[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.51,0:00:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2003,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.42,0:00:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we sequenced the human genome,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.36,0:00:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we thought we would have the answer\Nto treat many diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.97,0:00:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the reality is far from that,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.78,0:00:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in addition to our genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.73,0:00:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our environment and lifestyle\Ncould have a significant role
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.32,0:00:23.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in developing many major diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.89,0:00:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One example is fatty liver disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.50,0:00:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is affecting over 20 percent\Nof the population globally,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.60,0:00:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has no treatment\Nand leads to liver cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.66,0:00:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or liver failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.52,0:00:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sequencing DNA alone\Ndoesn't give us enough information
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.28,0:00:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find effective therapeutics.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.54,0:00:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the bright side, there are\Nmany other molecules in our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.32,0:00:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there are\Nover 100,000 metabolites.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.32,0:00:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Metabolites are any molecule\Nthat is supersmall in their size.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.19,0:01:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Known examples are glucose,\Nfructose, fats, cholesterol --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.19,0:01:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things we hear all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.27,0:01:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Metabolites are involved\Nin our metabolism.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.07,0:01:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are also downstream of DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.12,0:01:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they carry information\Nfrom both our genes as well as lifestyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.22,0:01:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Understanding metabolites is essential\Nto find treatments for many diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.90,0:01:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've always wanted to treat patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.93,0:01:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite that, 15 years ago,\NI left medical school,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.82,0:01:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as I missed mathematics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.02,0:01:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soon after, I found the coolest thing:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.69,0:01:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can use mathematics to study medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.03,0:01:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since then, I've been developing\Nalgorithms to analyze biological data.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.09,0:01:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it sounded easy:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.40,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's collect data from all\Nthe metabolites in our body,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.02,0:01:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,develop mathematical models to describe\Nhow they are changed in a disease
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.18,0:02:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and intervene in those\Nchanges to treat them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.49,0:02:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then I realized why no one\Nhas done this before:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.23,0:02:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's extremely difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.94,0:02:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.05,0:02:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many metabolites in our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.78,0:02:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each one is different from the other one.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.31,0:02:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For some metabolites,\Nwe can measure their molecular mass
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.06,0:02:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using mass spectrometry instruments.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.68,0:02:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But because there could be, like,\N10 molecules with the exact same mass,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.09,0:02:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't know exactly what they are,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.92,0:02:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you want to clearly\Nidentify all of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.72,0:02:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to do more experiments,\Nwhich could take decades
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.85,0:02:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and billions of dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.21,0:02:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we developed an artificial\Nintelligence, or AI, platform, to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.79,0:02:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We leveraged the growth of biological data
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.66,0:02:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and built a database of any existing\Ninformation about metabolites
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.11,0:02:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their interactions\Nwith other molecules.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.26,0:02:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We combined all this data\Nas a meganetwork.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.71,0:02:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, from tissues or blood of patients,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.13,0:03:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we measure masses of metabolites
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.90,0:03:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find the masses\Nthat are changed in a disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.19,0:03:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, as I mentioned earlier,\Nwe don't know exactly what they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.40,0:03:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A molecular mass of 180 could be\Neither the glucose, galactose or fructose.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.56,0:03:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all have the exact same mass
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.60,0:03:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but different functions in our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.72,0:03:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our AI algorithm considered\Nall these ambiguities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.33,0:03:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It then mined that meganetwork
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.09,0:03:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find how those metabolic masses\Nare connected to each other
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.46,0:03:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that result in disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.44,0:03:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because of the way they are connected,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.71,0:03:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we are able to infer\Nwhat each metabolite mass is,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.05,0:03:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like that 180 could be glucose here,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.00,0:03:42.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, more importantly, to discover
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.58,0:03:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how changes in glucose\Nand other metabolites
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.97,0:03:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lead to a disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.50,0:03:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This novel understanding\Nof disease mechanisms
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.52,0:03:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then enable us to discover\Neffective therapeutics to target that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.60,0:03:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we formed a start-up company\Nto bring this technology to the market
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.47,0:04:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and impact people's lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.72,0:04:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now my team and I at ReviveMed\Nare working to discover
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.29,0:04:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,therapeutics for major diseases\Nthat metabolites are key drivers for,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.42,0:04:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like fatty liver disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.34,0:04:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is caused\Nby accumulation of fats,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.29,0:04:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are types\Nof metabolites in the liver.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.79,0:04:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I mentioned earlier,\Nit's a huge epidemic with no treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.75,0:04:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And fatty liver disease\Nis just one example.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.50,0:04:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moving forward, we are going to tackle\Nhundreds of other diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.70,0:04:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.22,0:04:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by collecting more and more\Ndata about metabolites
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.80,0:04:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and understanding\Nhow changes in metabolites
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.36,0:04:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leads to developing diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.79,0:04:44.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our algorithms will get\Nsmarter and smarter
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.30,0:04:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discover the right therapeutics\Nfor the right patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.52,0:04:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we will get closer to reach our vision
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.32,0:04:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of saving lives with every line of code.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.20,0:04:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.55,0:05:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)