[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.22,0:00:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Running: it's basically just\Nright, left, right, left, yeah? Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.60,0:00:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, we've been doing it\Nfor two million years, Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.05,0:00:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's kind of arrogant to assume\Nthat I've got something to say Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.62,0:00:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that hasn't been said and performed\Nbetter a long time ago. Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.23,0:00:15.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the cool thing about running,\Nas I've discovered, Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.82,0:00:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that something bizarre happens\Nin this activity all the time. Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.42,0:00:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Case in point: A couple months ago,\Nif you saw the New York City Marathon, Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.02,0:00:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guarantee you, you saw something\Nthat no one has ever seen before. Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.23,0:00:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An Ethiopian woman named Derartu Tulu\Nturns up at the starting line. Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.76,0:00:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's 37 years old. Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.14,0:00:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She hasn't won a marathon\Nof any kind in eight years, Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.85,0:00:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a few months previously, Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.30,0:00:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she had almost died in childbirth. Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.30,0:00:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Derartu Tulu was ready to hang it up\Nand retire from the sport, Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.82,0:00:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she decided she'd go for broke Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.71,0:00:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try for one last big payday\Nin the marquee event, Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.52,0:00:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the New York City Marathon. Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.16,0:00:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except -- bad news for Derartu Tulu --\Nsome other people had the same idea, Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.90,0:00:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the Olympic gold medalist, Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.78,0:00:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Paula Radcliffe, who is a monster, Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.90,0:01:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fastest woman marathoner\Nin history by far. Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.50,0:01:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only 10 minutes\Noff the men's world record, Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.80,0:01:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paula Radcliffe is essentially unbeatable. Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.34,0:01:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's her competition. Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.90,0:01:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The gun goes off, and -- I mean,\Nshe's not even an underdog; Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.87,0:01:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's, like, under the underdogs. Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.71,0:01:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the under-underdog hangs tough, Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.78,0:01:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 22 miles into a 26-mile race, Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.62,0:01:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is Derartu Tulu,\Nup there with the lead pack. Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.30,0:01:25.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is when something\Nreally bizarre happens. Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.02,0:01:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paula Radcliffe, the one person\Nwho is sure to snatch the big paycheck Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.80,0:01:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Derartu Tulu's under-underdog hands, Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.90,0:01:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suddenly grabs her leg\Nand starts to fall back. Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.32,0:01:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we all know what to do\Nin this situation, right? Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.76,0:01:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You give her a quick crack\Nin the teeth with your elbow Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.47,0:01:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and blaze for the finish line. Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.29,0:01:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Derartu Tulu ruins the script. Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.50,0:01:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of taking off, Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.98,0:01:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she falls back and she grabs\NPaula Radcliffe, Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.25,0:01:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and says, "Come on.\NCome with us. You can do it." Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.61,0:01:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Paula Radcliffe,\Nunfortunately, does it. Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.05,0:01:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She catches up with the lead pack Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.68,0:01:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is pushing toward the finish line. Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.57,0:01:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then she falls back again. Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.11,0:02:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second time, Derartu Tulu\Ngrabs her and tries to pull her. Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.13,0:02:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Paula Radcliffe, at that point,\Nsays, "I'm done. Go." Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.51,0:02:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's a fantastic story,\Nand we all know how it ends. Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.29,0:02:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She loses the check, Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.60,0:02:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she goes home with something\Nbigger and more important. Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.55,0:02:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except Derartu Tulu\Nruins the script again. Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.07,0:02:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of losing, she blazes\Npast the lead pack and wins. Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.60,0:02:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wins the New York City Marathon, Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.28,0:02:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goes home with a big fat check. Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.68,0:02:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a heartwarming story, Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.24,0:02:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you drill a little bit deeper, Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.24,0:02:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got to sort of wonder\Nabout what exactly was going on there. Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.67,0:02:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you have two outliers\Nin one organism, Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.83,0:02:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not a coincidence. Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.23,0:02:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you have someone who is more\Ncompetitive and more compassionate Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.74,0:02:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than anybody else in the race,\Nagain, it's not a coincidence. Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.74,0:02:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You show me a creature\Nwith webbed feet and gills; Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.21,0:02:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somehow water's involved. Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.88,0:02:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Someone with that kind of heart,\Nthere's some kind of connection there. Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.29,0:02:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer to it,\NI think, can be found Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.88,0:02:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down in the Copper Canyons of Mexico, Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.31,0:02:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there's a reclusive tribe,\Ncalled the Tarahumara Indians. Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.21,0:02:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the Tarahumara\Nare remarkable for three things. Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.80,0:03:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Number one is: Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.30,0:03:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have been living essentially\Nunchanged for the past 400 years. Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.52,0:03:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the conquistadors arrived\Nin North America you had two choices: Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.16,0:03:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you either fight back and engage\Nor you could take off. Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.90,0:03:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Mayans and Aztecs engaged, Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.78,0:03:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is why there are very few\NMayans and Aztecs. Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.25,0:03:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Tarahumara had a different strategy. Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.26,0:03:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They took off and hid Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.15,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this labyrinthine, networking,\Nspider-webbing system of canyons Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.03,0:03:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the Copper Canyons. Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.45,0:03:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there they've remained\Nsince the 1600s, Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.90,0:03:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,essentially the same way\Nthey've always been. Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.32,0:03:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second thing remarkable\Nabout the Tarahumara is: Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.50,0:03:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deep into old age -- 70 to 80 years old -- Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.65,0:03:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these guys aren't running marathons; Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.66,0:03:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're running mega-marathons. Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.53,0:03:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not doing 26 miles, Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.20,0:03:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're doing 100, 150 miles at a time, Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.84,0:03:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and apparently without injury,\Nwithout problems. Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.96,0:03:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last thing that's remarkable\Nabout the Tarahumara is: Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.70,0:03:55.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the things we're going\Nto be talking about today, Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.24,0:03:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the things we're trying to use\Nall of our technology Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.07,0:03:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and brain power to solve -- Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.43,0:04:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things like heart disease\Nand cholesterol and cancer; Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.00,0:04:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crime, warfare and violence;\Nclinical depression -- all this stuff -- Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.62,0:04:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Tarahumara don't know\Nwhat you're talking about. Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.12,0:04:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are free from all\Nof these modern ailments. Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.73,0:04:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's the connection? Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.98,0:04:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, we're talking about outliers; Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.74,0:04:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's got to be some kind\Nof cause and effect. Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.06,0:04:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, there are teams of scientists\Nat Harvard and the University of Utah Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.90,0:04:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are bending their brains\Nand trying to figure out Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.50,0:04:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the Tarahumara have known forever. Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.47,0:04:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're trying to solve\Nthose same kinds of mysteries. Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.16,0:04:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once again, a mystery\Nwrapped inside of a mystery -- Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.61,0:04:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps the key to Derartu Tulu\Nand the Tarahumara Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.75,0:04:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is wrapped in three other\Nmysteries, which go like this: Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.41,0:04:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three things -- if you have the answer,\Ncome up and take the microphone, Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.84,0:04:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because nobody else knows the answer. Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.70,0:04:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you know it, you're smarter\Nthan anybody on planet Earth. Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.60,0:04:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mystery number one is this: Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.05,0:04:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two million years ago,\Nthe human brain exploded in size. Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.83,0:04:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Australopithecus\Nhad a tiny little pea brain. Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.96,0:04:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suddenly humans show up,\NHomo erectus, big old melon head. Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.04,0:04:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To have a brain of that size, Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.58,0:05:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to have a source\Nof condensed caloric energy. Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.21,0:05:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, early humans\Nare eating dead animals -- Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.85,0:05:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no argument, that's a fact. Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.90,0:05:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only problem is, Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.14,0:05:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first edged weapons only appeared\Nabout 200,000 years ago. Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.76,0:05:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So somehow, for nearly two million years, Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.47,0:05:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are killing animals\Nwithout any weapons. Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.17,0:05:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we're not using our strength, Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.89,0:05:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we are the biggest\Nsissies in the jungle. Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.28,0:05:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every other animal\Nis stronger than we are, Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.34,0:05:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have fangs, they have claws,\Nthey have nimbleness, they have speed. Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.80,0:05:27.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think Usain Bolt is fast. Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.19,0:05:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Usain Bolt can get\Nhis ass kicked by a squirrel. Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.56,0:05:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're not fast. Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.73,0:05:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That would be an Olympic event: Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.25,0:05:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turn a squirrel loose,\Nwhoever catches it gets a gold medal. Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.11,0:05:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.15,0:05:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So no weapons, no speed,\Nno strength, no fangs, no claws. Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.89,0:05:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How were we killing these animals?\NMystery number one. Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.56,0:05:42.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mystery number two: Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.02,0:05:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women have been in the Olympics\Nfor quite some time now, Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.10,0:05:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one thing that's remarkable\Nabout all women sprinters: Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.93,0:05:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they all suck; they're terrible. Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.71,0:05:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's not a fast woman on the planet\Nand there never has been. Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.46,0:05:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fastest woman\Nto ever run a mile did it in 4:15. Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.46,0:05:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could throw a rock\Nand hit a high-school boy Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.70,0:06:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who can run faster than 4:15. Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.22,0:06:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For some reason,\Nyou guys are just really slow. Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.44,0:06:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But -- Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.62,0:06:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.70,0:06:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, you get to the marathon\Nwe were just talking about -- Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.47,0:06:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've only been allowed to run\Nthe marathon for 20 years, Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.28,0:06:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because prior to the 1980s,\Nmedical science said Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.57,0:06:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if a woman tried to run 26 miles --\Ndoes anyone know what would happen Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.96,0:06:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you tried to run 26 miles? Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.42,0:06:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why you were banned\Nfrom the marathon before the 1980s? Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.06,0:06:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Audience Member: Her uterus would be torn. Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.17,0:06:25.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Christopher McDougall:\NHer uterus would be torn, yes. Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.72,0:06:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Torn reproductive organs. Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.98,0:06:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The uterus would literally\Nfall out of the body. Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.26,0:06:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.31,0:06:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I've been to a lot of marathons, Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.15,0:06:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've yet to see any ... Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.82,0:06:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.75,0:06:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's only been 20 years Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.14,0:06:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that women have been allowed\Nto run the marathon. Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.54,0:06:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that very short learning curve,\Nyou've gone from broken organs Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.59,0:06:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to the fact that you're only 10 minutes\Noff the male world record. Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.42,0:06:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you go beyond 26 miles,\Ninto the distance Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.74,0:06:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that medical science also told us\Nwould be fatal to humans -- Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.70,0:06:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember Pheidippides died\Nwhen he ran 26 miles -- Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.09,0:06:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get to 50 and 100 miles,\Nand suddenly, it's a different game. Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.38,0:07:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take a runner like Ann Trason\Nor Nikki Kimball or Jenn Shelton, Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.65,0:07:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put them in a race of 50 or 100 miles\Nagainst anybody in the world, Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.10,0:07:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a coin toss who's going to win. Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.10,0:07:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll give you an example. Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.47,0:07:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A couple years ago,\NEmily Baer signed up for a race Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.01,0:07:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the Hardrock 100, Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.72,0:07:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which tells you all you need\Nto know about the race. Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.31,0:07:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They give you 48 hours\Nto finish this race. Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.37,0:07:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Emily Baer -- 500 runners -- Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.30,0:07:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she finishes in eighth place,\Nin the top 10, Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.67,0:07:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though she stopped\Nat all the aid stations Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.95,0:07:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to breastfeed her baby during the race. Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.87,0:07:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.91,0:07:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, she beat 492 other people. Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.13,0:07:31.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last mystery: Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.31,0:07:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is it that women get stronger\Nas distances get longer? Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.12,0:07:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third mystery is this: Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.48,0:07:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the University of Utah,\Nthey started tracking finishing times Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.97,0:07:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people running the marathon. Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.66,0:07:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they found is that if you start\Nrunning the marathon at age 19, Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.49,0:07:46.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll get progressively\Nfaster, year by year, Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.76,0:07:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you reach your peak at age 27. Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.76,0:07:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then after that,\Nyou succumb to the rigors of time. Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.76,0:07:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you'll get slower and slower, Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.38,0:07:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until eventually you're back to running\Nthe same speed you were at age 19. Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.99,0:08:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So about seven, eight years\Nto reach your peak, Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.26,0:08:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then gradually you fall off your peak, Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.36,0:08:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you go back to the starting point. Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.66,0:08:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'd think it might take eight years\Nto go back to the same speed, Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.90,0:08:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe 10 years -- no, it's 45 years. Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.66,0:08:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,64-year-old men and women Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.66,0:08:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are running as fast\Nas they were at age 19. Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.72,0:08:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I defy you to come\Nup with any other physical activity -- Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.74,0:08:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and please don't say golf --\Nsomething that's actually hard -- Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.72,0:08:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.80,0:08:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where geriatrics are performing\Nas well as they did as teenagers. Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.37,0:08:29.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you have these three mysteries. Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.66,0:08:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there one piece in the puzzle\Nwhich might wrap all these things up? Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.94,0:08:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got to be careful anytime\Nsomeone looks back in prehistory Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.05,0:08:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tries to give you\Na global answer because, Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.38,0:08:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it being prehistory, you can say\Nwhatever the hell you want Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.19,0:08:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get away with it. Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.38,0:08:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'll submit this to you: Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.77,0:08:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you put one piece in the middle\Nof this jigsaw puzzle, Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.49,0:08:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suddenly it all starts\Nto form a coherent picture. Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.89,0:08:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're wondering\Nwhy the Tarahumara don't fight Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.31,0:08:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and don't die of heart disease, Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.85,0:08:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why a poor Ethiopian\Nwoman named Derartu Tulu Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.64,0:08:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be the most compassionate\Nand yet the most competitive, Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.49,0:09:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why we somehow were able\Nto find food without weapons, Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.34,0:09:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps it's because humans, Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.34,0:09:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much as we like to think of ourselves\Nas masters of the universe, Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.58,0:09:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually evolved as nothing more\Nthan a pack of hunting dogs. Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.41,0:09:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe we evolved as a hunting pack animal. Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.23,0:09:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the one advantage\Nwe have in the wilderness -- Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.83,0:09:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, it's not our fangs,\Nour claws or our speed -- Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.31,0:09:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the only thing we do really well is sweat. Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.66,0:09:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're really good\Nat being sweaty and smelly. Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.46,0:09:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Better than any other mammal\Non Earth, we can sweat really well. Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.73,0:09:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the advantage of that little bit\Nof social discomfort Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.61,0:09:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the fact that, when it comes to running\Nunder hot heat for long distances, Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.74,0:09:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're superb -- the best on the planet. Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.01,0:09:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take a horse on a hot day, Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.12,0:09:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after about five or six miles,\Nthat horse has a choice: Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.03,0:09:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's either going to breathe\Nor it's going to cool off. Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.71,0:09:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it ain't doing both. We can. Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.68,0:09:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what if we evolved\Nas hunting pack animals? Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.68,0:09:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if the only natural advantage\Nwe had in the world Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.33,0:09:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the fact that we could\Nget together as a group, Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.75,0:10:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go out there on that African savanna,\Npick out an antelope, Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.76,0:10:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go out as a pack,\Nand run that thing to death? Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.02,0:10:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's all we could do. Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.50,0:10:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could run really far on a hot day. Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.50,0:10:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if that's true, a couple\Nother things had to be true as well. Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.72,0:10:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The key to being part\Nof a hunting pack is the word "pack." Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.57,0:10:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you go out by yourself\Nand try to chase an antelope, Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.21,0:10:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guarantee there will be two cadavers\Nout in the savanna. Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.09,0:10:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need a pack to pull together. Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.75,0:10:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need to have\Nthose 64- and 65-year-olds Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.01,0:10:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have been doing this for a long time Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.01,0:10:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand which antelope\Nyou're trying to catch. Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.52,0:10:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The herd explodes\Nand it gathers back again. Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.65,0:10:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those expert trackers\Nhave to be part of the pack. Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.04,0:10:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can't be 10 miles behind. Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.53,0:10:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need the women\Nand the adolescents there, Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.74,0:10:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the two times in your life\Nyou most benefit from animal protein Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.15,0:10:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is when you're a nursing mother\Nand a developing adolescent. Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.05,0:10:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes no sense to have\Nthe antelope over there, dead, Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.72,0:10:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the people who want\Nto eat it 50 miles away. Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.00,0:10:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They need to be part of the pack. Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.61,0:10:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need those 27-year-old studs\Nat the peak of their powers Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.47,0:10:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ready to drop the kill, Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.65,0:10:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you need those teenagers\Nwho are learning the whole thing involved. Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.10,0:10:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pack stays together. Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.28,0:11:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another thing that has to be true:\Nthis pack cannot be materialistic. Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.66,0:11:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't be hauling all your crap around,\Ntrying to chase the antelope. Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.12,0:11:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't be a pissed-off pack. Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.63,0:11:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't be bearing grudges, like,\N"I'm not chasing that guy's antelope. Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.09,0:11:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He pissed me off.\NLet him go chase his own antelope." Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.64,0:11:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pack has got to be able\Nto swallow its ego, Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.90,0:11:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be cooperative, and pull together. Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.02,0:11:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you end up with, in other words, Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.67,0:11:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a culture remarkably similar\Nto the Tarahumara, Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.47,0:11:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a tribe that has remained\Nunchanged since the Stone Age. Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.68,0:11:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a really compelling argument Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.34,0:11:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that maybe the Tarahumara are doing\Nexactly what all of us had done Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.01,0:11:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for two million years, Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.19,0:11:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's us in modern times\Nwho have sort of gone off the path. Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.26,0:11:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, we look at running\Nas this kind of alien, foreign thing, Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.56,0:11:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this punishment you've got to do\Nbecause you ate pizza the night before. Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.06,0:11:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But maybe it's something different. Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.77,0:11:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe we're the ones who have taken\Nthis natural advantage we had Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.89,0:11:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we spoiled it. Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.80,0:11:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we spoil it?\NWell, how do we spoil anything? Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.37,0:11:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We try to cash in on it. Right? Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.96,0:11:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We try to can it and package it\Nand make it "better" Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.75,0:12:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then sell it to people. Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.16,0:12:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then what happened was,\Nwe started creating Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.68,0:12:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these fancy cushioned things\Nwhich can make running "better," Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.14,0:12:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called running shoes. Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.58,0:12:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason I get personally\Npissed-off about running shoes Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.54,0:12:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because I bought a million of them\Nand I kept getting hurt. Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.54,0:12:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think if anybody in here runs -- Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.54,0:12:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just had a conversation with Carol. Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.34,0:12:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We talked for two minutes backstage,\Nand she talked about plantar fasciitis. Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.100,0:12:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You talk to a runner,\NI guarantee within 30 seconds, Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.57,0:12:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the conversation turns to injury. Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.22,0:12:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if humans evolved as runners,\Nif that's our one natural advantage, Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.54,0:12:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then why are we so bad at it? Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.03,0:12:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we keep getting hurt? Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.67,0:12:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A curious thing about running\Nand running injuries Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.06,0:12:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the running injury\Nis new to our time. Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.58,0:12:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you read folklore and mythology, Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.42,0:12:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any kind of myths, any kind of tall tales, Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.45,0:12:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,running is always associated\Nwith freedom and vitality Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.08,0:12:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and youthfulness and eternal vigor. Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.90,0:12:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's only in our lifetime\Nthat running has become associated Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.82,0:12:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with fear and pain. Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.100,0:12:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Geronimo used to say, "My only friends\Nare my legs. I only trust my legs." Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.13,0:12:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because an Apache triathlon\Nused to be you'd run 50 miles Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.78,0:12:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the desert, Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.95,0:13:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,engage in hand-to-hand combat,\Nsteal a bunch of horses, Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.59,0:13:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and slap leather for home. Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.94,0:13:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Geronimo was never saying, "You know\Nsomething, my Achilles -- I'm tapering. Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.69,0:13:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got to take this week off." Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.27,0:13:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, "I need to cross-train.\NI didn't do yoga. I'm not ready." Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.31,0:13:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.74,0:13:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans ran and ran all the time. Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.59,0:13:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are here today.\NWe have our digital technology. Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.11,0:13:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of our science comes from the fact Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.05,0:13:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our ancestors were able to do\Nsomething extraordinary every day, Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.90,0:13:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was just rely\Non their naked feet and legs Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.35,0:13:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to run long distances. Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.82,0:13:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we get back to that again? Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.65,0:13:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I would submit\Nto you the first thing is: Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.88,0:13:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get rid of all packaging,\Nall the sales, all the marketing. Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.73,0:13:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Get rid of all the stinking running shoes. Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.83,0:13:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stop focusing on urban marathons, Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.80,0:13:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, if you do four hours, you suck, Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.62,0:13:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you do 3:59:59, you're awesome, Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.60,0:13:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you qualified for another race. Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.90,0:13:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to get back to that sense\Nof playfulness and joyfulness Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.92,0:13:50.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, I would say, nakedness, Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.82,0:13:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has made the Tarahumara Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.74,0:13:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the healthiest and serene\Ncultures in our time. Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.12,0:13:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's the benefit? So what? Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.77,0:14:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you burn off the Häagen-Dazs\Nfrom the night before. Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.66,0:14:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But maybe there's another\Nbenefit there as well. Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.11,0:14:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without getting too extreme about this, Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.26,0:14:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagine a world where everybody\Ncould go out the door Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.90,0:14:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and engage in the kind of exercise Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.90,0:14:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's going to make them\Nmore relaxed, more serene, Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.90,0:14:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more healthy, Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.23,0:14:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,burn off stress -- Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.56,0:14:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you don't come back into your office\Na raging maniac anymore, Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.78,0:14:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or go home with a lot of stress\Non top of you again. Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.29,0:14:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe there's something\Nbetween what we are today Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.64,0:14:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what the Tarahumara have always been. Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.17,0:14:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't say let's go back\Nto the Copper Canyons Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.43,0:14:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and live on corn and maize,\Nwhich is the Tarahumara's preferred diet, Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.84,0:14:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but maybe there's somewhere in between. Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.94,0:14:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we find that thing, Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.63,0:14:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe there is a big fat\NNobel Prize out there. Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.23,0:14:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because if somebody could find a way\Nto restore that natural ability Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.14,0:14:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we all enjoyed\Nfor most of our existence Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.34,0:14:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up until the 1970s or so, Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.94,0:14:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the benefits -- social and physical\Nand political and mental -- Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.35,0:14:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be astounding. Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.65,0:15:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I've been seeing today\Nis there is a growing subculture Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.74,0:15:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of barefoot runners,\Npeople who've gotten rid of their shoes. Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.68,0:15:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what they have found uniformly is, Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.59,0:15:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get rid of the shoes,\Nyou get rid of the stress, Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.14,0:15:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get rid of the injuries\Nand the ailments. Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.64,0:15:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you find is something\Nthe Tarahumara have known Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.45,0:15:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a very long time: Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.64,0:15:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this can be a whole lot of fun. Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.43,0:15:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've experienced it personally myself. Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.28,0:15:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was injured all my life; then\Nin my early 40s, I got rid of my shoes Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.66,0:15:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my running ailments\Nhave gone away, too. Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.90,0:15:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So hopefully it's something\Nwe can all benefit from. Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.48,0:15:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I appreciate your listening to this story. Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.55,0:15:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks very much. Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.72,0:15:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)