[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.75,0:00:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Henry,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.26,0:00:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cute boy,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.09,0:00:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when Henry was three,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.25,0:00:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his mom found him having\Nsome febrile seizures.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.08,0:00:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Febrile seizures are seizures that occur\Nwhen you also have a fever,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.06,0:00:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the doctor said,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.99,0:00:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Don't worry too much.\NKids usually outgrow these."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.51,0:00:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he was four,\Nhe had a convulsive seizure,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.51,0:00:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the kind that you lose\Nconsciousness and shake --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.80,0:00:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a generalized tonic-clonic seizure --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.72,0:00:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and while the diagnosis of epilepsy\Nwas in the mail,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.76,0:00:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Henry's mom went to get him\Nout of bed one morning,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.32,0:00:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as she went in his room,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.75,0:00:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she found his cold, lifeless body.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.90,0:00:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Henry died of SUDEP,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.98,0:01:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.71,0:01:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm curious how many of you\Nhave heard of SUDEP.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.60,0:01:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a very well-educated audience,\Nand I see only a few hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.99,0:01:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SUDEP is when an otherwise\Nhealthy person with epilepsy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.98,0:01:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dies and they can't attribute it\Nto anything they can find in an autopsy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.08,0:01:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a SUDEP\Nevery seven to nine minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.22,0:01:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's on average two per TED Talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.41,0:01:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, a normal brain\Nhas electrical activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.09,0:01:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see some of the electrical waves
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.25,0:01:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming out of this picture\Nof a brain here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.34,0:01:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these should look\Nlike typical electrical activity
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.11,0:01:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that an EEG could read on the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.27,0:01:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you have a seizure,\Nit's a bit of unusual electrical activity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.71,0:01:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it can be focal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.12,0:01:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can take place\Nin just a small part of your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.64,0:01:58.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When that happens,\Nyou might have a strange sensation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.48,0:02:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Several could be happening\Nhere in the audience right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.53,0:02:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the person next to you\Nmight not even know.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.16,0:02:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, if you have a seizure\Nwhere that little brush fire spreads
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.10,0:02:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a forest fire over the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.12,0:02:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then it generalizes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.82,0:02:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that generalized seizure\Ntakes your consciousness away
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.41,0:02:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and causes you to convulse.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.68,0:02:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are more SUDEPs\Nin the United States every year
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.85,0:02:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than sudden infant death syndrome.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.30,0:02:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how many of you have heard\Nof sudden infant death syndrome?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.32,0:02:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? Pretty much every hand goes up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.30,0:02:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's going on here?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.05,0:02:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is this so much more common\Nand yet people haven't heard of it?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.22,0:02:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what can you do to prevent it?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.68,0:02:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, there are two things,\Nscientifically shown,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.00,0:02:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that prevent or reduce the risk of SUDEP.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.12,0:02:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is: "Follow\Nyour doctor's instructions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.69,0:02:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take your medications."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.15,0:02:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two-thirds of people who have epilepsy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.38,0:02:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get it under control\Nwith their medications.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.85,0:03:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second thing that reduces\Nthe risk of SUDEP is companionship.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.04,0:03:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's having somebody there\Nat the time that you have a seizure.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.76,0:03:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, SUDEP, even though\Nmost of you have never heard of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.71,0:03:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually the number two cause\Nof years of potential life lost
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.92,0:03:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all neurological disorders.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.20,0:03:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The vertical axis is the number of deaths
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.51,0:03:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,times the remaining life span,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.70,0:03:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so higher is much worse impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.52,0:03:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SUDEP, however, unlike these others,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.52,0:03:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something that people right here\Ncould do something to push that down.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.78,0:03:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what is Roz Picard, an AI researcher,\Ndoing here telling you about SUDEP, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.80,0:03:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not a neurologist.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.35,0:03:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was working at the Media Lab\Non measurement of emotion,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.59,0:03:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to make our machines\Nmore intelligent about our emotions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.83,0:03:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we started doing a lot of work\Nmeasuring stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.21,0:04:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We built lots of sensors
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.17,0:04:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that measured it\Nin lots of different ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.58,0:04:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one of them in particular
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.92,0:04:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grew out of some of this very old work\Nwith measuring sweaty palms
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.06,0:04:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an electrical signal.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.82,0:04:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a signal of skin conductance
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.60,0:04:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's known to go up\Nwhen you get nervous,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.74,0:04:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it turns out it also goes up with\Na lot of other interesting conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.34,0:04:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But measuring it with wires on your hand\Nis really inconvenient.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.38,0:04:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we invented a bunch of other ways\Nof doing this at the MIT Media Lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.15,0:04:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with these wearables,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.35,0:04:33.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we started to collect the first-ever\Nclinical quality data 24-7.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.61,0:04:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a picture of what that looked like
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.17,0:04:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first time an MIT student collected\Nskin conductance on the wrist 24-7.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.19,0:04:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's zoom in a little bit here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.57,0:04:48.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see is 24 hours\Nfrom left to right,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.62,0:04:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here is two days of data.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.57,0:04:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And first, what surprised us
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.28,0:04:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was sleep was the biggest\Npeak of the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.64,0:04:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that sounds broken, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.42,0:05:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're calm when you're asleep,\Nso what's going on here?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.62,0:05:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it turns out\Nthat our physiology during sleep
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.10,0:05:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is very different\Nthan our physiology during wake,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.76,0:05:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and while there's still a bit of a mystery
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.97,0:05:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why these peaks are usually\Nthe biggest of the day during sleep,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.74,0:05:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we now believe they're related\Nto memory consolidation
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.94,0:05:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and memory formation during sleep.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.90,0:05:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also saw things\Nthat were exactly what we expected.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.49,0:05:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When an MIT student\Nis working hard in the lab
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.86,0:05:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or on homeworks,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.28,0:05:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is not only emotional stress,\Nbut there's cognitive load,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.85,0:05:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it turns out that cognitive load,\Ncognitive effort, mental engagement,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.73,0:05:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,excitement about learning something --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.95,0:05:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those things also make the signal go up.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.01,0:05:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, to the embarrassment\Nof we MIT professors,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.78,0:05:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.88,0:05:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the low point every day\Nis classroom activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.81,0:05:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I am just showing you\None person's data here,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.35,0:05:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this, unfortunately,\Nis true in general.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.40,0:06:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This sweatband has inside it\Na homebuilt skin-conductance sensor,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.81,0:06:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one day, one of our undergrads\Nknocked on my door
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.92,0:06:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right at the end of the December semester,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.62,0:06:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he said, "Professor Picard,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.84,0:06:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can I please borrow\None of your wristband sensors?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.57,0:06:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My little brother has autism,\Nhe can't talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.33,0:06:23.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want to see\Nwhat's stressing him out."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.43,0:06:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "Sure, in fact,\Ndon't just take one, take two,"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.32,0:06:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they broke easily back then.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.13,0:06:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he took them home,\Nhe put them on his little brother.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.78,0:06:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I was back in MIT,\Nlooking at the data on my laptop,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.97,0:06:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the first day, I thought,\N"Hmm, that's odd,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.85,0:06:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he put them on both wrists\Ninstead of waiting for one to break.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.87,0:06:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, fine, don't follow my instructions."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.21,0:06:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm glad he didn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.38,0:06:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second day -- chill.\NLooked like classroom activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.61,0:06:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.39,0:06:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few more days ahead.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.40,0:06:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next day, one wrist signal was flat
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.94,0:07:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other had\Nthe biggest peak I've ever seen,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.50,0:07:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I thought, "What's going on?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.84,0:07:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've stressed people out at MIT\Nevery way imaginable.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.93,0:07:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've never seen a peak this big."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.41,0:07:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was only on one side.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.40,0:07:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can you be stressed on one side\Nof your body and not the other?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.57,0:07:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I thought one or both sensors\Nmust be broken.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.18,0:07:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I'm an electroengineer by training,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.13,0:07:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I started a whole bunch of stuff\Nto try to debug this,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.82,0:07:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and long story short,\NI could not reproduce this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.96,0:07:31.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I resorted to old-fashioned debugging.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.02,0:07:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I called the student at home on vacation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.32,0:07:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hi, how's your little brother?\NHow's your Christmas?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.69,0:07:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hey, do you have any idea\Nwhat happened to him?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.100,0:07:44.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I gave this particular date and time,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.98,0:07:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the data.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.30,0:07:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, "I don't know,\NI'll check the diary."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.85,0:07:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Diary? An MIT student keeps a diary?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.78,0:07:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I waited and he came back.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.62,0:07:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had the exact date and time,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.19,0:08:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he says, "That was right before\Nhe had a grand mal seizure."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.94,0:08:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, at the time, I didn't know\Nanything about epilepsy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.32,0:08:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and did a bunch of research,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.50,0:08:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,realized that another student's dad\Nis chief of neurosurgery
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.65,0:08:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Children's Hospital Boston,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.67,0:08:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,screwed up my courage\Nand called Dr. Joe Madsen.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.98,0:08:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hi, Dr. Madsen,\Nmy name's Rosalind Picard.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.48,0:08:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it possible somebody could have
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.40,0:08:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a huge sympathetic\Nnervous system surge" --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.82,0:08:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's what drives the skin conductance --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.43,0:08:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"20 minutes before a seizure?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.17,0:08:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he says, "Probably not."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.100,0:08:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He says, "It's interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.36,0:08:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've had people whose hair\Nstands on end on one arm
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.15,0:08:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 minutes before a seizure."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.06,0:08:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm like, "On one arm?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.40,0:08:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't want to tell him that, initially,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.55,0:08:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I thought this was too ridiculous.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.97,0:08:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He explained how this could\Nhappen in the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.28,0:08:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he got interested.\NI showed him the data.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.48,0:08:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We made a whole bunch more devices,\Ngot them safety certified.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.45,0:08:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,90 families were being\Nenrolled in a study,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.55,0:09:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all with children who were going\Nto be monitored 24-7
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.80,0:09:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with gold-standard EEG on their scalp
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.20,0:09:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for reading the brain activity,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.76,0:09:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,video to watch the behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.73,0:09:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electrocardiogram -- ECG --\Nand now EDA, electrodermal activity,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.42,0:09:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see if there was\Nsomething in this periphery
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.02,0:09:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could easily pick up,\Nrelated to a seizure.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.26,0:09:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found, in 100 percent\Nof the first batch of grand mal seizures,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.73,0:09:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this whopper of responses\Nin the skin conductance.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.38,0:09:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The blue in the middle, the boy's sleep,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.41,0:09:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is usually the biggest peak of the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.41,0:09:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These three seizures you see here\Nare popping out of the forest
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.06,0:09:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like redwood trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.10,0:09:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Furthermore, when you couple\Nthe skin conductance at the top
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.70,0:09:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the movement from the wrist
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.24,0:09:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you get lots of data\Nand train machine learning and AI on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.06,0:09:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can build an automated AI\Nthat detects these patterns
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.88,0:10:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much better than just\Na shake detector can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.12,0:10:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we realized that we needed\Nto get this out,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.41,0:10:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with the PhD work of Ming-Zher Poh
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.79,0:10:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and later great improvements by Empatica,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.84,0:10:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this has made progress and the seizure\Ndetection is much more accurate.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.71,0:10:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we also learned some other things\Nabout SUDEP during this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.64,0:10:20.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing we learned is that SUDEP,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.08,0:10:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while it's rare after\Na generalized tonic-clonic seizure,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.01,0:10:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's when it's most likely\Nto happen -- after that type.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.28,0:10:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when it happens,\Nit doesn't happen during the seizure,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.42,0:10:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it doesn't usually happen\Nimmediately afterwards,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.31,0:10:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but immediately afterwards,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.05,0:10:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the person just seems\Nvery still and quiet,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.13,0:10:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may go into another phase,\Nwhere the breathing stops,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.10,0:10:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then after the breathing stops,\Nlater the heart stops.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.15,0:10:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's some time\Nto get somebody there.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.35,0:10:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also learned that there is a region\Ndeep in the brain called the amygdala,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.28,0:10:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we had been studying\Nin our emotion research a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.24,0:10:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have two amygdalas,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.54,0:10:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you stimulate the right one,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.24,0:11:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get a big right\Nskin conductance response.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.00,0:11:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you have to sign up right now\Nfor a craniotomy to get this done,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.27,0:11:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not exactly something\Nwe're going to volunteer to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.13,0:11:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it causes a big right skin\Nconductance response.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.66,0:11:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stimulate the left one, big left\Nskin conductance response on the palm.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.54,0:11:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And furthermore, when somebody\Nstimulates your amygdala
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.61,0:11:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while you're sitting there\Nand you might just be working,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.05,0:11:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't show any signs of distress,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.62,0:11:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you stop breathing,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.47,0:11:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you don't start again\Nuntil somebody stimulates you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.60,0:11:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, Roz, are you there?"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.14,0:11:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you open your mouth to talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.87,0:11:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you take that breath to speak,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.09,0:11:40.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you start breathing again.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.76,0:11:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had started with work on stress,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.41,0:11:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which had enabled us\Nto build lots of sensors
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.68,0:11:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were gathering\Nhigh quality enough data
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.84,0:11:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could leave the lab\Nand start to get this in the wild;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.78,0:11:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accidentally found a whopper\Nof a response with the seizure,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.67,0:11:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neurological activation that can cause\Na much bigger response
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.56,0:12:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than traditional stressors;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.89,0:12:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lots of partnership with hospitals\Nand an epilepsy monitoring unit,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.11,0:12:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially Children's Hospital Boston
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.96,0:12:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Brigham;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.14,0:12:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and machine learning and AI on top of this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.69,0:12:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take and collect lots more data
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.73,0:12:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in service of trying\Nto understand these events
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.38,0:12:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we could prevent SUDEP.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.02,0:12:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is now commercialized by Empatica,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.61,0:12:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a start-up that I had\Nthe privilege to cofound,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.52,0:12:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the team there has done an amazing job\Nimproving the technology
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.75,0:12:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make a very beautiful sensor
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.54,0:12:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that not only tells time and does steps\Nand sleep and all that good stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.42,0:12:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is running real-time\NAI and machine learning
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.54,0:12:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect generalized\Ntonic-clonic seizures
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.18,0:12:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and send an alert for help
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.36,0:12:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I were to have a seizure\Nand lose consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.57,0:12:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This just got FDA-approved
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.41,0:12:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the first smartwatch\Nto get approved in neurology.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.92,0:13:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.67,0:13:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the next slide is what made\Nmy skin conductance go up.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.81,0:13:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One morning, I'm checking my email
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.54,0:13:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I see a story from a mom
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.86,0:13:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who said she was in the shower,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.77,0:13:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and her phone was\Non the counter by the shower,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.25,0:13:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it said her daughter\Nmight need her help.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.20,0:13:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she interrupts her shower and goes\Nrunning to her daughter's bedroom,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.60,0:13:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she finds her daughter\Nfacedown in bed, blue and not breathing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.37,0:13:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She flips her over -- human stimulation --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.67,0:13:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and her daughter takes a breath,\Nand another breath,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.38,0:13:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and her daughter turns pink and is fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.55,0:13:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I turned white reading this email.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.80,0:13:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My first response is,\N"Oh no, it's not perfect.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.14,0:13:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Bluetooth could break,\Nthe battery could die.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.49,0:13:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All these things could go wrong.\NDon't rely on this."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.100,0:13:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she said, "It's OK.\NI know no technology is perfect.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.43,0:13:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of us can always\Nbe there all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.84,0:13:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this, this device plus AI
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.21,0:14:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enabled me to get there in time\Nto save my daughter's life."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.93,0:14:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I've been mentioning children,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.86,0:14:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but SUDEP peaks, actually,\Namong people in their 20s, 30s and 40s,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.59,0:14:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the next line I'm going to put up
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.43,0:14:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is probably going to make\Nsome people uncomfortable,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.91,0:14:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's less uncomfortable\Nthan we'll all be
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.31,0:14:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if this list is extended\Nto somebody you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.44,0:14:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could this happen to somebody you know?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.20,0:14:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason I bring up\Nthis uncomfortable question
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.96,0:14:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because one in 26 of you\Nwill have epilepsy at some point,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.90,0:14:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from what I've been learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.16,0:14:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people with epilepsy often don't tell\Ntheir friends and their neighbors
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.52,0:14:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they have it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.70,0:14:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you're willing to let them\Nuse an AI or whatever
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.64,0:14:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to summon you in a moment\Nof possible need,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.08,0:14:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you would let them know that,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.72,0:14:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could make a difference in their life.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.73,0:14:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do all this hard work to build AIs?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.10,0:15:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A couple of reasons here:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.33,0:15:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one is Natasha, the girl who lived,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.51,0:15:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and her family wanted me\Nto tell you her name.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.98,0:15:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another is her family
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.61,0:15:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the wonderful people out there
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.83,0:15:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who want to be there to support people\Nwho have conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.68,0:15:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they've felt uncomfortable\Nin the past mentioning to others.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.90,0:15:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the other reason is all of you,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.80,0:15:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have the opportunity\Nto shape the future of AI.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.15,0:15:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can actually change it,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.54,0:15:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we are the ones building it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.96,0:15:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's build AI
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.96,0:15:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes everybody's lives better.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.98,0:15:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.16,0:15:41.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)