[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris Anderson: Welcome, Bill Gates.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.83,0:00:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bill Gates: Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.15,0:00:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Alright. It's great\Nto have you here, Bill.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.58,0:00:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, we had a TED conversation\Nabout three months ago
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.33,0:00:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about this pandemic,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.52,0:00:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and back then, I think fewer than --\NI think that was the end of March --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.07,0:00:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back then, fewer than\N1,000 people in the US had died
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.88,0:00:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fewer than 20,000 worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.96,0:00:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, the numbers now are,\Nlike, 128,000 dead in the US
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.35,0:00:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more than half a million worldwide,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.15,0:00:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in three months.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.67,0:00:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In three months.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.04,0:00:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is your diagnosis of what is possible\Nfor the rest of this year?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.97,0:00:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You look at a lot of models.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.20,0:00:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you think best-\Nand worst-case scenarios might be?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.10,0:00:46.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, the range of scenarios,\Nsadly, is quite large,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.51,0:00:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including that, as we get into the fall,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.15,0:00:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could have death rates\Nthat rival the worst of what we had
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.51,0:00:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the April time period.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.52,0:01:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you get a lot of young people infected,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.71,0:01:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually, they will infect\Nold people again,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.86,0:01:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so you'll get into the nursing homes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.87,0:01:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the homeless shelters,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.05,0:01:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the places where we've had\Na lot of our deaths.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.75,0:01:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The innovation track,\Nwhich probably we'll touch on --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.20,0:01:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diagnostics, therapeutics, vaccines --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.68,0:01:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's good progress there,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.36,0:01:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nothing that would\Nfundamentally alter the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.16,0:01:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this fall in the United States\Ncould be quite bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.09,0:01:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's worse than\NI would have expected a month ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.68,0:01:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the degree to which we're back\Nat high mobility,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.77,0:01:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not wearing masks,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.23,0:01:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now the virus actually\Nhas gotten into a lot of cities
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.15,0:01:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it hadn't been in before\Nin a significant way,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.67,0:01:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's going to be a challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.78,0:01:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no case where we get\Nmuch below the current death rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.32,0:01:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is about 500 deaths a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.60,0:02:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's a significant risk\Nwe'd go back up
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.14,0:02:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the even 2,000 a day\Nthat we had before,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.15,0:02:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we don't have the distancing,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.85,0:02:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the behavior change,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.41,0:02:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the degree that we had\Nin April and May.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.76,0:02:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we know this virus\Nis somewhat seasonal,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.27,0:02:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the force of infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.60,0:02:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both through temperature, humidity,\Nmore time indoors,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.09,0:02:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be worse as we get into the fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.26,0:02:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So there are scenarios\Nwhere in the US,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.30,0:02:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, if you extrapolate\Nthose numbers forward,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.56,0:02:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we end up with, what,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.79,0:02:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than a quarter of a million\Ndeaths, perchance,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.38,0:02:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even this year if we're not careful,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.11,0:02:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and worldwide, I guess the death toll\Ncould, by the end of the year,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.57,0:02:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be well into the millions, with an "s."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.80,0:02:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there evidence that the hotter\Ntemperatures of the summer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.14,0:02:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually have been helping us?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.00,0:02:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: They're not absolutely sure,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.94,0:03:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but certainly, the IHME model\Ndefinitely wanted to use the season,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.96,0:03:03.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including temperature and humidity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.68,0:03:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try and explain\Nwhy May wasn't worse than it was.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.79,0:03:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so as we came out\Nand the mobility numbers got higher,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.14,0:03:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the models expected more infections\Nand deaths to come out of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.27,0:03:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the model kept wanting to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.85,0:03:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But I need to use this seasonality
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.02,0:03:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to match why May wasn't worse,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.17,0:03:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why June wasn't worse than it was."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.21,0:03:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we see in the Southern Hemisphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.51,0:03:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, Brazil,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.85,0:03:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the opposite season,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.84,0:03:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now all of South America\Nis having a huge epidemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.12,0:03:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,South Africa is having\Na very fast-growing epidemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.16,0:03:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, Australia and New Zealand,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.16,0:03:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the last countries\Nin the Southern Hemisphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.34,0:03:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are at really tiny case counts,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.48,0:04:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so although they have\Nto keep knocking it down,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.04,0:04:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're talking about,\N"Oh, we have 10 cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.71,0:04:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a big deal,\Nlet's go get rid of that."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.03,0:04:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they're one of these amazing countries\Nthat got the numbers so low
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.37,0:04:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that test, quarantine and trace
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.04,0:04:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is working to get them,\Nkeep them at very near zero.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.11,0:04:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Aided perhaps a bit\Nby being easier to isolate
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.56,0:04:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by less density,\Nless population density.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.63,0:04:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But nonetheless,\Nsmart policies down there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.02,0:04:33.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Yeah, everything is so exponential
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.97,0:04:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a little bit of good work\Ngoes a long way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.93,0:04:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a linear game.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.86,0:04:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, contact tracing, if you have\Nthe number of cases we have in the US,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.57,0:04:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's super important to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.83,0:04:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it won't get you back down to zero.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.30,0:04:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It'll help you be down,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.92,0:04:52.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's too overwhelming.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.11,0:04:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: OK, so in May and June in the US,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.38,0:04:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the numbers were slightly better\Nthan some of the models predicted,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.60,0:05:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's hypothesized that that might be\Npartly because of the warmer weather.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.32,0:05:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we're seeing, really,\Nwould you describe it
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.73,0:05:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as really quite alarming upticks\Nin case rates in the US?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.71,0:05:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: That's right, it's --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.60,0:05:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In, say, the New York area,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.60,0:05:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cases continue to go down somewhat,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.74,0:05:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in other parts of the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.92,0:05:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,primarily the South right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.41,0:05:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have increases\Nthat are offsetting that,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.53,0:05:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have testing-positive\Nrates in young people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.24,0:05:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are actually higher than what we saw\Neven in some of the tougher areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.53,0:05:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, clearly, younger people\Nhave come out of mobility
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.98,0:05:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than older people\Nhave increased their mobility,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.81,0:05:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the age structure\Nis right now very young,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.38,0:05:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because of\Nmultigenerational households,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.51,0:05:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people work in nursing care homes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.83,0:06:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unfortunately, that will\Nwork its way back,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.73,0:06:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both the time lag and the transmission,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.21,0:06:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back up into the elderly,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.88,0:06:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will start to push the death rate back up,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.39,0:06:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, it is down --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.43,0:06:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way down from 2,000\Nto around 500 right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.65,0:06:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: And is that partly because\Nthere's a three-week lag
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.49,0:06:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between case numbers and fatality numbers?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.66,0:06:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also, perhaps, partly because
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.01,0:06:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there have been\Nsome effective interventions,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.92,0:06:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're actually seeing the possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.37,0:06:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the overall fatality rate\Nis actually falling a bit
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.10,0:06:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now that we've gained\Nsome extra knowledge?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.82,0:06:38.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Yeah, certainly\Nyour fatality rate is always lower
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.69,0:06:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you're not overloaded.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.30,0:06:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so Italy, when they were overloaded,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.47,0:06:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spain, even New York at the start,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.13,0:06:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certainly China,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.59,0:06:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there you weren't even able\Nto provide the basics,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.88,0:06:56.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the oxygen and things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.70,0:07:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A study that our foundation\Nfunded in the UK
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.29,0:07:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found the only thing\Nother than remdesivir
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.66,0:07:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is a proven therapeutic,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.45,0:07:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the dexamethasone,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.46,0:07:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that for serious patients,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.18,0:07:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about a 20 percent death reduction,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.24,0:07:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's still quite\Na pipeline of those things.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.31,0:07:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, hydroxychloroquine\Nnever established positive data,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.86,0:07:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that's pretty much done.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.18,0:07:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's still a few trials ongoing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.55,0:07:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the list of things being tried,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.17,0:07:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including, eventually,\Nthe monoclonal antibodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.57,0:07:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will have some additional\Ntools for the fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.03,0:07:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so when you talk about death rates,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.71,0:07:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the good news is,\Nsome innovation we already have,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.19,0:07:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll have more, even in the fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.98,0:07:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should start to have\Nmonoclonal antibodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.27,0:07:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the single therapeutic\Nthat I'm most excited about.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.87,0:08:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I'll actually ask you to tell me\Na bit more about that in one sec,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.26,0:08:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just putting the pieces\Ntogether on death rates:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.73,0:08:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so in a well-functioning health system,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.66,0:08:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so take the US when places\Naren't overcrowded,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.35,0:08:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do you think
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.31,0:08:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the current fatality numbers are,\Napproximately, going forward,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.91,0:08:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like as a percentage of total cases?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.02,0:08:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are we below one percent, perhaps?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.49,0:08:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: If you found every case, yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.21,0:08:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're well below one percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.01,0:08:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People argue, you know, 0.4, 0.5.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.09,0:08:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the time you bring in\Nthe never symptomatics,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.61,0:08:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it probably is below 0.5,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.22,0:08:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's good news.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.76,0:08:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This disease could have been\Na five-percent disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.80,0:08:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The transmission dynamics of this disease
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.02,0:08:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are more difficult\Nthan even the experts predicted.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.04,0:08:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The amount of presymptomatic\Nand never symptomatic spread
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.84,0:09:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fact that it's not coughing,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.12,0:09:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you would kind of notice,\N"Hey, I'm coughing" --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.69,0:09:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most respiratory diseases make you cough.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.41,0:09:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one, in its early stages,\Nit's not coughing,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.42,0:09:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's singing, laughing, talking,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.39,0:09:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually, still, particularly\Nfor the super-spreaders,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.05,0:09:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people with very high viral loads,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.78,0:09:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causes that spread,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.96,0:09:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's pretty novel,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.92,0:09:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so even the experts have to say,\N"Wow, this caught us by surprise."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.100,0:09:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The amount of asymptomatic spread
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.66,0:09:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fact that there's not\Na coughing element
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.19,0:09:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not a major piece like the flu or TB.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.90,0:09:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Yeah, that is\Ndevilish cunning by the virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.87,0:09:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, how much is\Nthat nonsymptomatic transmission
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.59,0:09:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a percentage of total transmission?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.53,0:09:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've heard numbers it could be\Nas much as half of all transmissions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.92,0:09:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are basically presymptomatic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.98,0:09:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Yeah, if you count presymptomatics,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.60,0:09:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then most of the studies show\Nthat's like at 40 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.04,0:10:00.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we also have never symptomatics.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.79,0:10:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The amount of virus you get\Nin your upper respiratory area
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.19,0:10:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is somewhat disconnected.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.66,0:10:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people will have a lot here\Nand very little in their lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.70,0:10:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you get in your lungs\Ncauses the really bad symptoms --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.75,0:10:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other organs, but mostly the lungs --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.92,0:10:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so that's when you seek treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.26,0:10:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the worst case\Nin terms of spreading
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.34,0:10:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is somebody who's got a lot\Nin the upper respiratory tract
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.48,0:10:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but almost none in their lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.71,0:10:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they're not care-seeking.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.89,0:10:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Right.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.08,0:10:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so if you add in the never symptomatic
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.05,0:10:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the presymptomatic,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.44,0:10:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you get above 50 percent\Nof the transmission
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.72,0:10:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually from nonsymptomatic people?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.02,0:10:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Yeah, transmission\Nis harder to measure.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.08,0:10:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, we see certain\Nhotspots and things,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.85,0:10:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's a huge question\Nwith the vaccine:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.68,0:10:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will it, besides avoiding\Nyou getting sick,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.100,0:10:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what the trial will test,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.78,0:11:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will it also stop you\Nfrom being a transmitter?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.22,0:11:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So that vaccine,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.45,0:11:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's such an important question,\Nlet's come on to that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.06,0:11:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before we go there,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.27,0:11:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any other surprises\Nin the last couple months
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.44,0:11:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we've learned about this virus
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.39,0:11:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that really impact how\Nwe should respond to it?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.85,0:11:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: We're still not able to characterize\Nwho the super-spreaders are
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.64,0:11:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of what that profile is,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.96,0:11:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we may never.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.39,0:11:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That may just be quite random.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.42,0:11:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you could identify them,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.35,0:11:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're responsible\Nfor the majority of transmission,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.89,0:11:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few people who have\Nvery high viral loads.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.85,0:11:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sadly, we haven't figured that out.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.79,0:11:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This mode of transmission,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.11,0:11:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're in a room and nobody talks,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.79,0:11:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's way less transmission.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.83,0:11:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's partly why,\Nalthough planes can transmit,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.85,0:11:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's less than you would expect\Njust in terms of time proximity measures,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.91,0:11:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because unlike, say,\Na choir or a restaurant,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.48,0:12:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not exhaling in loud talking
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.31,0:12:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite as much as in other\Nindoor environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.92,0:12:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Hmm.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.12,0:12:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you think about the ethics\Nof someone who would go on a plane
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.43,0:12:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and refuse to wear a mask?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.98,0:12:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: If they own the plane,\Nthat would be fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.18,0:12:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there's other people on the plane,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.06,0:12:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be endangering\Nthose other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.12,0:12:22.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Early on in the pandemic,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.62,0:12:27.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the WHO did not advise\Nthat people wear masks.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.81,0:12:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were worried about taking them away\Nfrom frontline medical providers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.27,0:12:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In retrospect, was that\Na terrible mistake that they made?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.00,0:12:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.42,0:12:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the experts feel bad\Nthat the value of masks --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.25,0:12:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which ties back somewhat\Nto the asymptomatics;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.30,0:12:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if people were very symptomatic,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.34,0:12:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like an Ebola,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.50,0:12:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you know it and you isolate,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.59,0:13:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so you don't have\Na need for a masklike thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.38,0:13:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The value of masks,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.61,0:13:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact that the medical masks\Nwas a different supply chain
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.45,0:13:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the normal masks,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.02,0:13:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact you could scale up\Nthe normal masks so well,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.96,0:13:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact that it would stop\Nthat presymptomatic,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.72,0:13:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never symptomatic transmission,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.55,0:13:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a mistake.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.42,0:13:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not a conspiracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.59,0:13:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's something that, we now know more.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.49,0:13:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even now, our error bars\Non the benefit of masks
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.15,0:13:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are higher than we'd like to admit,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.97,0:13:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's a significant benefit.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.80,0:13:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Alright, I'm going to come in\Nwith some questions
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.32,0:13:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the community.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.80,0:13:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's pull them up there.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.96,0:13:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jim Pitofsky, "Do you think reopening\Nefforts in the US have been premature,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.53,0:13:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if so, how far should the US go\Nto responsibly confront this pandemic?"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.96,0:14:01.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, the question\Nof how you make trade-offs
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.07,0:14:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the benefits, say,\Nof going to school
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.73,0:14:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus the risk of people getting sick\Nbecause they go to school,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.20,0:14:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those are very tough questions
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.16,0:14:20.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I don't think\Nany single person can say,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.05,0:14:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I will tell you how to make\Nall these trade-offs."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.38,0:14:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The understanding\Nof where you have transmission,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.40,0:14:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fact that young people\Ndo get infected
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.35,0:14:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are part of the multigenerational\Ntransmission chain,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.66,0:14:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should get that out.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.95,0:14:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you just look at the health aspect,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.40,0:14:43.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have opened up too liberally.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.48,0:14:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, opening up in terms of mental health
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.10,0:14:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seeking normal health things\Nlike vaccines or other care,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.12,0:14:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are benefits.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.49,0:15:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think some of our opening up\Nhas created more risk than benefit.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.42,0:15:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Opening the bars up\Nas quickly as they did,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.16,0:15:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, is that critical\Nfor mental health?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.74,0:15:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe not.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.43,0:15:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I don't think we've been\Nas tasteful about opening up
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.50,0:15:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as I'm sure, as we study it,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.25,0:15:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we'll realize some things\Nwe shouldn't have opened up as fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.42,0:15:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then you have something like school,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.36,0:15:30.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where even sitting here today,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.10,0:15:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the exact plan, say,\Nfor inner-city schools for the fall,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.49,0:15:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wouldn't have a black-and-white view
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.87,0:15:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the relative trade-offs involved there.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.16,0:15:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are huge benefits\Nto letting those kids go to school,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.23,0:15:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how do you weigh the risk?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.59,0:15:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're in a city without many cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.48,0:16:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would say probably the benefit is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.05,0:16:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that means that\Nyou could get surprised.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.52,0:16:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cases could show up,\Nand then you'd have to change that,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.67,0:16:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is not easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.22,0:16:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think around the US,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.80,0:16:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will be places\Nwhere that won't be a good trade-off.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.62,0:16:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So almost any dimension of inequity,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.25,0:16:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this disease has made worse:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.68,0:16:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,job type, internet connection,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.73,0:16:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ability of your school\Nto do online learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.40,0:16:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,White-collar workers,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.82,0:16:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people are embarrassed to admit it,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.55,0:16:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them are more productive
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.75,0:16:42.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and enjoying the flexibility\Nthat the at-home thing has created,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.91,0:16:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that feels terrible
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.70,0:16:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you know lots of people\Nare suffering in many ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.82,0:16:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including their kids not going to school.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.93,0:16:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Indeed. Let's have the next question.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.97,0:16:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nathalie Munyampenda] "For us in Rwanda,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.98,0:16:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,early policy interventions\Nhave made the difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.48,0:17:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this point, what policy interventions\Ndo you suggest for the US now?"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.47,0:17:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bill, I dream of the day\Nwhere you are appointed
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.95,0:17:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the coronavirus czar
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.54,0:17:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with authority to actually\Nspeak to the public.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.28,0:17:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.54,0:17:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, the innovation tools
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.17,0:17:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are where I and the foundation\Nprobably has the most expertise.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.17,0:17:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clearly, some of the policies\Non opening up have been too generous,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.19,0:17:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think everybody
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.47,0:17:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could engage in that.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.15,0:17:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need leadership
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.35,0:17:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of admitting\Nthat we've still got a huge problem here
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.15,0:17:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not turning that\Ninto almost a political thing
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.10,0:17:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of, "Oh, isn't it brilliant what we did?"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.88,0:17:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, it's not brilliant,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.30,0:17:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's many people,\Nincluding the experts --
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.00,0:18:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a lot\Nthey didn't understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.46,0:18:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everybody wishes a week earlier\Nwhatever action they took,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.02,0:18:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'd taken that a week earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.13,0:18:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The innovation tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.34,0:18:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's where the foundation's work
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.75,0:18:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on antibodies, vaccines,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.01,0:18:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have deep expertise,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.87,0:18:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's outside of the private sector,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.100,0:18:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we have kind of a neutral ability\Nto work with all the governments
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.17,0:18:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the companies to pick.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.17,0:18:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Particularly when you're doing\Nbreak-even products,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.60,0:18:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which one should get the resources?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.72,0:18:38.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no market signal for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.69,0:18:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Experts have to say, "OK,\Nthis antibody deserves the manufacturing.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.48,0:18:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This vaccine deserves the manufacturing,"
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.12,0:18:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have very limited\Nmanufacturing for both of those things,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.12,0:18:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it'll be cross-company,\Nwhich never happens in the normal case,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.94,0:18:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where one company invents it
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.83,0:18:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you're using\Nthe manufacturing plants of many companies
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.80,0:19:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get maximum scale of the best choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.99,0:19:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I would be coordinating those things,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.66,0:19:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we need a leader\Nwho keeps us up to date,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.71,0:19:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is realistic
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.45,0:19:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shows us the right behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.66,0:19:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as driving the innovation track.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.25,0:19:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I mean, you have\Nto yourself be a master diplomat
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.80,0:19:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in how you talk about this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.42,0:19:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I appreciate, almost,\Nthe discomfort here.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:26.56,0:19:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I mean, you talk regularly\Nwith Anthony Fauci,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.71,0:19:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is a wise voice on this\Nby most people's opinion.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.82,0:19:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to what extent is he just hamstrung?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.89,0:19:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's not allowed to play the full role
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.23,0:19:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he could play in this circumstance.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.17,0:19:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Dr. Fauci has emerged\Nwhere he was allowed to have some airtime,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.61,0:19:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even though he was stating\Nthings that are realistic,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.64,0:19:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his prestige has stuck.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.83,0:19:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He can speak out in that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.68,0:20:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Typically, the CDC would be\Nthe primary voice here.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:02.93,0:20:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not absolutely necessary,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.92,0:20:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in previous health crises,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.52,0:20:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you let the experts inside the CDC
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.41,0:20:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be that voice.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:11.80,0:20:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're trained to do these things,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:13.76,0:20:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so it is a bit unusual here\Nhow much we've had to rely on Fauci
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.83,0:20:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to the CDC.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:21.67,0:20:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It should be Fauci,\Nwho's a brilliant researcher,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.54,0:20:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so experienced, particularly in vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.73,0:20:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some ways, he has become,\Ntaking the broad advice
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.02,0:20:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the epidemiology advice
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.71,0:20:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and explaining it in the right way,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.39,0:20:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he'll admit,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.57,0:20:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"OK, we may have a rebound here,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.01,0:20:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is why we need\Nto behave that way."
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.21,0:20:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's fantastic that his voice\Nhas been allowed to come through.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:53.82,0:20:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Sometimes.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.27,0:20:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have the next question.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.15,0:21:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nina Gregory, "How are you\Nand your foundation
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.83,0:21:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,addressing the ethical questions about\Nwhich countries get the vaccine first,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.34,0:21:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assuming you find one?"
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.04,0:21:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe, Bill, use this as a moment
Dialogue: 0,0:21:12.05,0:21:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to just talk about where\Nthe quest for the vaccine is
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.04,0:21:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what are just some of the key things\Nwe should all be thinking about
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.50,0:21:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we track the news on this.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.07,0:21:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: There's three vaccines that are,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.43,0:21:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they work, are the earliest:
Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.07,0:21:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Moderna, which unfortunately,\Nwon't scale very easily,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.28,0:21:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if that works, it'll be mostly\Na US-targeted thing;
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.98,0:21:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you have the AstraZeneca,\Nwhich comes from Oxford;
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.58,0:21:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Johnson and Johnson.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.94,0:21:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are the three early ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:44.65,0:21:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have animal data
Dialogue: 0,0:21:48.17,0:21:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that looks potentially good\Nbut not definitive,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.44,0:21:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly will it work in the elderly,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.57,0:21:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll have human data\Nover the next several months.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.80,0:22:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those three will be gated by\Nthe safety and efficacy trial.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.59,0:22:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, we'll be able\Nto manufacture those,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:07.69,0:22:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although not as much as we want.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:10.30,0:22:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll be able to manufacture those\Nbefore the end of the year.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:13.25,0:22:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether the Phase 3 will succeed
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.06,0:22:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whether it'll complete\Nbefore the end of the year,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.06,0:22:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wouldn't be that optimistic about.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.73,0:22:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Phase 3 is where you need\Nto really look at all the safety profile
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.34,0:22:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and efficacy,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:27.53,0:22:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but those will get started.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.09,0:22:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's four or five vaccines\Nthat use different approaches
Dialogue: 0,0:22:33.81,0:22:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are maybe three\Nor four months behind that:
Dialogue: 0,0:22:36.48,0:22:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Novavax, Sanofi, Merck.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.87,0:22:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we're funding factory capacity\Nfor a lot of these --
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.14,0:22:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some complex negotiations\Nare taking place right now on this --
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.44,0:22:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get factories that will be dedicated\Nto the poorer countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:58.76,0:23:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's called low- and middle-income.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.33,0:23:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the very scalable constructs
Dialogue: 0,0:23:04.01,0:23:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that include AstraZeneca\Nand Johnson and Johnson,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.67,0:23:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll focus on those,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.98,0:23:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ones that are inexpensive
Dialogue: 0,0:23:11.50,0:23:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can build a single factory\Nto make 600 million doses.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.32,0:23:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a number of the vaccine constructs
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.78,0:23:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are potential.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.20,0:23:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't see anything\Nbefore the end of the year.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:25.24,0:23:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's really the best case,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:27.21,0:23:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's down to a few constructs now,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:30.76,0:23:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, typically, you have\Nhigh failure rates.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.30,0:23:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Bill, is it the case
Dialogue: 0,0:23:37.52,0:23:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you and your foundation\Nweren't in the picture here
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.53,0:23:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that market dynamics would likely\Nlead to a situation
Dialogue: 0,0:23:43.54,0:23:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where, as soon as a promising\Nvaccine candidate emerged,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.42,0:23:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the richer countries\Nwould basically snap up, gobble up
Dialogue: 0,0:23:50.20,0:23:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all available initial supply --
Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.99,0:23:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just takes a while\Nto manufacture these,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.08,0:23:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there would be nothing\Nfor the poorer countries --
Dialogue: 0,0:23:59.06,0:24:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that what, effectively, you're doing
Dialogue: 0,0:24:01.58,0:24:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by giving manufacturing\Nguarantees and capability
Dialogue: 0,0:24:04.94,0:24:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to some of these candidates,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.86,0:24:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're making it possible that\Nat least some of the early vaccine units
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.38,0:24:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will go to poorer countries?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.76,0:24:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that correct?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.03,0:24:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, it's not just us, but yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.92,0:24:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're in the central role there,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.52,0:24:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with a group we created called CEPI,\NCoalition for Epidemic Preparedness,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:28.28,0:24:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the European leaders agree with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.27,0:24:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we have the expertise\Nto look at each of the constructs
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.32,0:24:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, "OK, where is there\Na factory in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:24:37.82,0:24:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has capacity that can build that?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:39.71,0:24:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which one should we put\Nthe early money into?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.37,0:24:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What should the milestones be
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.86,0:24:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we'll shift the money\Nover to a different one?"
Dialogue: 0,0:24:47.13,0:24:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the kind of private sector people
Dialogue: 0,0:24:51.33,0:24:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who really understand that stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.100,0:24:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them work for us,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.75,0:24:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're a trusted party on these things,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:59.69,0:25:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we get to coordinate a lot of it,\Nparticularly that manufacturing piece.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.37,0:25:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Usually, you'd expect the US\Nto think of this as a global problem
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.50,0:25:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and be involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:11.69,0:25:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So far, no activity\Non that front has taken place.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:17.73,0:25:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am talking to people in the Congress\Nand the Administration
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.11,0:25:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about when the next\Nrelief bill comes along
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.50,0:25:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that maybe one percent of that\Ncould go for the tools
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.29,0:25:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help the entire world.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.25,0:25:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it's possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.14,0:25:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's unfortunate,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.100,0:25:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vacuum here,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:40.22,0:25:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world is not that used to,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.71,0:25:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot of people are stepping in,\Nincluding our foundation,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.23,0:25:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try and have a strategy,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:48.76,0:25:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including for the poorer countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:50.89,0:25:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who will suffer a high percentage\Nof the deaths and negative effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.100,0:26:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including their health systems\Nbeing overwhelmed.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.25,0:26:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the deaths will be\Nin developing countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:02.86,0:26:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite the huge deaths we've seen\Nin Europe and the US.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.19,0:26:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I mean, I wish\NI could be a fly on the wall
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.48,0:26:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hearing you and Melinda\Ntalk about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.79,0:26:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of all of the ethical ...\N"crimes," let's say,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:17.28,0:26:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,executed by leaders\Nwho should know better,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:21.13,0:26:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, it's one thing\Nto not model mask-wearing,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:25.43,0:26:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to not play a role\Nin helping the world
Dialogue: 0,0:26:31.68,0:26:33.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when faced with a common enemy,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.53,0:26:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,respond as one humanity,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:35.53,0:26:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead ...
Dialogue: 0,0:26:38.04,0:26:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, catalyze a really unseemly\Nscramble between nations
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.84,0:26:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fight for vaccines, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.32,0:26:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That just seems -- surely, history\Nis going to judge that harshly.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.20,0:26:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is just sickening.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:54.80,0:26:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isn't it? Am I missing something?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:56.82,0:27:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, it's not quite\Nas black-and-white as that.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:02.20,0:27:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The US has put more money out
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.86,0:27:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fund the basic research\Non these vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.31,0:27:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any country by far,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.98,0:27:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that research is not restricted.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.68,0:27:17.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's not, like, some royalty\Nthat says, "Hey, if you take our money,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:17.34,0:27:19.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to pay the US a royalty."
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.43,0:27:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do, to the degree they fund research,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:22.38,0:27:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's for everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.59,0:27:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the degree they fund factories,\Nit's just for the US.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.30,0:27:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing that makes this tough is that\Nin every other global health problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:30.83,0:27:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the US totally leads smallpox eradication,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.94,0:27:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the US is totally the leader\Non polio eradication,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.79,0:27:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with key partners -- CDC, WHO,\NRotary, UNICEF, our foundation.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.92,0:27:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the world -- and on HIV,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:48.10,0:27:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under President Bush's leadership,\Nbut it was very bipartisan,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:52.89,0:27:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this thing called PEPFAR was unbelievable.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.91,0:27:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That has saved tens of millions of lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.64,0:28:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it's that the world\Nalways expected the US
Dialogue: 0,0:28:02.94,0:28:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to at least be at the head of the table,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:04.96,0:28:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,financially, strategy, OK, how do you\Nget these factories for the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.72,0:28:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if it's just to avoid the infection\Ncoming back to the US
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.72,0:28:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to have the global economy working,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:16.62,0:28:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is good for US jobs
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.63,0:28:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have demand outside the US.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:21.99,0:28:23.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the world is kind of --
Dialogue: 0,0:28:23.89,0:28:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, there's all this uncertainty\Nabout which thing will work,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.10,0:28:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's this,\N"OK, who's in charge here?"
Dialogue: 0,0:28:31.04,0:28:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the worst thing,\Nthe withdrawal from WHO,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:35.52,0:28:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is a difficulty\Nthat hopefully will get remedied
Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.31,0:28:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at some point,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:43.92,0:28:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we need that coordination
Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.94,0:28:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through WHO.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.49,0:28:51.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Let's take another question.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:55.66,0:28:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ali Kashani, "Are there any\Nparticularly successful models
Dialogue: 0,0:28:58.86,0:29:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of handling the pandemic\Nthat you have seen around the world?"
Dialogue: 0,0:29:03.54,0:29:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, it's fascinating that,\Nbesides early action,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.05,0:29:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are definitely things where\Nyou take people who have tested positive
Dialogue: 0,0:29:11.68,0:29:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you monitor their pulse ox,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:15.08,0:29:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the oxygen saturation\Nlevel in their blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:18.27,0:29:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a very cheap detector,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:19.89,0:29:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you know to get them\Nto the hospitals fairly early.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:23.35,0:29:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Weirdly, patients don't know\Nthings are about to get severe.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:30.27,0:29:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an interesting physiological reason\Nthat I won't get into.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.56,0:29:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so Germany has\Nquite a low case fatality rate
Dialogue: 0,0:29:39.60,0:29:42.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they've done through\Nthat type of monitoring.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:42.57,0:29:45.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, of course,\Nonce you get into facilities,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:45.55,0:29:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've learned that the ventilator,\Nactually, although extremely well-meaning,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:50.72,0:29:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually overused\Nand used in the wrong mode
Dialogue: 0,0:29:55.09,0:29:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in those early days.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.36,0:30:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the health -- the doctors\Nare way smarter about treatment today.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.94,0:30:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of that, I would say, is global.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.32,0:30:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using this pulse ox as an early indicator,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:07.61,0:30:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that'll probably catch on broadly,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.32,0:30:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Germany was a pioneer there.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.97,0:30:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, of course, dexamethasone --\Nfortunately, it's cheap, it's oral,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:18.10,0:30:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can ramp up manufacture.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:19.78,0:30:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That'll go global as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.06,0:30:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Bill, I want to ask you\Nsomething about
Dialogue: 0,0:30:28.87,0:30:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it's been like for you personally\Nthrough this whole process.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.05,0:30:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, weirdly, even though\Nyour passion and good intent on this topic
Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.09,0:30:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seems completely bloody obvious to anyone\Nwho has spent a moment with you,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:43.73,0:30:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are these crazy conspiracy theories\Nout there about you.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:47.80,0:30:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just checked in\Nwith a company called Zignal
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.69,0:30:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that monitors social media spaces.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:53.11,0:30:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They say that, to date,\NI think on Facebook alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:57.31,0:31:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than four million posts\Nhave taken place
Dialogue: 0,0:31:01.51,0:31:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that associate you with some kind\Nof conspiracy theory around the virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:07.13,0:31:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I read that there was a poll\Nthat more than 40 percent of Republicans
Dialogue: 0,0:31:13.12,0:31:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believe that the vaccine\Nthat you would roll out
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.95,0:31:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would somehow plant a microchip\Nin people to track their location.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.97,0:31:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, I can't even believe\Nthat poll number.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:27.38,0:31:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then some people\Nare taking this seriously enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.47,0:31:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some of them have even been\Nrecirculated on "Fox News" and so forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.17,0:31:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some people are taking this\Nseriously enough
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.45,0:31:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make really quite horrible\Nthreats and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.73,0:31:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You seem to do a good job\Nsort of shrugging this off,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:45.53,0:31:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but really, like, who else\Nhas ever been in this position?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:48.97,0:31:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How are you managing this?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.10,0:31:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What on earth world are we in
Dialogue: 0,0:31:54.11,0:31:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this kind of misinformation\Ncan be out there?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:56.50,0:31:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can we do to help correct it?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:59.86,0:32:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: I'm not sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:04.54,0:32:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a new thing
Dialogue: 0,0:32:08.38,0:32:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's conspiracy theories.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:11.43,0:32:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, Microsoft had\Nits share of controversy,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:13.94,0:32:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but at least that related\Nto the real world, you know?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:16.90,0:32:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did Windows crash more than it should?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:20.56,0:32:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We definitely had antitrust problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:22.42,0:32:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at least I knew what that was.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:25.33,0:32:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When this emerged, I have to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.27,0:32:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my instinct was to joke about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.47,0:32:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People have said\Nthat's really inappropriate,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.88,0:32:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this is a very serious thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:37.27,0:32:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is going to make people\Nless willing to take a vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.16,0:32:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, once we have that vaccine,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:45.14,0:32:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it'll be like masks,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:46.93,0:32:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where getting lots of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:49.62,0:32:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly when it's\Na transmission-blocking vaccine,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:52.99,0:32:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's this huge community benefit
Dialogue: 0,0:32:55.60,0:33:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to widespread adoption of that vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.94,0:33:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I am caught a little bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.24,0:33:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unsure of what to say or do,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:06.72,0:33:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the conspiracy piece\Nis a new thing for me,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:11.29,0:33:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what do you say
Dialogue: 0,0:33:14.88,0:33:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that doesn't give credence to the thing?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.40,0:33:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact that a "Fox News"\Ncommentator, Laura Ingraham,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:24.48,0:33:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was saying this stuff\Nabout me microchipping people,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:26.96,0:33:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that survey isn't that surprising\Nbecause that's what they heard
Dialogue: 0,0:33:30.69,0:33:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the TV.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:33.42,0:33:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.43,0:33:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people are clearly seeking\Nsimpler explanations
Dialogue: 0,0:33:38.74,0:33:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than going and studying virology.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:43.38,0:33:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I mean,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:45.13,0:33:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TED is nonpolitical,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.58,0:33:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we believe in the truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.34,0:33:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would say this:
Dialogue: 0,0:33:52.08,0:33:56.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Laura Ingraham, you owe Bill Gates\Nan apology and a retraction.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:56.20,0:33:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You do.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:57.39,0:33:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And anyone who's watching this
Dialogue: 0,0:33:58.97,0:34:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who thinks for a minute that this man\Nis involved in some kind of conspiracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:03.79,0:34:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you want your head examined.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:05.14,0:34:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.41,0:34:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Enough of us know Bill over many years
Dialogue: 0,0:34:09.02,0:34:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have seen the passion\Nand engagement in this to know
Dialogue: 0,0:34:12.80,0:34:14.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you are crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:14.39,0:34:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So get over it,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:15.59,0:34:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's look at the actual problem\Nof solving this pandemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:19.32,0:34:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Honestly.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:20.80,0:34:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If anyone in the chat here\Nhas a suggestion,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:22.98,0:34:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a positive suggestion for how you can,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:25.60,0:34:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do you get rid of conspiracies,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.47,0:34:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they feed on each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:29.30,0:34:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, "Oh, well I would say that,\Nbecause I'm part of the conspiracy,"
Dialogue: 0,0:34:33.22,0:34:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whatever.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.43,0:34:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, how do we get back to a world
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.08,0:34:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where information can be trusted?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:40.78,0:34:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to do better on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:42.70,0:34:45.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are there any other questions\Nout there from the community?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.91,0:34:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aria Bendix from New York City:
Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.45,0:34:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What are your personal recommendations\Nfor those who want to reduce
Dialogue: 0,0:34:55.86,0:34:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their risk of infection\Namid an uptick in cases?"
Dialogue: 0,0:35:00.37,0:35:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, it's great if you have a job
Dialogue: 0,0:35:03.17,0:35:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can stay at your house\Nand do it through digital meetings,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:10.20,0:35:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even some of your social activities,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:14.52,0:35:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, I do video calls\Nwith lots of friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:18.30,0:35:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have friends in Europe that,\Nwho knows when I'll see them,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:21.34,0:35:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we schedule regular calls to talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:26.59,0:35:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you stay fairly isolated,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:31.54,0:35:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't run much risk,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:35.08,0:35:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's when you're getting together\Nwith lots of other people,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:40.96,0:35:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either through work or socialization,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:42.80,0:35:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that drives that risk,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:45.65,0:35:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and particularly in these communities\Nwhere you have increased cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:51.79,0:35:54.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though it's not going to be mandated,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:54.49,0:35:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hopefully, the mobility numbers\Nwill show people responding
Dialogue: 0,0:35:58.55,0:36:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and minimizing those kind of\Nout-of-the-house contacts.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:05.12,0:36:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Bill, I wonder if I could just ask you
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.16,0:36:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a little bit about philanthropy.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:08.96,0:36:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously, your foundation\Nhas played a huge role in this,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:12.35,0:36:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but philanthropy more generally.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:15.78,0:36:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, you've started\Nthis Giving Pledge movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:19.23,0:36:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recruited all these billionaires
Dialogue: 0,0:36:21.95,0:36:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have pledged to give away\Nhalf their net worth
Dialogue: 0,0:36:27.04,0:36:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before or after their death.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.37,0:36:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's really hard to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:30.72,0:36:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really hard to give away\Nthat much money.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:33.07,0:36:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You yourself, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.28,0:36:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since The Giving Pledge was started --
Dialogue: 0,0:36:36.32,0:36:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what? 10 years ago or something,\NI'm not sure when --
Dialogue: 0,0:36:39.66,0:36:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but your own net worth, I think,\Nhas doubled since that period
Dialogue: 0,0:36:43.10,0:36:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite being the world's\Nleading philanthropist.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:46.98,0:36:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it just fundamentally hard\Nto give away money effectively
Dialogue: 0,0:36:52.49,0:36:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the world better?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:54.97,0:36:58.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or should the world's donors,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.02,0:37:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and especially the world's\Nreally rich donors,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:01.24,0:37:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start to almost commit to a schedule,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:03.49,0:37:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, "Here's a percentage\Nof my net worth each year
Dialogue: 0,0:37:07.30,0:37:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, as I get older,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:08.69,0:37:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe that goes up.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:10.45,0:37:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I'm to take this seriously,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:12.87,0:37:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to give away -- somehow,\NI've got to find a way
Dialogue: 0,0:37:15.54,0:37:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of doing that effectively."
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.94,0:37:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that an unfair and crazy question?
Dialogue: 0,0:37:19.34,0:37:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, it'd be great to up the rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:22.76,0:37:28.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our goal, both as the Gates Foundation\Nor through The Giving Pledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:28.17,0:37:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to help people find causes\Nthey connect to.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:31.53,0:37:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People give through passion.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:34.47,0:37:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, numbers are important,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.44,0:37:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's so many causes out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.15,0:37:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way you're going to pick\Nis you see somebody who's sick,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:42.52,0:37:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see somebody who's not\Ngetting social services.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.54,0:37:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see something\Nthat helps reduce racism.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:48.43,0:37:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're very passionate,\Nand so you give to that.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:51.57,0:37:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:52.80,0:37:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some philanthropic gifts won't work out.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.92,0:38:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do need to up the ambition level\Nof philanthropists.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:00.50,0:38:02.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, collaborative philanthropy
Dialogue: 0,0:38:02.11,0:38:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're helping to facilitate\Nthrough Audacious,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.20,0:38:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's four or five other groups\Nthat are getting philanthropists together,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:09.84,0:38:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is fantastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.06,0:38:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because then they learn from each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:14.23,0:38:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they get confidence from each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:16.40,0:38:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they feel like, "Hey, I put in x,\Nand the four other people put money in,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:20.99,0:38:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'm getting more impact,"
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.40,0:38:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hopefully, it can be made fun for them\Neven when they find out,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:28.85,0:38:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, that particular gift\Ndidn't work out that well,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.30,0:38:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let's keep going.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.21,0:38:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So philanthropy, yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:36.23,0:38:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like to see the rate go up,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:38.92,0:38:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people who do get going,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:42.03,0:38:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is fun,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:43.24,0:38:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's fulfilling,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:45.42,0:38:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you pick which of the family members\Nare partnered in doing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:49.55,0:38:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my case, Melinda and I\Nlove doing this stuff together,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.81,0:38:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learning together.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:54.00,0:38:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some families, it will even\Ninvolve the kids in the activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:58.84,0:39:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes the kids are pushing.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:00.60,0:39:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you have lots of money,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:03.45,0:39:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you still think of a million dollars\Nas a lot of money,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:06.91,0:39:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you have billions,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:08.79,0:39:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should be giving hundreds of millions.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:10.95,0:39:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's kind of charming that,\Nin terms of your personal expenditure,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:15.24,0:39:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you stay at the level you were at before.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.29,0:39:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's societally quite appropriate.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:19.100,0:39:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on your giving, you need to scale up
Dialogue: 0,0:39:23.20,0:39:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or else it will be your will,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:28.78,0:39:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you won't get to shape it\Nand enjoy it quite that same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:33.03,0:39:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so without --
Dialogue: 0,0:39:34.28,0:39:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't want to mandate it,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:36.08,0:39:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but yes, both you and I\Nwant to inspire philanthropists
Dialogue: 0,0:39:40.94,0:39:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see that passion,\Nto see those opportunities
Dialogue: 0,0:39:44.51,0:39:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,significantly faster than in the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:47.88,0:39:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because whether it's race or disease,\Nor all the other social ills,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.77,0:39:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the innovation of what philanthropy\Ncan go to and do quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:39:57.30,0:40:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, if it works, government\Ncan come in behind it and scale it up,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:00.57,0:40:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God knows we need solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.78,0:40:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need that kind of hope and progress
Dialogue: 0,0:40:06.14,0:40:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that expectations are high
Dialogue: 0,0:40:10.55,0:40:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will solve very tough problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:13.96,0:40:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I mean, most philanthropists,\Neven the best of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:17.54,0:40:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find it hard to give away more than about\Na percent of their net worth every year,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:21.83,0:40:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet the world's richest\Noften have access
Dialogue: 0,0:40:25.90,0:40:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to great investment opportunities.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:27.58,0:40:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of them are gaining wealth\Nat seven to 10 percent plus per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:31.51,0:40:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isn't it the case that\Nto have a real chance
Dialogue: 0,0:40:33.76,0:40:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of giving away half your fortune,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:35.51,0:40:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at some point you have to plan\Nto give away five, six, seven, eight,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:39.60,0:40:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 percent of your net worth annually?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:42.11,0:40:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is, isn't that the logic\Nof what should be happening?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:46.99,0:40:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Yeah, there are people\Nlike Chuck Feeney,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:49.41,0:40:56.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who set a good example\Nand gave away all of his money.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:56.43,0:41:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even Melinda and I are talking about,\Nshould we up the rate that we give at?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:01.86,0:41:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you say, we've been very lucky\Non the investment side
Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.91,0:41:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a variety of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:07.33,0:41:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tech fortunes in general have done well,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:11.69,0:41:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even this year,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:13.59,0:41:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is one of those great contrasts
Dialogue: 0,0:41:18.94,0:41:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in what's going on in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:21.42,0:41:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I do think there's an expectation\Nthat we should speed up,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.12,0:41:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a reason to speed up,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:29.03,0:41:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and government is going\Nto miss a lot of needs.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:32.71,0:41:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, there's tons of government\Nmoney out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.65,0:41:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but helping it be spent well,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.38,0:41:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helping find places it's not stepping up,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:40.75,0:41:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if people are willing to give\Nto the developing world,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.60,0:41:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't have governments
Dialogue: 0,0:41:47.07,0:41:51.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can print checks\Nfor 15 percent of GDP,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:51.71,0:41:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so the suffering there broadly,\Njust the economic stuff alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:55.90,0:41:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put aside the pandemic,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:58.43,0:41:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is tragic.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:59.79,0:42:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about a five-year setback
Dialogue: 0,0:42:02.70,0:42:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of these countries\Nmoving forward,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:05.33,0:42:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in a few cases, it's tough enough\Nthat the very stability of the country
Dialogue: 0,0:42:09.69,0:42:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in question.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:12.25,0:42:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Well, Bill,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:13.43,0:42:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm in awe of what\Nyou and Melinda have done.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:18.91,0:42:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You walk this narrow path
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.39,0:42:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of trying to juggle\Nso many different things,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:26.91,0:42:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the amount of time that you dedicate\Nto the betterment of the world at large,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:32.72,0:42:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and definitely the amount of money
Dialogue: 0,0:42:34.45,0:42:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the amount\Nof passion you put into it --
Dialogue: 0,0:42:36.54,0:42:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, it's pretty awesome,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:37.98,0:42:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm really grateful to you\Nfor spending this time with us now.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:42.36,0:42:43.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:44.02,0:42:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and honestly, the rest of this year,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:45.78,0:42:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your skills and resources\Nare going to be needed more than ever,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:48.92,0:42:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so good luck.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:50.67,0:42:51.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, thanks.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.86,0:42:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's fun work and I'm optimistic,\Nso thanks, Chris.