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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}36C3 preroll music{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.62,0:00:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: Welcome to the world of quantum\Ncomputing. Well, most of you is gonna just
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.55,0:00:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gonna say, ah, that stuff is just for\Ncracking RSA keys. But there is actually a
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.75,0:00:38.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little bit more to that. It's interesting\Nstuff. And our next speaker, Yann Allain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.09,0:00:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to introduce this world of\Nquantum computing to us. And he's gonna
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.84,0:00:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,show us a couple of application scenarios\Nand how to build your or our own quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.07,0:00:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computer. Yann.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.75,0:00:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.78,0:01:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: Salut, hello everybody, Guten Tag,\Nalle - this is the only word I know in
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.21,0:01:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Deutsch. We will begin this session by try\Nto convince you that building a quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.11,0:01:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computer at home is still possible. This\Nis the agenda. We are in a INFOSEC
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.48,0:01:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,security conference. Why bother with\Nquantum computing when we work at
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.73,0:01:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cybersecurity? We will try to explain to\Nyou in a simply manner how to our quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.89,0:01:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computer works. We will explain to you,\Nhow we build our own quantum computer. And
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.89,0:01:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course, because we are CCC, we need to\Nknow how to hack into a quantum computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.20,0:01:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let me introduce myself a little bit.\NSo, I'm Yann Allain, I am French. I'm used
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.91,0:01:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to share my project with some security\Nconferences: Hack In the Box, Blackhat.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.95,0:02:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was a speaker and trainer in this type \Nof conference. It's the first time for me in
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.92,0:02:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CCC, so it's very cool. I'm mostly an\Nentrepreneur, an engineer. And of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.42,0:02:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my new company, NextGenQ, which stands for\NNext Generation of Quantum Computer is a
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.30,0:02:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum company. I work in the INFOSEC\Nsecurity since 25 years now. So I'm a
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.47,0:02:30.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,veteran of these domain. I fight again "I\Nlove you" very seasoned slammer worm. If
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.91,0:02:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you remember those worm and my past\Nactivities are related to software and
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.11,0:02:43.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hardware security. So why bother with\Nquantum computing when we work in
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.45,0:02:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cybersecurity? If you want to make some\Ndifficult calculation on areas like sci., for
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.01,0:03:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,example, to factor... a large number on a\Nclassical computer, it will take 10 to the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.60,0:03:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power of 34 steps. It's a big number and\Nit will take on a normal computer 300
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.48,0:03:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trillion of years. It's a long, long time.\NIt's why we say that RSA is secure. On a
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.04,0:03:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computer we have a specific\Nalgorithm called Shor algorithm. It take
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.55,0:03:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only 10 to the power of 7 steps. It's a\Nsmaller number and it takes only 10
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.96,0:03:45.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seconds. However, you could think that the\Nstatement is a little bit overhyped. Yes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.49,0:03:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no. No, because Shor algorithm is able\Nto break RSA. This is the goal of this
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.97,0:04:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,algorithm in the human time. However, at\Nthe moment we speak - to break a big
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.03,0:04:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,number with this algorithm you need to\Nhave a much bigger quantum computer that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.47,0:04:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exists nowadays. For example, you need 4\Nthousands ideal qubits quantum computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.17,0:04:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't exist for the moment. However,\Nquantum computing could be used also for
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.84,0:04:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some benefits for our domain of INFOSEC\Ncybersecurity. There is many advantage on
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.02,0:04:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the corner. You can use a quantum computer\Nor quantum technology to generate true
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.85,0:04:46.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,random number. This is useful for\Ncryptography. You can deploy what is
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.87,0:04:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called blind quantum computing. In fact,\Nblind quantum computing is the ultimate
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.46,0:04:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,privacy for the cloud, for example. Some\Nguys try to launch, what they call a
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.93,0:05:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quantum Internet. It's not so easy as\Ncable networks and with a particular
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.45,0:05:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,future for us, that could be cool to use\Nif you use a Quantum Internet. Everyone
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.42,0:05:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that tried to spy you on the line will be\Ndetected. So it could be very useful. And
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.61,0:05:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course, quantum computing brings to \Nthe massive new power of processing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.67,0:05:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, how those computer works? This is the\N1 slide quantum mechanic course. Why does
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.83,0:05:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a fancy new quantum computer are so\Npowerful? In classical computing, we use
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.91,0:06:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bits. A bit is only in two states, 1 or 0.\NIn quantum computing we replace the bits
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.02,0:06:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the quantum bits, which we call then\Nqubits. These qubits follow the quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.05,0:06:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mechanical principle called superposition.\NAnd this principle is able to do, to
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.92,0:06:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,provide to the user several step at\Nthe same time. So if you use a qubit, the
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.98,0:06:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,qubit could be in the state of 0 and 1\Nnearly at the same time. It's not exactly
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.04,0:06:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it is, but for us as a computer\Nscientist, we could understand that it's a
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.19,0:06:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,zero and 1 at the same time. And of\Ncourse, if a quantum computer. This is a
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.34,0:06:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computer wants to manage to deal\Nwith all this qubits. It deals with all
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.63,0:07:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the solution of the quantum register at\Nthe same time. So it will speed up the
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.00,0:07:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,process of data computing because you take\Nall the space generated by these quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.07,0:07:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,register and in one clock time \Nthe computer process all
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.54,0:07:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solution. This is mainly why and how the\Nquantum computing is so powerful. So it's
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.78,0:07:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cool. So I want to build my own qubits. So\Nthis is my journey to build my own quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.43,0:07:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computer. And you will see that there\Nis some success and failure in most of the
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.16,0:07:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time. And I'm in the middle of this. So,\NI need to choose a technology to build
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.54,0:08:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my own qubit's hardware. This talk is mainly\Nabout hardwear. How to build your own
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.51,0:08:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hardrwear, to build your own quantum\Ncomputer. So my ingredients, I need to
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.31,0:08:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find a suport at the hardware level that\Nbehave like quantum mechanic. Say you need
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.77,0:08:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to do a quantum computer. So I\Nneed to find something that's behaving at
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.68,0:08:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,atomic scale. I need to be able to build\Nit. So I want to be able to use my do-it-
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.86,0:08:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yourself skills. And I want that my\Nquantum computer works at room
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.68,0:08:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,temperature. If it could be stable\Nmachine, it could be the best. There is
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.15,0:08:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many, many technology to build you on\Nqubits. This one called superconducting
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.08,0:09:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,qubits is used by a small startup like\NIBM, Google. Mainly the big one use this
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.20,0:09:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technology. Microsoft tried to use this\Ntechnology. This technology with Diamond
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.39,0:09:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vacancy is used by university in Australia\Nand in Ireland, I think. And of course, I
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.46,0:09:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use this technology. I use the technology\Ncalled trap ions. So I trapped ions to
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.00,0:09:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make a quantum computer. So my low level\Nhardware support and device to do some
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.73,0:09:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calculation with my quantum computer is\Natom. Why I choose an atom to make some
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.13,0:09:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fancy new qantum computer? The main\Nreason is because I think I may be able to
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.68,0:10:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,build it in my garage. It's enough\Naffordable and well spread technology
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.50,0:10:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we use technology that has been\Ndeveloped in 1945. There is a lot of
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.72,0:10:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experience with this type of technology.\NAnd the main reason, in fact, the qubit
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.28,0:10:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quality is better than any other technology. \NWe have a long coherence time.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.53,0:10:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have a long quantum coherence time,\Nyou can make much larger program, for
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.38,0:10:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,example. So we need to share a bit of\Ntheory to understand how this type of
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.03,0:10:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computer works or I have a choice. I made\Na choice. I could have take time to make
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.12,0:10:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dozens of equations mainly I don't\Nunderstand those equation to explain to
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.61,0:10:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you how to make some calculation with\Nions. But I found a video on YouTube and I
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.47,0:11:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would like to share you this two minutes\Nonly video to let you understand how at a
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.88,0:11:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,theoretical point of view a quantum\Ncomputer based on ion trap works. Let's
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.31,0:11:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see if it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.31,0:11:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}background music starts{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.31,0:11:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Video: .. electrically charged atoms make\Nfor excellent qubits. This kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.65,0:11:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,research has paved the way for a quantum\Ncomputer prototype. Like an ordinary bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.10,0:11:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a qubit can be a 1 or a 0. A Qubit differs\Nfrom a bit because it can also be in
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.58,0:11:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,combinations of these two states. An ion\Nqubit is made from two of its energy
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.89,0:11:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,levels. Ions of the same type are\Nidentical. So adding more qubits is
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.49,0:11:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simple. You just need to add more ions to\Nthe system. This is a major plus because a
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.19,0:11:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computer will need lots and lots\Nof qubits. Qubits must be configured in
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.42,0:11:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain quantum states in order to perform\Nquantum tasks. In an iron trap, taylored
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.88,0:11:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Laser pulses can change the energy of an\Neye on setting it into quantum state 1, 0
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.54,0:12:09.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a combination of the two. The qubit\Nsurrounding environment sometimes sneakes
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.23,0:12:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in and destroys the qubit state, a covert\Nact that can ruin a computation. But some
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.77,0:12:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ion energy levels are naturally isolated\Nand scientists have come up with clever
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.44,0:12:26.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ways of adding an extra layers of\Nprotection. Quantum computer calculations
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.15,0:12:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are made from steps called Logic Gates.\NThis will often involve more than one
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.26,0:12:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,qubit, which means the qubits should be\Nconnected in some way in an iron trap.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.49,0:12:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neighboring ion qubits are connected\Nthrough their collective motion. This
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.29,0:12:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happens because of their electrical\Nrepulsion. Laser pulses target the motion,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.18,0:12:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enabling gates between any pair of qubits.\NTo get the result of a calculation,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.14,0:12:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists need to tell whether a qubit is\Nin state 1 or 0. Shining laser pulses onto
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.34,0:13:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ions makes only one of the two qubit\Nlevels flouress. So the result, light or
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.94,0:13:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no light, gives information about the\Ncalculation. Because many qubits are
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.48,0:13:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,needed, quantum devices must be designed\Nto be scalable. Researchers can only cram
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.40,0:13:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so many ions next to each other in a\Nsingle ion trap before they get too
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.44,0:13:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unruly. But with modules each containing\Ntens or hundreds of ions, they can start
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.97,0:13:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to wire up a large scale quantum computer.\NFlight from individual ion modules can be
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.44,0:13:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collected, allowing ion qubits from\Nseparate modules to communicate using
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.40,0:13:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,photons rather than their motion. So far,\Nscientists wired up two such modules and
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.48,0:13:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are getting ready to deploy larger\Ndevices using several more.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.37,0:13:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}background music stops{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.30,0:13:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: So now, congratulation, you are\Nexperts in ion trap quantum computing. A
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.03,0:14:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two minute video only is necessary.\NHowever, we like to build this quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.42,0:14:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computer. So the plan is the following. We\Nneed some ions. You know that now. You
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.28,0:14:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need an ion trap. You need a vacuum\Nchamber because we need to isolate our
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.36,0:14:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,atom from the environment to maintain the\Nquantum states. We need some laser, as you
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.33,0:14:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,show in the video, to manipulate the\Nquantum states. We need some low level
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.04,0:14:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,software, to timely send the pulse of\Nlaser to manipulate the ions. And we
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.58,0:14:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need a camera to measure the ions quantum\Nstates. It's easy, no? So let's go to the
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.12,0:14:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,difficult parts, I think mainly I would\Nlike to say that it's a work in progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.05,0:15:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's good, well, to say that it doesn't\Nfinished. And, just an alert, we need to
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.89,0:15:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,manipulate, very high power electric voltages.\NSo if you want to do this at home, do it
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.19,0:15:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at your own risk. It's not my fault. So\Nhow to create? First, we need to create an
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.63,0:15:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ion trap. How to create an ion trap and\Nwhat is an iron trap? An iron trap is
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.67,0:15:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly a bunch of electrode with specific\N3D or 2D geometry. We send to the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.25,0:15:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electrode medium to high power voltage. AC\Nvoltage, alternative voltage. From 200 V
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.52,0:15:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 6 kV. It's a big number for a voltage.\NWe will use moderate to high frequency.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.98,0:16:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is due to the trap theory. Someone\Nhave won the Nobel Prize to explain that
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.69,0:16:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to trap an atom, you need to use an\Nalternating voltage. And this electric
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.81,0:16:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,voltage will make an electric field, and\Nthe goal of the electric field with the
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.05,0:16:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trap is just to maintain all the atom in a\Nchain that will float over the air, over
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.24,0:16:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the trap. So how to achieve that at a\Nsmall, small company budget, we say,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.85,0:16:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's not for our best, I think.\NLet's go. So I use my ultra high tech
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.63,0:16:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,military grade garage. I use 3D printer,\Nlocal CNC machine, PCB milling techniques,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.99,0:16:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only open source software. KiCad, FreeCAD,\NFlatCAM. KiCad for the electronics,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.83,0:17:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FreeCAD for the mechanics and FlatCAM for\Nthe CNC. I used some high voltage
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.17,0:17:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transformer, classical electronics and of\Ncourse isolated gloves. Security first.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.45,0:17:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Safety first, sometime. And of course, I\Nuse eBay as a main procurement utility.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.89,0:17:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First try. I need to make a classical\NPaul trap, of course, when I
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.13,0:17:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't know, how it works, I go to Google\Nand I find that some institution like CERN
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.13,0:17:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a project to make an ion trap from\N3D printed parts. I use conductive ink and
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.13,0:17:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only high voltage power supply. So I need\Nto build this. There is the high voltage...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.42,0:18:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,air, two electrodes and one ring\Nelectrodes. The goal is to trap ions with
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.24,0:18:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that. So this is the main laboratory I\Nuse. So you have a variac. We take the
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.57,0:18:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electric plug from your domestic electric\Nnetwork. The high transformer and air. So
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.87,0:18:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 3D printed, you have two electrode and\Nthe camera. This is the electrode. It's a
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.08,0:18:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very safe wiring system. For safety\Nreason, I put some resistance here just to
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.43,0:18:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,limit the currents. The first time.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.31,0:18:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}laughter{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.71,0:18:55.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: In a more closer way you will see\Nthat the high voltages is coming from
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.09,0:19:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this. We will apply the voltages to the\Nelectrode. And the camera is here. Just
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.34,0:19:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see what the electrode will do. It works.\NI'm succeeding trapping some macro
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.88,0:19:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particles. This is not ion for demonstrational \Npurposes, but we succeed to
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.07,0:19:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trap in the electrode some particles.\NMacro particles. But we have a first
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.14,0:19:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,failure because with this geometry, we\Ncouldn't shine correctly the laser to
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.11,0:19:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,manipulate the quantum state. First\Nfailure. Second try. We need to to make,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.84,0:19:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another ion trap based on a new topology\Nor new geometry of electrode. And this
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.45,0:19:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time we use a linear port to facilitate\Nthe laser shining. So again, I need to
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.89,0:20:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,design on my own this new type because \Nthe CERN don't provide me the 3D
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.02,0:20:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,printed parts. I use conductive ink and\Nhigh voltages. So the goal is to design
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.54,0:20:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this. And in this trap you will see\Nthat we will trap the ion in the chain in
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.91,0:20:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the middle of the trap. So I use my 3D\Nprinter. I make some rods. The supports.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.22,0:20:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some electrodes. I built all the system\Nand I plug the cable, the wiring and the
Dialogue: 0,0:20:41.60,0:20:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trap. The particle will be trapped in\Nthese regions. For this second trap I
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.77,0:20:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't use a resistance to limit the\Ncurrents, so it's impossible to touch this
Dialogue: 0,0:20:56.54,0:21:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electrode because of death.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.94,0:21:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}laughter{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.78,0:21:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: And it works, again.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.18,0:21:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.43,0:21:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: And in fact, this is a chain of\Nparticles that nearly clearly aligned. And
Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.43,0:21:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is my first quantum register of eight\Nparticles. But, this is the biggest
Dialogue: 0,0:21:33.29,0:21:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,failure, I need to put this ion trap in\Nthe vacuum chamber. A vacuum chamber is
Dialogue: 0,0:21:40.76,0:21:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this type of thing. It's a big bunch of\Nmetal and we put the iron trap inside
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.24,0:22:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this. However, first, why we need a vacuum\Nchamber? To be able to isolate particle
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.58,0:22:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the other atoms in atmosphere to\Navoid collision between atoms. Because if
Dialogue: 0,0:22:10.59,0:22:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have collision between atoms, the\Nquantum state is destroyed and the quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.16,0:22:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,processing is destroyed also. So we need a\Nvacuum chamber. That's for them. 3D
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.43,0:22:28.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,printing parts are not compatible with\NUltra High Vacuum (UHV) environments. So
Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.81,0:22:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a big fail? Are we doomed? Maker is\Nour job, really. So we need to find a new
Dialogue: 0,0:22:38.94,0:22:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solution. We have found one. So I need to\Nfind some materials that are compatible
Dialogue: 0,0:22:44.39,0:22:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with UHV environments to build an ion\Ntrap. I ask the NASA, because NASA sends
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.79,0:23:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electronics in space. Space is like a big\Nvacuum chamber. So they have a list of
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.63,0:23:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,materials publicly available to be able to\Nuse some material that are compatible with
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.07,0:23:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a space condition. They are professionals.\NSo what are the candidates, the material
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.78,0:23:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,candidates for my ion trap? I need to use\Nsome gold for electronic conductor. I need
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.32,0:23:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to use ceramic for mechanical supports and\NKapton cable for wiring inside the vacuum
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.33,0:23:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chamber. So maker is really, really our\Njob, because I need to find an idea to
Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.78,0:23:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transform my 3D printed linear ion trap to\Nsomthing that is compatible with UHV
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.73,0:24:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,environments. So I need to read the\Nmanual. There is a lot of literature on
Dialogue: 0,0:24:04.13,0:24:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computers on Google, on Internet.\NSo I have a bunch of books about quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.59,0:24:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mechanics and research paper are\Nfull of details. I found this: some guys
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.59,0:24:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 62 transform a linear Paul trap\Nwith rods to a planar ion trap with planar
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.55,0:24:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or surface electrodes. That's cool. So I\Nneed to transform this. To that. Oh, boy.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.38,0:24:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I need to make my own chip. Price for\Ncomplete chip factories are around 200 M$.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:59.97,0:25:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I called Intel, they don't want to sell me\None. And it's a bit out of my budget
Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.49,0:25:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scope. A bit. Let's think this five\Nminutes through to find a solution. In
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.47,0:25:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fact, it took me two months to find an\Naffordable solution to do that. So I
Dialogue: 0,0:25:21.95,0:25:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wanted to make a new design like a boss,\Nof ion trap. I use a CNC, a 300$ CNC, come
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.50,0:25:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Amazon. And then I found an empty\Nceramic chip carrier on eBay from a
Dialogue: 0,0:25:38.49,0:25:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Norwegian guy. And I designed a simple\NKiCad PCB. So I use this. This is the
Dialogue: 0,0:25:47.19,0:25:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ceramic chip supports. And what you\Nsee in yellow - it's gold. I designed in
Dialogue: 0,0:25:54.50,0:26:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,KiCad this PCB and this time we apply\Nelectric field, high voltage electric
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.68,0:26:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,field to this electrode, this one and\Nthose one, and it creates an electric
Dialogue: 0,0:26:06.74,0:26:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,field to align all the macro particles of\Nthe ion in this line. And this is
Dialogue: 0,0:26:21.82,0:26:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how I made my quantum computer chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:29.38,0:26:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.49,0:26:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: Thank you. And the better \Nis that it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:38.22,0:26:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:26:46.18,0:26:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, tada, I have my first quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.01,0:26:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computer done on my garage and just \Nkeep calm and except I'm a boss.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.21,0:26:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}laughter{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.62,0:27:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: And it is not just a slide. Well,\Nbecause if you want to see one of my
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.55,0:27:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prototype, I bring it so you can touch it\Nand see how it works. But when you design
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.70,0:27:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such complex things; I am not a physicist,\NI'm just an engineer. A crazy one. But how
Dialogue: 0,0:27:20.25,0:27:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be sure that I am on the right road. I\Nwent to the Science Museum in London few
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.81,0:27:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,few months ago, and there's this\Nexhibition from our friend of GCHQ. Do you
Dialogue: 0,0:27:34.70,0:27:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know what GCHQ is? It's like doing stuff\Nof the UK and they made an exhibition
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.56,0:27:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about cryptography. And in this museum,\Nthey present a quantum computer based on
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.03,0:28:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ion trap technology. Thanks. This is the\Nexperimental part they show in this museum
Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.54,0:28:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about quantum computer. In the right\Ncorner of this exhibition there is a
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.34,0:28:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wafer. On the wafer you have the electric\Ndesign that they done to make their own
Dialogue: 0,0:28:17.07,0:28:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,iron trap. This is the design of the GCHQ.\NThis is mine. I think I'm on the right road.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:31.76,0:28:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:28:39.01,0:28:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: Of course, I need to build my own\Nvacuum chamber, it's not the difficult
Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.64,0:28:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,part, the vacuum chamber. It's just metal,\Nyou need not... you need some nuts, bolts,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:47.66,0:28:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thin metal and pumps. A lot of pumps to\Nsuck out all the air in the vacuum. So I
Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.27,0:29:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bought off eBay a different type of pumps.\NI like my vacuum chamber. This one, pretty
Dialogue: 0,0:29:01.78,0:29:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one. And I put the ion trap inside the\Nvacuum chamber. And for now I'm working on
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.50,0:29:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the laser, an optical setup. And this is\Nthe main difficult part for this quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:29:15.52,0:29:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computer because with fancy, new, numerous\Nwavelength for laser and we need to have a
Dialogue: 0,0:29:22.33,0:29:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very precise wavelength to be able to\Nmanage all the atom, the energy level of
Dialogue: 0,0:29:28.22,0:29:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the atom to make some calculation. So, of\Ncourse, I could have and I have asked some
Dialogue: 0,0:29:37.15,0:29:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,professional of these devices to send me\Nsome proposal. A laser costs around 25 k€.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.94,0:29:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A rule at least for this type of\Ninstrumentation. Or you can do it yourself
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.86,0:30:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from 2 k€. So I decide to make my own\Nlaser setup. I'm not a laser, optical or
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.35,0:30:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laser specialist. The first time I play\Nwith laser. And there is everything on
Dialogue: 0,0:30:15.32,0:30:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the web. You can learn everything with the\Nweb. And I found this type of schematic
Dialogue: 0,0:30:22.13,0:30:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd use either laser diode, some fancy\Noptical lense. grating mirror that lets
Dialogue: 0,0:30:29.57,0:30:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you choose... mainly choose what the\Nreference frequency you want to use.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:37.44,0:30:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a sort of loop control with PID\Ncontrol, which is for an electrician like
Dialogue: 0,0:30:45.20,0:30:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,me normal things to do. I don't know why\Nall those fancy commercial product cost a
Dialogue: 0,0:30:53.76,0:31:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lot. I don't know yet. Perhaps I will have\Nsome failure in the future, but I don't
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.84,0:31:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know. So I ask a guy on the Internet\Nthat's sold me a laser in kits. You can
Dialogue: 0,0:31:11.14,0:31:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buy and mount you own laser. And this\Nlaser is controlled by an arduino. So you
Dialogue: 0,0:31:20.26,0:31:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have fancy mirror. The HeNe aluminum laser\Ntube and you can make your own laser at
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.45,0:31:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,home also.\NI need a bunch of optical mounts and
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.46,0:31:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,supports to support the lens and mirror,\Netc.. And as I bought a 3D printer for my
Dialogue: 0,0:31:43.96,0:31:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,iron trap that I can not use anymore\Nbecause I use a vacuum chamber. I use the
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.52,0:31:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3D printer to make all the optical mounts,\Nin fact. So it saved me my money again.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:57.33,0:32:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, you need to know that it's still\Na long road to have a complete quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:32:02.73,0:32:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computer because I need to set up all\Nthese fancy optical and laser. This is my
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.40,0:32:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,job at the moment. Mearly I have 6\Nmonths to one year of works. But the good
Dialogue: 0,0:32:15.29,0:32:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,news is that at the software level,\Neverything exists. If you need to have a
Dialogue: 0,0:32:21.73,0:32:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum compiler to make your code, it\Nexist. At the moment, it's open source. If
Dialogue: 0,0:32:29.15,0:32:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to have some firmware to\Nmake some pulse and laser control, it
Dialogue: 0,0:32:34.67,0:32:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exists. And it is open source. So I am\Ntrying to convince you. Let me know if you
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.56,0:32:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agree with me, that doing a quantum\Ncomputer at home - it's doable. You agree?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.96,0:32:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:32:58.23,0:33:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: But we are at the CCC. How to hack\Ninto a quantum computer. This is
Dialogue: 0,0:33:06.99,0:33:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different part. It's easy. Just do what we\Ndo when we are infosec guy. Do the same
Dialogue: 0,0:33:17.89,0:33:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things we do as usual: Hack the weakest\Nlink. You must know that when you build
Dialogue: 0,0:33:27.51,0:33:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the quantum computer, there is few things\Nthat behave in the quantum mechanical
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.98,0:33:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regime. You just only need this chip, for\Nexample, and some laser. But all the
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.95,0:33:50.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equipment surrounding the quantum\Nparts of the quantum computer is classical
Dialogue: 0,0:33:50.05,0:33:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,system. This is wave generator. Classical\Ncomputer. Some IoTs, some programmable
Dialogue: 0,0:33:58.29,0:34:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,industrial systems. Sometimes they have IP\Naddress. If they have IP address, they are
Dialogue: 0,0:34:05.28,0:34:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vulnerable. So, the main I have to\Nknow to hack into a quantum computer is to
Dialogue: 0,0:34:10.09,0:34:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,act the surrounding classical embedded\Nsystem. So. Small company that is a
Dialogue: 0,0:34:21.62,0:34:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,competitor of me. It's cool. It's a\Nstartup called IBM. They used
Dialogue: 0,0:34:29.88,0:34:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,superconducting technology to build their\Nown quantum computer. Their processor is
Dialogue: 0,0:34:36.06,0:34:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just behind this delusion of refrigerator\Nbecause they need to cool down their
Dialogue: 0,0:34:43.87,0:34:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,processor to be able to use the\Nsuperconducting capability. Mine work at
Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.45,0:34:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,room temperature. And surrounded this\Nprocessor, the researcher explained, this
Dialogue: 0,0:34:59.94,0:35:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a very good video to understand how \Nit works. And surrounded this quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:35:07.19,0:35:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,part of their quantum computer you have a\Nbunch of instruments. And if you zoom in,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:17.28,0:35:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see. If you zoom in this wave\Ngenerator, it's a wave generator to send
Dialogue: 0,0:35:24.96,0:35:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pulse to the superconducting processor.\NThere is a sticker. And this sticker, in fact..
Dialogue: 0,0:35:39.04,0:35:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}laughter{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:35:52.68,0:36:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: So, of course, for security reason,\NI make some X to not show the complete
Dialogue: 0,0:36:01.83,0:36:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,passwords. So as a conclusion. I'm trying\Nto convince you that quantum computing and
Dialogue: 0,0:36:14.33,0:36:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computer hardware is doable at\Nhome. So far cybersecurity or so-called
Dialogue: 0,0:36:19.34,0:36:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cybersecurity specialist, you need to\Nmake, to adapt your own risk analysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:27.15,0:36:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it's doable at home. Just\Nunderstand that - is doable at home. They
Dialogue: 0,0:36:37.86,0:36:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will, all these quantum computer will be\Nused for good, bad and ugly. Just
Dialogue: 0,0:36:43.42,0:36:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember, GCHQ has a prototype in the\Nmuseum. It would have fun if I could have
Dialogue: 0,0:36:53.09,0:37:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seen the production quantum computer of\Nthe GCHQ. Of course quantum computers are
Dialogue: 0,0:37:02.20,0:37:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hackable as any normal computer. So it's a\Ngood news for the cybersecurity industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:10.27,0:37:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you need as a community of maker in\NCCC, we need to be prepared to learn and
Dialogue: 0,0:37:17.42,0:37:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to use them, how to ask them how to\Nprogram them and at the software level,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:23.82,0:37:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just, you need to unlock your classical\Nbrain, the classical software brain
Dialogue: 0,0:37:30.30,0:37:36.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if I want to mention something at\Nthe software level, if you want to do some
Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.59,0:37:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control codes, you need to be able to use\Nyour code without any variables. You can't
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.76,0:37:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use variables in quantum codes because if\Nyou use variable, you make a copy of a
Dialogue: 0,0:37:51.46,0:37:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum state. Making a copy of a quantum\Nstate is impossible. So you can't use them
Dialogue: 0,0:37:59.43,0:38:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make a vairables or use variables in\Na new program and you can't debug it
Dialogue: 0,0:38:05.31,0:38:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if you debug it, you make a\Nmeasurement. If you make a measurement,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:09.71,0:38:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you destroy the quantum states. So be\Nprepared to allow your brain to be able
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.76,0:38:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make some code in the quantum world.\NBut it's fun. Some time. Thanks for your
Dialogue: 0,0:38:25.02,0:38:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attention. And if you have any question,\Nit will be a pleasure. And as I'm French,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:30.50,0:38:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I need to have a two hour lunchtime.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:47.29,0:38:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: Fantastic. Merci beaucoup.\NWe have a lot of time now for your
Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.43,0:38:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,questions, answers. Line up at the\Nmicrophones, please. And let's have a look
Dialogue: 0,0:38:55.97,0:39:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there is something from the Internet.\NYes, there is. So please. First one from
Dialogue: 0,0:39:01.17,0:39:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Internet.\NYann: Where is the Internet?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.51,0:39:12.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Signal-Angel: All right. The Internet's\Nquite impressed by your talk. So that's
Dialogue: 0,0:39:12.65,0:39:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a statement. Like everyone's very\Nhappy and pleased with your talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:16.45,0:39:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: Thanks to the Internet.\N{\i1}light laughter{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:39:19.34,0:39:23.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Signal-Angel: All right. You have a few\Nquestions. So the first one is what
Dialogue: 0,0:39:23.85,0:39:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,properties should the element be chosen\Nfor the ion trap?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:29.20,0:39:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: What? Sorry.\NSignal-Angel: So what are the properties
Dialogue: 0,0:39:32.62,0:39:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that should be looked at for choosing the\Nelement for the iron trap?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:37.86,0:39:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: What atom? I think the person asked\Nwhat atom I used. I used the atom from
Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.36,0:39:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calcium because those atoms have a\Nspecific.. because there is a lot of
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.82,0:40:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literature available. So it's easy for me\Nto understand how it works. Researchers have
Dialogue: 0,0:40:00.44,0:40:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,done all the work before. And I used the\Natom because there are some energy level
Dialogue: 0,0:40:05.18,0:40:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this atom that is better protected \Nfrom the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:15.43,0:40:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: OK, let's quickly switch to\Nmicrophone number 3.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.14,0:40:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic3: Thank you for it. Thank you\Nfor your talk. My question is, what's the
Dialogue: 0,0:40:26.20,0:40:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,catch? If your design already exists in\Nprototypes out there and it seems so much
Dialogue: 0,0:40:34.11,0:40:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,easier than working with superconductors,\Nthen why isn't everyone already doing
Dialogue: 0,0:40:38.31,0:40:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this?\NYann: Why someone choose superconducting
Dialogue: 0,0:40:42.30,0:40:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not ion trap technologies? Is that\Nyour question?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:45.76,0:40:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic3: Correct.\NYann: I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:47.76,0:40:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}light laughter{\i0}\NYann: Every time there is this type of
Dialogue: 0,0:40:53.97,0:40:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,question, why the big one used\Nsuperconducting technology and why are you
Dialogue: 0,0:40:58.74,0:41:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using iron trap technology? Mainly the\Nanswer could be that the big one is from
Dialogue: 0,0:41:07.09,0:41:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the microelectronics domain. So a\Nsuperconducting qubit is done on a
Dialogue: 0,0:41:13.50,0:41:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wafer. So it's usual for this type of\Ncompany to be able to build these
Dialogue: 0,0:41:19.35,0:41:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,type of qubits. I think it produced a\Nhabit.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.73,0:41:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic3: Okay, thank you.\NHerald: Okay. Microphone number two,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:29.96,0:41:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please.\NMic2: I'm very impressed. But.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:32.93,0:41:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. You mentioned that hobbyists can't\Nreally afford this. A small company can.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.15,0:41:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just as a ballpark figure, I would like\Nto ask the question. Nice. How much?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.46,0:41:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: All I've shown you here. It cost\Nonly less than 15 k€ of material for the
Dialogue: 0,0:41:57.52,0:42:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moment. It is not for a hobbyist - \Nfor small company.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:05.93,0:42:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: Okay, one question from the\NInternet. Signal-Angel, please.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:11.56,0:42:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Signal-Angel: All right. The next question\Nis: is your next step going to be singling
Dialogue: 0,0:42:16.46,0:42:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out individual ions?\NYann: Sorry, can you repeat?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:21.31,0:42:26.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Signal-Angel: Would your next step be\Nsingling out individual ions for the next
Dialogue: 0,0:42:26.15,0:42:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,step in your quantum computer?\NYann: We try to manipulate single ions,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:32.22,0:42:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in fact, it's the goal with laser.\NWith laser you shine a laser of individual
Dialogue: 0,0:42:38.65,0:42:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,qubits. And with another laser, you make a\Nlink between the ions with the common mode
Dialogue: 0,0:42:46.89,0:42:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,motion of the ion chain and you change the\Nstate of an individual ions, you transfer
Dialogue: 0,0:42:56.05,0:43:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the state of these individual ions to the\Nchain, which move because ions are
Dialogue: 0,0:43:00.99,0:43:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electrically charged. So they repell each\Nother and this act as a bus and you
Dialogue: 0,0:43:07.26,0:43:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transfer the quantum state information to\Nto a second ion to make a logic. So the
Dialogue: 0,0:43:13.92,0:43:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goal effectively is to be able to\Nmanipulate one ions. We shine a laser on
Dialogue: 0,0:43:24.20,0:43:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the individual atoms. This is the goal.\NHerald: Okay. Microphone number four,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.48,0:43:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please.\NMic4: Google announced recently that they
Dialogue: 0,0:43:37.07,0:43:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achieved the quantum supremacy. What is\Nyour opinion on this theme?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:43.84,0:43:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: They have done a very good job\Nfor that. I think they show to the world
Dialogue: 0,0:43:53.70,0:43:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first time that a quantum \Ncomputer is able to do a calculation that a
Dialogue: 0,0:43:58.96,0:44:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,classical computer will never be able to\Ndo in the classical world. However, is
Dialogue: 0,0:44:08.40,0:44:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that calculation useful? I'm not sure,\Nexcept for one thing, it's able to
Dialogue: 0,0:44:16.99,0:44:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certify the randomness of a number and it\Ncould be useful for the cyber security
Dialogue: 0,0:44:25.47,0:44:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world. So it's I think and for my company,\NI have no money to spend to marketing
Dialogue: 0,0:44:33.71,0:44:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks to Google because they show the\Nworld the power of quantum computer. So
Dialogue: 0,0:44:39.57,0:44:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's cool for me.\NHerald: Okay. Microphone number two,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:45.27,0:44:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please.\NMic2: Hello. Thanks for the nice talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:49.19,0:44:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a material scientist from Offline\NGießen. Maybe you heard about our incident
Dialogue: 0,0:44:53.36,0:45:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here. I was asking what are your current\Nproblems with this? For example, I mean, I
Dialogue: 0,0:45:00.69,0:45:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think I have too many questions to ask\Nhere now. But for example, we saw that you
Dialogue: 0,0:45:05.30,0:45:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had some like little pellets that were\Nfloating over your structure. But these
Dialogue: 0,0:45:11.52,0:45:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not the atoms that you are trying to\Nto confine with each other so you can make
Dialogue: 0,0:45:16.08,0:45:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calculations. So you didn't say anything\Nabout how you are trying to achieve this?
Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.99,0:45:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is your current state? I mean,\Nhave you- could you start some crude
Dialogue: 0,0:45:26.79,0:45:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calculations on this already or... ?\NYann: Not for the moment because I need
Dialogue: 0,0:45:31.96,0:45:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to shine the laser in the right direction.\NSo for the moment, I am building the
Dialogue: 0,0:45:36.75,0:45:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,optical setup.\NMic4: Okay. All right. Maybe there are
Dialogue: 0,0:45:41.22,0:45:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some possibilities how I could help you\Nwith your project.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:44.31,0:45:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: You're welcome.\NMic4: I have an access. If I could ask the
Dialogue: 0,0:45:48.26,0:45:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right people, I'm not in a position to\Npromise something to you now. But for
Dialogue: 0,0:45:54.93,0:45:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,example, we have an nano scribe laser\Nsystem with this like a 3D printer. But
Dialogue: 0,0:45:59.96,0:46:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can build things on nano levels, on \Nnano meter scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:03.47,0:46:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: What is the cost of using that?\NMic4: The cost of the printer is around
Dialogue: 0,0:46:08.80,0:46:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,300.000€.\NYann: Oh... I take it.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:11.80,0:46:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic4: All right.\NYann: Thanks. Thanks. Thanks for your
Dialogue: 0,0:46:17.91,0:46:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,help.\NMic4: Maybe after the talk we can get in
Dialogue: 0,0:46:20.33,0:46:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contact.\NYann: Oh yes, we have a dinner. {\i1}laughter{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:46:23.33,0:46:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic4: All right.\NHerald: Two new friends, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:26.02,0:46:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}applause{\i0}\NQuestion from the Internet, please.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:36.70,0:46:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Signal Angel: All right. So how many qubits \Nis it possible to make in the garage?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:42.08,0:46:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: For the prototype, we think we\Nare able to do some 10 to 15 qubits with
Dialogue: 0,0:46:49.71,0:46:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one ion trap. The goal is to chain the ion\Ntrap. So we have many, not as many as we
Dialogue: 0,0:46:59.85,0:47:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want, but we could raise the number of\Nqubits to 100 qubits.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:08.42,0:47:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Heral: Okay. Microphone number three,\Nplease.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:13.63,0:47:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic3: Which calculations do you plan to\Nperform on your quantum computer?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:17.43,0:47:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: I don't care. I build thing and\Nsoftware guy do their code. It's not my
Dialogue: 0,0:47:23.81,0:47:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,job.\NHerald: Okay. Microphone number four, please.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:30.51,0:47:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is somebody.\NMic4: Hello. So your optical setup
Dialogue: 0,0:47:34.20,0:47:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reminded me of atomic force microscopes.\NAre you aware of what they are?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:38.73,0:47:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: Perhaps.\NMic4: They are essentially an optical
Dialogue: 0,0:47:43.17,0:47:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,setup with a micro scale tip at the edge\Nthat rasters, that scans across the
Dialogue: 0,0:47:48.53,0:47:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surface and can detect nanoscale features.\NBut the cool thing is that even though
Dialogue: 0,0:47:53.59,0:47:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a scientific instrument, there is\Nalso open hardware designs for that. And
Dialogue: 0,0:47:57.96,0:48:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe you can see the ideas from that for\Nyour optical setup, because once again
Dialogue: 0,0:48:02.11,0:48:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got precise lasers, at least on the\Ngeometrical side. They have to be
Dialogue: 0,0:48:07.47,0:48:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precisely alined and everything.\NYann: Thanks. Thanks for the information.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:10.96,0:48:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, we use a lot of\Nspectrography techniques in this type of
Dialogue: 0,0:48:15.28,0:48:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computer.\NHeral: Okay, we have somebody over there
Dialogue: 0,0:48:19.87,0:48:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at microphone number three.\NMic4: Did you consider optical quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:48:24.84,0:48:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computers with entangled photons \Nand such stuff?
Dialogue: 0,0:48:28.80,0:48:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: I did- This was my first choice in\Nfact. However as far as I know, I'm not a
Dialogue: 0,0:48:39.87,0:48:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physicist, it's difficult to make some and\Ntrick entanglements and, not
Dialogue: 0,0:48:45.10,0:48:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entanglement... It's difficult to make\Nsome photon to talk to each other. Let's
Dialogue: 0,0:48:51.66,0:48:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say that. So it's a complicated way to do\Nsomething with multiple qubits. But
Dialogue: 0,0:48:59.36,0:49:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,photonic is a good technology because it\Nworks also at room temperature. But I
Dialogue: 0,0:49:06.68,0:49:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prefer to have a vacuum chamber in my\Ngarage.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:09.19,0:49:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: Okay, let's interrogate the\NInternet again.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:19.71,0:49:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Signal Angel: So you've mentioned that you\Nshould not be doing measurements on the
Dialogue: 0,0:49:24.82,0:49:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computer. So have you tried doing\Nany measurements on your prototype?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:29.31,0:49:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: Measurement of what?\NHerald: This is hard. I think the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:49:36.15,0:49:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot really reply now. So can we...\NYann: Internet is limited. I think we can
Dialogue: 0,0:49:44.83,0:49:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give the guy that ask the question. He\Nwants to send me the question I can answer
Dialogue: 0,0:49:50.85,0:49:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just after all.\NSignal angel: But I think they are talking
Dialogue: 0,0:49:53.90,0:49:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about electric field.\NYann: Ah, no. I just I don't make any
Dialogue: 0,0:49:58.48,0:50:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,measurement. I'm an engineer. And as I am\Na good engineer, I just plug things. And
Dialogue: 0,0:50:05.41,0:50:14.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just see what happens. I have no idea of\Nthe electric field generated. No idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:14.37,0:50:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again.\NHerald: OK. Microphone number two, please.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:19.86,0:50:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic2: Hello. Thank you for the talk. So\Nafter you generate the vacuum in your
Dialogue: 0,0:50:24.91,0:50:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vacuum chamber, how do you actually\Nintroduce the right number of ions and how
Dialogue: 0,0:50:29.48,0:50:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you keep them in the place where you\Nneed to have them?
Dialogue: 0,0:50:32.66,0:50:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: It's a good question. In fact, we\Ndon't introduce the ions. We put a calcium
Dialogue: 0,0:50:41.81,0:50:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stone, sort of calcium stone, in a sort of\Noven, it's just a tube. We send current in
Dialogue: 0,0:50:48.49,0:50:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this tube, the tube heats the calcium.\NThey make some vapor and we shine a laser
Dialogue: 0,0:50:53.69,0:51:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the vapor of neutral atom of calcium.\NAnd this creates the ions. And this ion is
Dialogue: 0,0:51:01.76,0:51:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trapped because it's now electric charged\Nby the electrostatic field we make with
Dialogue: 0,0:51:07.17,0:51:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ion trap. So we just introduced before\Nclosing all the vacuum viewport and all
Dialogue: 0,0:51:14.14,0:51:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the nuts and bolts. We just put a piece of\Nstone of calcium, neutral atom. So
Dialogue: 0,0:51:20.55,0:51:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything is in the chamber before we\Nturn on the quantum computer or the
Dialogue: 0,0:51:27.98,0:51:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chamber.\NHerald: OK. We stay at microphone number
Dialogue: 0,0:51:33.01,0:51:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two. There is another one.\NMic2: OK, second question. What you're
Dialogue: 0,0:51:38.99,0:51:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,describing is you have a linear array of\Nright now macroscopic particles. You will
Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.34,0:51:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a linear array of ions that are then\Ncoupled by kind of common vibrational
Dialogue: 0,0:51:50.46,0:51:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modes. So they need to see each other's\Nelectrical fields. So I am wondering what
Dialogue: 0,0:51:56.70,0:52:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the characteristic length scale between\Nmacroscopic particles versus ions would be
Dialogue: 0,0:52:04.45,0:52:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you want to have some meaningful\Nvibrational modes that don't immediately
Dialogue: 0,0:52:08.30,0:52:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get drowned by external thermal noise.\NYann: So if I understand correctly the
Dialogue: 0,0:52:15.02,0:52:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,question, you ask me what is the \Ndimension between the ions?
Dialogue: 0,0:52:18.57,0:52:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic2: Yes. I mean you you are pretty big\Ncompared to the IBM guys.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:24.11,0:52:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: Yes. I'm big. Yes. You're right. The\Nmain dimension we use between ion it's few
Dialogue: 0,0:52:36.40,0:52:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,micron. And if some researcher succeeds to\Nalign 100 ions. So you have a chain of 100
Dialogue: 0,0:52:49.42,0:52:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ions multiplied by five to ten microns\Nbetween ions. This is the length.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:55.18,0:52:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic2: But I mean, on your substrate, \Nyou ou have a fraction of a
Dialogue: 0,0:52:58.42,0:53:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,millimeter. Yeah. Between the...\NYann: It's because it's prototype.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:02.91,0:53:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic2: Okay.\NYann: You're right. I need to squeeze the
Dialogue: 0,0:53:08.03,0:53:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,design a little bit, okay? It just need to\Nbuy a better CNC machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:21.08,0:53:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: OK, we got some question from the\NInternet again.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:27.15,0:53:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Signal angel: All right so this one is...\NThis is more towards knowing about the
Dialogue: 0,0:53:36.60,0:53:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GCHQ exhibition. Is it still open do you\Nknow?
Dialogue: 0,0:53:40.31,0:53:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: Yes. I think, you have a\Nfree ticket if you want. It's free. In
Dialogue: 0,0:53:44.75,0:53:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fact, it's free. \NSignal Angel: I guess people will contact
Dialogue: 0,0:53:48.84,0:53:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you on Twitter for that.\NYann: Yeah. I make some touristic business
Dialogue: 0,0:53:52.72,0:53:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or so. I can help.\NSignal Angel: Everyone was impressed with
Dialogue: 0,0:53:56.59,0:54:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your GCHQ hack.\NHerald: Ok, any more questions. How many
Dialogue: 0,0:54:01.33,0:54:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people are working in your garage?\NYann: There is me and sometimes one of
Dialogue: 0,0:54:06.57,0:54:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my daughters, which is, 10 years old.\NHerald: Pro team.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:12.71,0:54:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yann: Yeah, a big one.\NHerald: Okay. Any more questions from
Dialogue: 0,0:54:16.97,0:54:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the audience, from the Internet? We have \Ntime. Okay, I'm gonna close that session
Dialogue: 0,0:54:25.14,0:54:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, thank you very much. \NBig applause again for Yann.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:27.94,0:54:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:54:35.22,0:54:50.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}36C3 outro music{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:54:50.05,0:55:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Subtitles created by c3subtitles.de\Nin the year 2021. Join, and help us!