. So what does it look like? 0:05:51.530,0:05:53.266 Here's some pictures of the Row-bot, 0:05:53.290,0:05:54.506 and you'll see, 0:05:54.530,0:05:57.866 it doesn't look anything like the robots[br]we saw right at the beginning. 0:05:57.890,0:06:00.026 Google is wrong;[br]robots don't look like that, 0:06:00.050,0:06:01.266 they look like this. 0:06:01.290,0:06:03.066 So I've got the Row-bot here. 0:06:03.090,0:06:04.506 I'll just hold it up for you. 0:06:04.530,0:06:06.186 It gives you a sense of the scale, 0:06:06.210,0:06:08.346 and it doesn't look[br]anything like the others. 0:06:08.370,0:06:09.986 OK, so it's made out of plastic, 0:06:10.010,0:06:12.066 and we'll have a look now[br]at the components 0:06:12.090,0:06:13.406 that make up the Row-bot -- 0:06:13.430,0:06:14.811 what makes it really special. 0:06:15.850,0:06:18.666 The Row-bot is made up of three parts, 0:06:18.690,0:06:21.986 and those three parts are really[br]like the parts of any organism. 0:06:22.010,0:06:23.666 It's got a brain, 0:06:23.690,0:06:25.066 it's got a body 0:06:25.090,0:06:27.386 and it's got a stomach. 0:06:27.410,0:06:29.826 It needs the stomach to create the energy. 0:06:29.850,0:06:32.066 Any Row-bot will have[br]those three components, 0:06:32.090,0:06:34.466 and any organism[br]will have those three components, 0:06:34.490,0:06:36.386 so let's go through them one at a time. 0:06:36.410,0:06:37.666 It has a body, 0:06:37.690,0:06:39.466 and its body is made out of plastic, 0:06:39.490,0:06:41.706 and it sits on top of the water. 0:06:41.730,0:06:44.666 And it's got flippers on the side here -- 0:06:44.690,0:06:46.186 paddles that help it move, 0:06:46.210,0:06:47.570 just like the water boatman. 0:06:48.290,0:06:49.626 It's got a plastic body, 0:06:49.650,0:06:52.506 but it's got a soft rubber mouth here, 0:06:52.530,0:06:54.435 and a mouth here -- it's got two mouths. 0:06:54.459,0:06:55.866 Why does it have two mouths? 0:06:55.890,0:06:57.706 One is to let the food go in 0:06:57.730,0:06:59.666 and the other is to let the food go out. 0:06:59.690,0:07:03.186 So you can see really[br]it's got a mouth and a derriere, 0:07:03.210,0:07:04.426 or a -- 0:07:04.450,0:07:05.466 (Laughter) 0:07:05.490,0:07:07.226 something where the stuff comes out, 0:07:07.250,0:07:08.946 which is just like a real organism. 0:07:08.970,0:07:11.786 So it's starting to look[br]like that basking shark. 0:07:11.810,0:07:13.186 So that's the body. 0:07:13.210,0:07:16.346 The second component might be the stomach. 0:07:16.370,0:07:20.266 We need to get the energy into the robot[br]and we need to treat the pollution, 0:07:20.290,0:07:21.826 so the pollution goes in, 0:07:21.850,0:07:23.346 and it will do something. 0:07:23.370,0:07:26.946 It's got a cell in the middle here[br]called a microbial fuel cell. 0:07:26.970,0:07:29.730 I'll put this down,[br]and I'll lift up the fuel cell. 0:07:30.290,0:07:32.146 Here. So instead of having batteries, 0:07:32.170,0:07:34.346 instead of having[br]a conventional power system, 0:07:34.370,0:07:35.626 it's got one of these. 0:07:35.650,0:07:36.906 This is its stomach. 0:07:36.930,0:07:38.186 And it really is a stomach 0:07:38.210,0:07:41.626 because you can put energy in this side[br]in the form of pollution, 0:07:41.650,0:07:43.306 and it creates electricity. 0:07:43.330,0:07:44.546 So what is it? 0:07:44.570,0:07:46.226 It's called a microbial fuel cell. 0:07:46.250,0:07:48.346 It's a little bit[br]like a chemical fuel cell, 0:07:48.370,0:07:50.386 which you might have[br]come across in school, 0:07:50.410,0:07:52.026 or you might've seen in the news. 0:07:52.050,0:07:54.186 Chemical fuel cells[br]take hydrogen and oxygen, 0:07:54.210,0:07:57.026 and they can combine them together[br]and you get electricity. 0:07:57.050,0:08:00.466 That's well-established technology;[br]it was in the Apollo space missions. 0:08:00.490,0:08:01.970 That's from 40, 50 years ago. 0:08:02.530,0:08:03.786 This is slightly newer. 0:08:03.810,0:08:05.266 This is a microbial fuel cell. 0:08:05.290,0:08:06.546 It's the same principle: 0:08:06.570,0:08:07.986 it's got oxygen on one side, 0:08:08.010,0:08:10.106 but instead of having[br]hydrogen on the other, 0:08:10.130,0:08:11.426 it's got some soup, 0:08:11.450,0:08:14.266 and inside that soup[br]there are living microbes. 0:08:14.290,0:08:16.986 Now, if you take some organic material -- 0:08:17.010,0:08:19.346 could be some waste products, some food, 0:08:19.370,0:08:20.866 maybe a bit of your sandwich -- 0:08:20.890,0:08:23.706 you put it in there,[br]the microbes will eat that food, 0:08:23.730,0:08:25.610 and they will turn it into electricity. 0:08:26.490,0:08:29.986 Not only that, but if you select[br]the right kind of microbes, 0:08:30.010,0:08:33.770 you can use the microbial fuel cell[br]to treat some of the pollution. 0:08:34.490,0:08:36.106 If you choose the right microbes, 0:08:36.130,0:08:38.746 the microbes will eat the algae. 0:08:38.770,0:08:41.106 If you use other kinds of microbes, 0:08:41.130,0:08:44.650 they will eat petroleum[br]spirits and crude oil. 0:08:45.050,0:08:47.746 So you can see[br]how this stomach could be used 0:08:47.770,0:08:51.026 to not only treat the pollution 0:08:51.050,0:08:53.850 but also to generate electricity[br]from the pollution. 0:08:54.490,0:08:57.266 So the robot will move[br]through the environment, 0:08:57.290,0:08:59.386 taking food into its stomach, 0:08:59.410,0:09:01.906 digest the food, create electricity, 0:09:01.930,0:09:04.426 use that electricity[br]to move through the environment 0:09:04.450,0:09:05.666 and keep doing this. 0:09:05.690,0:09:09.226 OK, so let's see what happens[br]when we run the Row-bot -- 0:09:09.250,0:09:10.626 when it does some rowing. 0:09:10.650,0:09:12.306 Here we've got a couple of videos, 0:09:12.330,0:09:14.986 the first thing you'll see --[br]hopefully you can see here 0:09:15.010,0:09:16.306 is the mouth open. 0:09:16.330,0:09:19.346 The front mouth and the bottom mouth open, 0:09:19.370,0:09:20.906 and it will stay opened enough, 0:09:20.930,0:09:22.946 then the robot will start to row forward. 0:09:22.970,0:09:24.226 It moves through the water 0:09:24.250,0:09:27.346 so that food goes in[br]as the waste products go out. 0:09:27.370,0:09:28.626 Once it's moved enough, 0:09:28.650,0:09:31.586 it stops and then it closes the mouth -- 0:09:31.610,0:09:34.026 slowly closes the mouths -- 0:09:34.050,0:09:35.706 and then it will sit there, 0:09:35.730,0:09:37.370 and it will digest the food. 0:09:38.090,0:09:40.786 Of course these microbial fuel cells, 0:09:40.810,0:09:42.066 they contain microbes. 0:09:42.090,0:09:43.946 What you really want is lots of energy 0:09:43.970,0:09:46.586 coming out of those microbes[br]as quickly as possible. 0:09:46.610,0:09:48.186 But we can't force the microbes 0:09:48.210,0:09:51.226 and they generate a small amount[br]of electricity per second. 0:09:51.250,0:09:54.506 They generate milliwatts, or microwatts. 0:09:54.530,0:09:56.386 Let's put that into context. 0:09:56.410,0:09:57.946 Your mobile phone for example, 0:09:57.970,0:09:59.346 one of these modern ones, 0:09:59.370,0:10:01.586 if you use it, it takes about one watt. 0:10:01.610,0:10:05.426 So that's a thousand or a million times[br]as much energy that that uses 0:10:05.450,0:10:07.410 compared to the microbial fuel cell. 0:10:08.090,0:10:09.666 How can we cope with that? 0:10:09.690,0:10:12.546 Well, when the Row-bot[br]has done its digestion, 0:10:12.570,0:10:14.026 when it's taken the food in, 0:10:14.050,0:10:17.586 it will sit there and it will wait[br]until it has consumed all that food. 0:10:17.610,0:10:20.826 That could take some hours,[br]it could take some days. 0:10:20.850,0:10:24.546 A typical cycle for the Row-bot[br]looks like this: 0:10:24.570,0:10:25.826 you open your mouth, 0:10:25.850,0:10:27.106 you move, 0:10:27.130,0:10:28.386 you close your mouth 0:10:28.410,0:10:30.266 and you sit there for a while waiting. 0:10:30.290,0:10:31.666 Once you digest your food, 0:10:31.690,0:10:34.506 then you can go about[br]doing the same thing again. 0:10:34.530,0:10:37.506 But you know what, that looks[br]like a real organism, doesn't it? 0:10:37.530,0:10:39.386 It looks like the kind of thing we do. 0:10:39.410,0:10:41.466 Saturday night,[br]we go out, open our mouths, 0:10:41.490,0:10:43.026 fill our stomachs, 0:10:43.050,0:10:45.986 sit in front of the telly and digest. 0:10:46.010,0:10:48.386 When we've had enough,[br]we do the same thing again. 0:10:48.410,0:10:51.266 OK, if we're lucky with this cycle, 0:10:51.290,0:10:54.826 at the end of the cycle[br]we'll have enough energy left over 0:10:54.850,0:10:56.986 for us to be able to do something else. 0:10:57.010,0:10:59.026 We could send a message, for example. 0:10:59.050,0:11:00.546 We could send a message saying, 0:11:00.570,0:11:02.906 "This is how much pollution[br]I've eaten recently," 0:11:02.930,0:11:05.506 or, "This is the kind of stuff[br]that I've encountered," 0:11:05.530,0:11:07.210 or, "This is where I am." 0:11:07.890,0:11:11.146 That ability to send a message[br]saying, "This is where I am," 0:11:11.170,0:11:13.106 is really, really important. 0:11:13.130,0:11:15.626 If you think about the oil slicks[br]that we saw before, 0:11:15.650,0:11:17.106 or those massive algal blooms, 0:11:17.130,0:11:19.826 what you really want to do[br]is put your Row-bot out there, 0:11:19.850,0:11:21.826 and it eats up all of those pollutions, 0:11:21.850,0:11:24.026 and then you have to go collect them. 0:11:24.050,0:11:25.266 Why? 0:11:25.290,0:11:27.106 Because these Row-bots at the moment, 0:11:27.130,0:11:28.466 this Row-bot I've got here, 0:11:28.490,0:11:30.346 it contains motors, it contains wires, 0:11:30.370,0:11:33.826 it contains components[br]which themselves are not biodegradable. 0:11:33.850,0:11:36.586 Current Row-bots contain[br]things like toxic batteries. 0:11:36.610,0:11:38.586 You can't leave those in the environment, 0:11:38.610,0:11:40.106 so you need to track them, 0:11:40.130,0:11:42.466 and then when they've finished[br]their job of work, 0:11:42.490,0:11:43.746 you need to collect them. 0:11:43.770,0:11:46.106 That limits the number[br]of Row-bots you can use. 0:11:46.130,0:11:47.386 If, on the other hand, 0:11:47.410,0:11:50.546 you have robot a little bit[br]like a biological organism, 0:11:50.570,0:11:52.666 when it comes to the end of its life, 0:11:52.690,0:11:55.146 it dies and it degrades to nothing. 0:11:55.170,0:11:57.506 So wouldn't it be nice if these robots, 0:11:57.530,0:11:59.769 instead of being like this,[br]made out of plastic, 0:11:59.793,0:12:01.386 were made out of other materials, 0:12:01.410,0:12:03.146 which when you throw them out there, 0:12:03.170,0:12:04.506 they biodegrade to nothing? 0:12:04.530,0:12:06.626 That changes the way[br]in which we use robots. 0:12:06.650,0:12:10.026 Instead of putting 10 or 100[br]out into the environment, 0:12:10.050,0:12:11.306 having to track them, 0:12:11.330,0:12:12.666 and then when they die, 0:12:12.690,0:12:13.906 collect them, 0:12:13.930,0:12:15.626 you could put a thousand, 0:12:15.650,0:12:18.386 a million, a billion robots[br]into the environment. 0:12:18.410,0:12:20.226 Just spread them around. 0:12:20.250,0:12:23.870 You know that at the end of their lives,[br]they're going to degrade to nothing. 0:12:23.894,0:12:25.586 You don't need to worry about them. 0:12:25.610,0:12:28.226 So that changes the way[br]in which you think about robots 0:12:28.250,0:12:29.626 and the way you deploy them. 0:12:29.650,0:12:31.506 Then the question is: Can you do this? 0:12:31.530,0:12:33.706 Well, yes, we have shown[br]that you can do this. 0:12:33.730,0:12:35.826 You can make robots[br]which are biodegradable. 0:12:35.850,0:12:38.706 What's really interesting[br]is you can use household materials 0:12:38.730,0:12:40.426 to make these biodegradable robots. 0:12:40.450,0:12:43.026 I'll show you some;[br]you might be surprised. 0:12:43.750,0:12:46.646 You can make a robot out of jelly. 0:12:46.670,0:12:49.446 Instead of having a motor,[br]which we have at the moment, 0:12:49.470,0:12:51.926 you can make things[br]called artificial muscles. 0:12:51.950,0:12:54.246 Artificial muscles are smart materials, 0:12:54.270,0:12:55.726 you apply electricity to them, 0:12:55.750,0:12:57.926 and they contract,[br]or they bend or they twist. 0:12:57.950,0:13:00.166 They look like real muscles. 0:13:00.190,0:13:03.190 So instead of having a motor,[br]you have these artificial muscles. 0:13:03.214,0:13:06.046 And you can make[br]artificial muscles out of jelly. 0:13:06.070,0:13:08.006 If you take some jelly and some salts, 0:13:08.030,0:13:09.606 and do a bit of jiggery-pokery, 0:13:09.630,0:13:11.423 you can make an artificial muscle. 0:13:11.447,0:13:14.066 You can do the same thing[br]with natural rubber, latex. 0:13:14.741,0:13:17.352 So you could make a robot[br]out of a balloon. 0:13:17.376,0:13:19.773 You can make a robot[br]out of a rubber glove. 0:13:19.797,0:13:21.995 You can even make a robot out of paper. 0:13:22.019,0:13:25.114 You can make actuators,[br]that is, things that move, 0:13:25.138,0:13:27.266 with electricity, out of paper. 0:13:27.290,0:13:30.866 We've also shown you can make[br]the microbial fuel cell's stomach 0:13:30.890,0:13:32.306 out of paper. 0:13:32.330,0:13:35.810 So you could make the whole[br]robot out of biodegradable materials. 0:13:36.130,0:13:39.010 You throw them out there,[br]and they degrade to nothing. 0:13:40.250,0:13:42.106 Well, this is really, really exciting. 0:13:42.130,0:13:45.321 It's going to totally change the way[br]in which we think about robots, 0:13:45.345,0:13:47.586 but also it allows you[br]to be really creative 0:13:47.610,0:13:50.946 in the way in which you think[br]about what you can do with these robots. 0:13:50.970,0:13:52.226 I'll give you an example. 0:13:52.250,0:13:54.826 If you can use jelly to make a robot -- 0:13:54.850,0:13:56.746 now, we eat jelly, right? 0:13:56.770,0:13:59.266 So, why not make something like this? 0:13:59.290,0:14:00.690 A robot gummy bear. 0:14:01.770,0:14:04.546 Here, I've got some I prepared earlier. 0:14:04.570,0:14:06.170 There we go. I've got a packet -- 0:14:07.210,0:14:09.090 and I've got a lemon-flavored one. 0:14:10.250,0:14:12.986 I'll take this gummy bear --[br]he's not robotic, OK? 0:14:13.010,0:14:14.226 We have to pretend. 0:14:14.250,0:14:17.266 And what you do with one of these[br]is you put it in your mouth -- 0:14:17.290,0:14:18.530 the lemon's quite nice. 0:14:19.370,0:14:22.275 Try not to chew it too much,[br]it's a robot, it may not like it. 0:14:23.490,0:14:25.706 And then you swallow it. 0:14:25.730,0:14:27.426 And then it goes into your stomach. 0:14:27.450,0:14:31.266 And when it's inside your stomach,[br]it moves, it thinks, it twists, it bends, 0:14:31.290,0:14:32.506 it does something. 0:14:32.530,0:14:34.706 It could go further down[br]into your intestines, 0:14:34.730,0:14:37.066 find out whether you've got[br]some ulcer or cancer, 0:14:37.090,0:14:39.186 maybe do an injection,[br]something like that. 0:14:39.210,0:14:42.066 You know that once[br]it's done its job of work, 0:14:42.090,0:14:44.306 it could be consumed by your stomach, 0:14:44.330,0:14:46.026 or if you don't want that, 0:14:46.050,0:14:47.666 it could go straight through you, 0:14:47.690,0:14:48.906 into the toilet, 0:14:48.930,0:14:51.146 and be degraded safely in the environment. 0:14:51.170,0:14:54.410 So this changes the way, again,[br]in which we think about robots. 0:14:55.370,0:14:59.666 So, we started off looking[br]at robots that would eat pollution, 0:14:59.690,0:15:02.346 and then we're looking[br]at robots which we can eat. 0:15:02.370,0:15:04.026 I hope this gives you some idea 0:15:04.050,0:15:06.490 of the kinds of things[br]we can do with future robots. 0:15:08.210,0:15:10.106 Thank you very much for your attention. 0:15:10.130,0:15:13.613 (Applause)