WEBVTT
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Supported By
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Supported By
Protocol Labs
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Supported By
Protocol Labs
Follow your curiosity.
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Supported By
Protocol Labs
Follow your curiosity.
Lead humanity forward.
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Two possibilities exist:
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Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe,
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Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.
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Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.
Both are equally terrifying.
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Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.
Both are equally terrifying.
Arthur C. Clarke
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Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.
Both are equally terrifying.
Arthur C. Clarke
In all of time,
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In all of time,
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on all the planets of all the galaxies in space.
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what civilizations have risen,
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looked into the night,
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seen what we see,
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asked the questions that we ask?
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"Are we alone?"
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"Is Earth the only chapter in the story of life?"
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"The answers lie somewhere in distant space - and distant time."
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"For the first time, the truth is finally within our reach."
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"The search will reveal who we are"
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"and who we might become."
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LIFE
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LIFE BEYOND
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CHAPTER I
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CHAPTER I
The Dawn
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"In the search for life out there, we must first look inward."
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What we see around us is staggering complexity.
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How is it possible?
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"What does it take to create life?"
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"What does it take to create life?"
Living organisms are created by chemistry.
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Living organisms are created by chemistry.
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We are huge packages of chemicals.
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And what are the ideal conditions for chemistry?
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Well, first, you need energy.
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I
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
E
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
EN
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
ENE
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
ENER
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
ENERG
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
ENERGY
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
ENERGY
e.g
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
ENERGY
e.g Sunlight,
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
ENERGY
e.g Sunlight,
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I
ENERGY
e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat
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I
ENERG
e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat
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I
ENER
e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat
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I
ENE
e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat
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I
EN
e.g Sunlight,
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I
E
e.g
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I
E
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I
00:03:01.512 --> 00:03:03.262
But not too much.
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What you want is just the right amount
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and planets it turns out are just right,
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because they are close to stars,
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but not too close.
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You also need a great diversity
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II
You also need a great diversity
00:03:14.555 --> 00:03:14.586
II
HE
You also need a great diversity
00:03:14.586 --> 00:03:14.601
II
HEA
You also need a great diversity
00:03:14.601 --> 00:03:14.617
II
HEAV
You also need a great diversity
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II
HEAVY
You also need a great diversity
00:03:14.664 --> 00:03:14.687
II
HEAVY E
You also need a great diversity
00:03:14.687 --> 00:03:14.699
II
HEAVY EL
You also need a great diversity
00:03:14.699 --> 00:03:14.711
II
HEAVY ELE
You also need a great diversity
00:03:14.711 --> 00:03:14.758
II
HEAVY ELEM
You also need a great diversity
00:03:14.758 --> 00:03:14.781
II
HEAVY ELEME
You also need a great diversity
00:03:14.781 --> 00:03:14.793
II
HEAVY ELEMEN
You also need a great diversity
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II
HEAVY ELEMENT
You also need a great diversity
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II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
You also need a great diversity
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II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g
of chemical elements.
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II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g Oxygen,
of chemical elements.
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II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g Oxygen, Carbon,
of chemical elements.
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II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur
of chemical elements.
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II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur
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II
HEAVY ELEMENT
e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur
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II
HEAVY ELEMEN
e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur
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II
HEAVY ELEME
e.g Oxygen, Carbon,
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II
HEAVY ELEM
e.g Oxygen, Carbon,
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II
HEAVY ELE
e.g Oxygen, Carbon,
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II
HEAVY EL
e.g Oxygen,
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II
HEAVY E
e.g
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II
HEAVY
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II
HEAV
00:03:20.662 --> 00:03:20.703
II
HEA
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II
HE
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II
H
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II
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I
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And you need liquid,
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such as water.
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III
such as water.
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III
L
such as water.
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III
LI
such as water.
00:03:23.020 --> 00:03:23.083
III
LIQ
such as water.
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III
LIQU
such as water.
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III
LIQUI
such as water.
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III
LIQUID
such as water.
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III
LIQUID
such as water.
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III
LIQUID
e.g
such as water.
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III
LIQUID
e.g Water
such as water.
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III
LIQUID
e.g. water
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Why?
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Well, in gases,
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atoms move past each other so fast
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that they can't hitch up.
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In solids, atoms are stuck together.
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They can't move.
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In liquids,
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they can cruise and cuddle
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and link up to form molecules.
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Liquid water is just so good for getting evolution going.
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Molecules can dissolve in the water
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to form more complex chains.
00:04:06.262 --> 00:04:08.758
Now, where do you find such goldilocks conditions?
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Well, planets are great,
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and our early Earth was almost perfect.
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Earth
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Earth
4 Billion Years Ago
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It was just the right distance
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from its star to contain huge oceans of liquid water.
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And deep beneath those oceans,
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at cracks in the Earth's crust,
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fantastic chemistry began to happen
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atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.
00:05:01.965 --> 00:05:09.425 line:1
"The exact recipe is still a mystery, but the ingredients for life
are simple - energy, organic molecules, and liquid water."
00:05:30.406 --> 00:05:37.846 line:1
"Somewhere in the seas of early Earth, basic chemistry
became biology - perhaps even more than once."
00:05:43.415 --> 00:05:50.075 line:1
"The first cells were likely born in hot volcanic waters,
in conditions once thought impossible for biology."
00:05:52.198 --> 00:05:59.188
"The closer we study life, the more extreme places we find it thriving."
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"The closer we study life, the more extreme places we find it thriving."
Here on our planet,
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Here on our planet,
00:06:01.324 --> 00:06:02.754
microbes have adapted
00:06:02.754 --> 00:06:06.254
to survive the most hostile conditions.
00:06:07.960 --> 00:06:09.390
Arid deserts,
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the frozen Himalayas,
00:06:12.734 --> 00:06:16.494
in trenches under thousands of tons of pressure
00:06:16.613 --> 00:06:18.953
in the ocean deeps.
00:06:21.237 --> 00:06:24.507
In the vacuum of a space simulator,
00:06:24.597 --> 00:06:28.617
life forms have been flourishing for years
00:06:28.972 --> 00:06:33.312
without oxygen.
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"New research suggests that life emerged over 4 billion years ago,
when Earth was an alien and deadly place."
00:06:44.108 --> 00:06:50.488 line:1
"The planet was ravaged by intense volcanism
and an asteroid storm that lasted 100 million years."
00:07:04.514 --> 00:07:09.914
"Yet even in these extreme conditions,
life quickly found a foothold."
00:07:09.914 --> 00:07:11.149
"Yet even in these extreme conditions,
life quickly found a foothold."
Very very quickly,
00:07:11.149 --> 00:07:12.473
Very very quickly,
00:07:12.473 --> 00:07:15.783
as soon as the Earth cooled off after its formation,
00:07:15.873 --> 00:07:20.953
we know that life began here.
00:07:22.508 --> 00:07:25.228
Because it happened quickly here on Earth,
00:07:25.278 --> 00:07:26.798
we think it is going to happen quickly
00:07:26.798 --> 00:07:28.948
on other planets as well.
00:07:39.664 --> 00:07:46.611 line:1
"The story of Earth gives us hope that life could be universally common."
00:07:48.399 --> 00:07:54.870 line:1
"It teaches us that life is fast acting, tenacious,
and made of basic, common ingredients."
00:07:57.971 --> 00:08:05.961 line:1
"After 4 billion years of isolation,
the search for our cosmic kin has finally begun."
00:08:10.261 --> 00:08:17.401 line:1
"Where there is water, there is life - and so our best chance
is to look for ocean worlds like Earth."
00:08:20.577 --> 00:08:27.917 line:1
"Our search for Earth-like planets has only just begun,
and the findings are tantalizing."
00:08:29.866 --> 00:08:30.696
KEPLER-62F
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KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
00:08:30.946 --> 00:08:31.071
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
00:08:31.071 --> 00:08:31.196
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
00:08:31.196 --> 00:08:31.350
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
Age: ~7 billion years.
00:08:31.350 --> 00:08:36.840
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
Age: ~7 billion years.
Possible Water World
00:08:36.840 --> 00:08:37.090
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
Age: ~7 billion years.
00:08:37.090 --> 00:08:37.340
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
00:08:37.340 --> 00:08:37.465
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
00:08:37.465 --> 00:08:37.527
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
00:08:37.527 --> 00:08:37.590
KEPLER-62F
00:08:38.833 --> 00:08:39.566
TRAPPIST-1D
00:08:39.566 --> 00:08:39.816
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
00:08:39.816 --> 00:08:39.925
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
00:08:39.925 --> 00:08:40.034
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.
00:08:40.034 --> 00:08:40.143
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.
Temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
00:08:40.143 --> 00:08:46.568
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.
Temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
Possible Water World
00:08:46.568 --> 00:08:46.818
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.
Temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
00:08:46.818 --> 00:08:46.943
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.
00:08:46.943 --> 00:08:47.068
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
00:08:47.068 --> 00:08:47.204
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
00:08:47.204 --> 00:08:47.341
TRAPPIST-1D
00:08:48.973 --> 00:08:49.747
TEEGARDEN-B
00:08:49.747 --> 00:08:49.997
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
00:08:49.997 --> 00:08:50.112
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
00:08:50.112 --> 00:08:50.227
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.
00:08:50.227 --> 00:08:50.342
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.
Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
00:08:50.342 --> 00:08:56.149
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.
Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
Possible Water World
00:08:56.149 --> 00:08:56.399
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.
Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
00:08:56.399 --> 00:08:56.524
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.
00:08:56.524 --> 00:08:56.649
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
00:08:56.649 --> 00:08:56.779
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
00:08:56.779 --> 00:08:56.909
TEEGARDEN-B
00:08:58.908 --> 00:08:59.759
K2-18B
00:08:59.759 --> 00:09:00.009
K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
00:09:00.009 --> 00:09:00.193
K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.
00:09:00.193 --> 00:09:00.285
K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.
Temperature: -100 -116ºF.
00:09:00.285 --> 00:09:07.842
K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.
Temperature: -100 -116ºF.
Confirmed atmospheric water vapor
00:09:07.842 --> 00:09:08.092
K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.
Temperature: -100 -116ºF.
00:09:08.092 --> 00:09:08.211
K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.
00:09:08.211 --> 00:09:08.330
K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
00:09:08.330 --> 00:09:08.449
K2-18B
00:09:10.708 --> 00:09:17.858
"We have barely scratched the surface.
Nature's trove of secrets is bottomless."
00:09:17.858 --> 00:09:20.086
"We have barely scratched the surface.
Nature's trove of secrets is bottomless."
We know that the galaxy is awash in water.
00:09:20.086 --> 00:09:20.956
We know that the galaxy is awash in water.
00:09:26.475 --> 00:09:28.965
It’s awash in organic molecules,
00:09:29.015 --> 00:09:32.965
and complex chemistry.
00:09:33.964 --> 00:09:35.504
All of the things that we know were
00:09:35.504 --> 00:09:37.944
necessary for life to begin on this planet
00:09:38.024 --> 00:09:40.734
exist on abundance throughout the galaxy.
00:09:47.259 --> 00:09:50.250
Did something similar to what happened on our own planet
00:09:50.390 --> 00:09:56.480
happen on those other planets?
00:09:59.078 --> 00:10:05.168 line:1
"Looking at the raw numbers, the existence of alien life
seems almost inevitable."
00:10:12.209 --> 00:10:20.889 line:1
"The latest data suggest that up to 1/4 of stars have rocky planets
orbiting in their habitable zone - the right distance for liquid water."
00:10:28.312 --> 00:10:36.419 line:1
"In our Milk Way galaxy alone, that's ~50 billion worlds like Earth."
00:10:39.331 --> 00:10:46.251 line:1
"In the entire universe, the possible number of habitable planets is staggering:"
00:10:46.251 --> 00:10:52.871 line:1
"In the entire universe, the possible number of habitable planets is staggering:"
100,000,000,000,000,000,000.
00:10:55.623 --> 00:11:00.793 line:1
"Imagine each flash of light represents an Earth-like planet."
00:11:03.428 --> 00:11:10.851 line:1
"You would have to watch this animation for over a billion years to view them all."
00:11:20.569 --> 00:11:26.939 line:1
"Each one with a history as rich and unique as Earth."
00:11:59.056 --> 00:12:04.246 line:1
"Trillions and trillions of chemical soups, stewing for eons."
00:12:05.259 --> 00:12:07.619
There are more habitable
00:12:07.619 --> 00:12:10.609
Earth-mass planets in the observable volume
00:12:10.609 --> 00:12:14.044
of the universe than there are grains of sand
00:12:14.224 --> 00:12:16.301
on all the beaches on Earth.
00:12:31.794 --> 00:12:39.620 line:1
"Among this abundance of worlds,
many will be deadly to life as we know it."
00:12:43.188 --> 00:12:49.538 line:1
"There will be planets in the habitable zone that are
scorched, frozen, and suffocated by poison gases."
00:12:52.123 --> 00:12:57.923 line:1
"Many will lack an atmosphere, critical for temperature regulation,
or have one that is deadly."
00:13:10.690 --> 00:13:18.262 line:1
"Venus, once thought to potentially support life,
is now sterilized by a crushing, toxic atmosphere."
00:13:20.195 --> 00:13:26.595 line:1
"But life may not be confined to the habitable zone."
00:13:31.003 --> 00:13:39.623 line:1
"Far from the warmth of their star, the moons
of giant gas planets may be hidden oases for life."
00:13:42.695 --> 00:13:51.625 line:1
"Their energy comes not from starlight, but from gravity -
the lurching push and pull of the host planet."
00:13:55.439 --> 00:14:03.809 line:1
"Icy Enceladus has it all: a huge subsurface ocean
with hydrothermal vents spewing the chemistry of life."
00:14:08.224 --> 00:14:15.354 line:1
"Titan is especially alluring - larger than Mercury
and speckled with methane lakes and organic compounds."
00:14:21.018 --> 00:14:28.498 line:1
"In 2026, NASA plans to send a drone to Titan,
seeking out signs of life in its valleys and craters."
00:14:31.259 --> 00:14:37.159 line:1
"There may be 100 trillion exomoons in our galaxy alone -
100 times the number of planets."
00:14:38.830 --> 00:14:42.740 line:1
"Some may even be Earth sized,
with atmospheres and surface water."
00:14:44.228 --> 00:14:50.186 line:1
"With so many places to find life, it seems only a matter of time
before we make a discovery."
00:14:52.048 --> 00:14:55.607 line:1
"Some think we already have."
00:15:02.138 --> 00:15:09.528 line:1
"On June 30, 1976, the Viking lander on Mars
found something that still remains unexplained."
00:15:13.035 --> 00:15:22.165 line:1
"After being injected with nutrients, Martian sol samples
expelled signature radioactive gas - just like soils from Earth."
00:15:23.904 --> 00:15:24.029 line:1
Sterilized Soil |
00:15:24.029 --> 00:15:24.154 line:1
Sterilized Soil | Sterilized Soil |
00:15:24.154 --> 00:15:40.984 line:1
Sterilized Soil | California Soil | Martian soil
00:15:41.710 --> 00:15:49.930 line:1
"Was this signal a natural phenomenon, or our first
encounter with alien biology?"
00:15:50.512 --> 00:15:53.700
The discovery of just one bacteria on Mars,
00:15:54.272 --> 00:15:56.982
or any other body of the Solar System
00:15:57.711 --> 00:16:01.230
would indicate that the whole chain of evolutions.
00:16:01.230 --> 00:16:04.740
Cosmic, chemical and biological,
00:16:05.252 --> 00:16:07.732
is at work everywhere.
00:16:08.473 --> 00:16:09.753
In that case,
00:16:09.778 --> 00:16:12.998
the creation of life anywhere in the universe
00:16:13.503 --> 00:16:17.650
would be more the rule than the exception.
00:16:20.558 --> 00:16:27.578 line:1
"If we haven't found life already, it may not be long until we do."
00:16:29.934 --> 00:16:36.514
"NASA scientists now think we are on the verge of discovery."
00:16:36.514 --> 00:16:39.061
"NASA scientists now think we are on the verge of discovery."
Within all of our lifetimes we're going to understand
00:16:39.061 --> 00:16:40.607
"NASA scientists now think we are on the verge of discovery."
that there is life on other bodies in the Solar System.
00:16:40.607 --> 00:16:41.377
that there is life on other bodies in the Solar System.
00:16:49.514 --> 00:16:51.570
We're going to understand the implications of that
00:16:51.570 --> 00:16:54.170
for evolution of life here on Earth.
00:16:56.274 --> 00:16:57.864
We're going to find planets around
00:16:57.864 --> 00:16:59.644
other stars that we can say
00:16:59.704 --> 00:17:03.264
we see potential signs of habitability in their atmospheres.
00:17:05.998 --> 00:17:09.108
That's all going to happen in the next 10 to 20 years.
00:17:10.008 --> 00:17:12.038
How exciting is that?
00:17:13.783 --> 00:17:15.404
We're on the verge of things that the
00:17:15.404 --> 00:17:17.452
people have wondered about for millennia:
00:17:17.452 --> 00:17:18.501
"Are we alone?"
00:17:21.004 --> 00:17:25.224
And here we are on the verge of finding that out.
00:17:29.184 --> 00:17:35.854 line:1
"If we do find life out there, what will we discover about ourselves?"
00:17:39.596 --> 00:17:46.086 line:1
"What chapter is Earth in the story of life?"
00:17:47.749 --> 00:17:51.239
The universe is nearly 14 billion years old.
00:17:52.029 --> 00:17:55.759
And our galaxy is something like 12 billion years old.
00:17:56.220 --> 00:17:58.480
So, there could be life out there
00:17:58.751 --> 00:18:01.421
that could be dramatically more advanced
00:18:01.421 --> 00:18:04.981
than the life that we have here on this planet.
00:18:06.195 --> 00:18:10.145 line:1
"Is Earth a latecomer on the cosmic stage?"
00:18:11.188 --> 00:18:14.838 line:1
"Just how ancient could life be?"
00:18:15.941 --> 00:18:16.251
100 Thousand Years Ago
00:18:16.251 --> 00:18:16.647
1 Million Years Ago
00:18:16.647 --> 00:18:16.934
5 Million Years Ago
00:18:16.934 --> 00:18:17.722
10 Million Years Ago
00:18:17.722 --> 00:18:18.497
50 Million Years Ago
00:18:18.497 --> 00:18:19.267
100 Million Years Ago
00:18:19.267 --> 00:18:19.767
200 Million Years Ago
00:18:19.767 --> 00:18:20.147
300 Million Years Ago
00:18:20.147 --> 00:18:20.457
400 Million Years Ago
00:18:20.457 --> 00:18:21.437
500 Million Years Ago
00:18:21.437 --> 00:18:22.467
1 Billion Years Ago
00:18:22.467 --> 00:18:23.127
2 Billion Years Ago
00:18:23.127 --> 00:18:23.641
3 Billion Years Ago
00:18:23.641 --> 00:18:23.956
4 Billion Years Ago
00:18:23.956 --> 00:18:25.117
5 Billion Years Ago
00:18:25.117 --> 00:18:25.553
10 Billion Years Ago
00:18:25.553 --> 00:18:26.025
13.8 Billion Years Ago
00:18:26.507 --> 00:18:26.987
Event: The Big Bang
00:18:33.670 --> 00:18:39.500 line:1
"For its first few million years, the cosmos was too hot for life as we know it."
00:18:42.562 --> 00:18:48.242 line:1
"The ambient temperature would have boiled you alive."
00:18:48.350 --> 00:18:48.790
Event: The First Star
00:19:01.614 --> 00:19:09.584 line:1
"When it was finally cool enough for life, there were no stars and planets.
Only huge lumbering clouds of hydrogen."
00:19:17.657 --> 00:19:25.997 line:1
"After 70 million years, gravity took hold of these clouds
and spun them into the first generation of stars."
00:19:45.105 --> 00:19:52.025 line:1
"The first stars were massive and bright,
but there was no life to watch them rise."
00:19:53.891 --> 00:19:59.981
"Vital heavy elements were still being forged in their hot stellar cores.
Not even the Big Bang was hot enough to create them."
00:19:59.981 --> 00:20:01.951
"Vital heavy elements were still being forged in their hot stellar cores.
Not even the Big Bang was hot enoughto create them."
The only elements that were created on The Big Bang were hydrogen,
00:20:01.951 --> 00:20:02.751
The only elements that were created on the Big Bang were hydrogen,
00:20:02.992 --> 00:20:05.152
helium and a little bit of lithium.
00:20:07.483 --> 00:20:09.978
All the stuff that makes your life livable
00:20:09.978 --> 00:20:13.458
those elements weren't created on the Big Bang.
00:20:15.527 --> 00:20:16.927
The only place they were created
00:20:17.005 --> 00:20:18.725
is in the fiery cores of stars
00:20:18.725 --> 00:20:21.485
and the only way they could get into your body
00:20:21.781 --> 00:20:24.311
is if the stars were kind enough to explode.
00:20:24.338 --> 00:20:24.838
Event: Death And Rebirth
00:20:37.661 --> 00:20:44.141 line:1
"The explosive death of the first mid-sized stars
seeded the cosmos with the ingredients for life."
00:20:48.411 --> 00:20:55.841 line:1
"From their ashes rose a second generation of suns -
this time with rocky planets dancing around them."
00:20:58.457 --> 00:21:03.697 line:1
"This is the moment: the raw ingredients for life together
for the first time, ~13.7 billion years ago."
00:21:11.106 --> 00:21:17.986 line:1
"Some believe the conditions for life existed even earlier, in the warm afterglow of creation."
00:21:25.859 --> 00:21:32.400 line:1
"As the heat from the Big Bang faded,
the universe passed through a goldilocks era."
00:21:38.167 --> 00:21:45.857 line:1
"Some 15 million years after time began,
the ambient temperature reached a balmy 75º F (24º C)."
00:21:51.097 --> 00:21:57.367 line:1
"For millions of years, it was warm in all directions,
like an endless summer day on Earth."
00:22:00.414 --> 00:22:09.104 line:1
"In theory, stars and planets could have formed this early on,
in hypothesized ultra-dense regions of space."
00:22:14.834 --> 00:22:24.314 line:1
"If such regions existed, liquid water could have flowed abundantly,
even on rogue planets far from any star."
00:22:29.748 --> 00:22:37.918 line:1
"Could this have been dawn of life?
Alien beings feeding off the heat of the Big Bang?"
00:22:44.069 --> 00:22:49.531 line:1
"Somewhere out there may be a planet with life
nearly as old as the universe itself."
00:22:52.430 --> 00:23:03.110 line:1
"With a 10 billion year head start, the universe could be teeming with
life far more advanced than our own."
00:23:06.062 --> 00:23:14.883 line:1
"Despite decades of searching, no sign of alien life
has ever been confirmed, intelligent or otherwise."
00:23:17.849 --> 00:23:25.089 line:1
"So where is everybody?"
00:23:28.186 --> 00:23:34.506 line:1
"Could we really be alone?"
00:23:44.579 --> 00:23:55.264 line:1
"Maybe primitive life is common, but intelligence is exceedingly rare."
00:24:04.328 --> 00:24:11.048 line:1
"Maybe space is just too vast for feasible communication."
00:24:17.705 --> 00:24:21.675 line:1
"Or maybe we are the first."
00:24:23.189 --> 00:24:30.299 line:1
"Could we be the opening chapter in a sprawling history of life?"
00:24:36.915 --> 00:24:40.188
13.8 Billion Years
00:24:40.188 --> 00:24:41.447
14 Billion Years
00:24:41.447 --> 00:24:42.528
15 Billion Years
00:24:42.528 --> 00:24:43.278
16 Billion Years
00:24:43.278 --> 00:24:43.818
17 Billion Years
00:24:43.818 --> 00:24:44.278
18 Billion Years
00:24:44.278 --> 00:24:44.658
19 Billion Years
00:24:44.658 --> 00:24:45.018
20 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:45.018 --> 00:24:45.318
21 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:45.318 --> 00:24:45.618
22 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:45.618 --> 00:24:45.868
23 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:45.868 --> 00:24:46.118
24 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:46.118 --> 00:24:47.028
25 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:47.028 --> 00:24:47.758
30 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:47.758 --> 00:24:48.358
35 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:48.358 --> 00:24:48.868
40 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:48.868 --> 00:24:49.368
45 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:49.368 --> 00:24:49.788
50 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:49.788 --> 00:24:50.157
55 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:50.157 --> 00:24:50.498
60 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:50.498 --> 00:24:50.828
65 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:50.828 --> 00:24:51.408
70 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
00:24:51.408 --> 00:24:51.958
80 Billion Years
00:24:51.958 --> 00:24:52.478
90 Billion Years
00:24:52.478 --> 00:24:52.877
100 Billion Years
00:24:52.877 --> 00:24:53.287
110 Billion Years
00:24:53.287 --> 00:24:53.677
120 Billion Years
00:24:53.677 --> 00:24:54.007
130 Billion Years
00:24:54.007 --> 00:24:54.340
140 Billion Years
00:24:54.340 --> 00:24:55.737
150 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
00:24:55.737 --> 00:24:56.697
200 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
00:24:56.697 --> 00:24:57.458
250 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
00:24:57.458 --> 00:24:58.097
300 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
00:24:58.097 --> 00:24:58.627
350 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
00:24:58.627 --> 00:24:59.117
400 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
00:24:59.117 --> 00:24:59.533
450 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
00:24:59.533 --> 00:25:00.273
500 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
00:25:00.273 --> 00:25:00.963
600 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
00:25:00.963 --> 00:25:01.503
700 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
00:25:01.503 --> 00:25:02.334
800 Billion Years
00:25:02.334 --> 00:25:04.303
900 Billion Years
00:25:04.303 --> 00:25:04.883
900 Billion Years
"From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life."
00:25:04.883 --> 00:25:05.133
1 Trillion Years
"From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life."
00:25:05.133 --> 00:25:05.506
2 Trillion Years
"From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life."
00:25:05.506 --> 00:25:06.256
4 Trillion Years
"From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life."
00:25:06.256 --> 00:25:07.726
8 Trillion Years
"From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life."
00:25:07.726 --> 00:25:10.376
16 Trillion Years
"From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life."
00:25:10.376 --> 00:25:13.050
32 Trillion Years
"From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life."
00:25:13.050 --> 00:25:14.916
32 Trillion Years
00:25:14.916 --> 00:25:15.698
64 Trillion Years
00:25:15.698 --> 00:25:17.017
70 Trillion Years
00:25:17.017 --> 00:25:18.418
80 Trillion Years
00:25:18.418 --> 00:25:19.118
90 Trillion Years
00:25:19.118 --> 00:25:19.818
95 Trillion Years
00:25:19.818 --> 00:25:20.068
~100 Trillion Years Later
00:25:20.068 --> 00:25:23.353
Event: Last Star Dies
~100 Trillion Years Later
00:25:23.663 --> 00:25:28.423 line:1
"What might come long after us?"
00:25:37.645 --> 00:25:45.435 line:1
"Red dwarf stars can live up to 10 trillion years,
bathing their planets in starlight for eons."
00:25:56.299 --> 00:26:01.149 line:1
"Life is much more probable on these time scales,
where conditions are stable for vast periods of time."
00:26:10.144 --> 00:26:16.734 line:1
"Any beings living close to these stars would have to contend
with violent solar flares that continually threaten extinction."
00:26:20.024 --> 00:26:30.304 line:1
"Many of these planets would be tidally locked - one side permanently
exposed to the sun, the other frozen in darkness."
00:26:34.073 --> 00:26:39.993 line:1
"But as Earth has taught us, life is remarkably adaptable."
00:26:42.502 --> 00:26:49.395 line:1
"What forms might life take when it has trillions of years to evolve?"
00:27:23.932 --> 00:27:29.592 line:1
"One day, somehow, the story of life will come to an end."
00:27:32.373 --> 00:27:40.133 line:1
"If we are the first chapter of that story, we have the chance
to carry the torch of life far into the future."
00:27:57.674 --> 00:28:05.824 line:1
"And if biology does persist far into the future,
then we live in a privileged moment."
00:28:09.675 --> 00:28:14.895 line:1
In later chapters, the universe will seem far different.
00:28:17.924 --> 00:28:24.148 line:1
"The expansion of spacetime will make distant stars invisible,
and the night skies will go dark."
00:28:26.681 --> 00:28:35.861 line:1
"Perhaps life in the far future will wonder:
What it was like to live in the universe's brilliant early days?"
00:28:38.190 --> 00:28:42.710 line:1
"We are lucky enough to know the answer."
00:28:48.685 --> 00:28:53.595 line:1
"All we have to do is look up."
00:29:06.289 --> 00:29:12.007
Hand Crafted By Melodysheep
00:29:12.007 --> 00:29:15.557
Hand Crafted By Melodysheep
Supported By
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Hand Crafted By Melodysheep
Supported By
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Supported By
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Featuring The Voices Of
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Featuring The Voices Of
Douglas Rain
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Featuring The Voices Of
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Douglas Rain
Orson Welles
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Michelle Thaller
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Michelle Thaller
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Dan Werthimer
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Andrew Siemion
Dan Werthimer
Avi Loeb
00:29:24.347 --> 00:29:25.217
Dan Werthimer
Avi Loeb
Ellen Stofan
00:29:25.217 --> 00:29:26.627
Avi Loeb
Ellen Stofan
Lawrence Krauss
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Ellen Stofan
Lawrence Krauss
Concept, Music & Visuals By
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Concept, Music & Visuals By
Melodysheep / John D. Boswell
00:29:29.567 --> 00:29:30.797
Concept, Music & Visuals By
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Additional Visuals By
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NASA
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Konstantin Kovalenko
NASA
Evolve
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NASA
Evolve
Special Thanks To
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Evolve
Special Thanks To
Juan Benet
00:29:36.917 --> 00:29:37.717
Special Thanks To
Juan Benet
Julius Horsthuis
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Juan Benet
Julius Horsthuis
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Konstantin Kovalenko
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00:30:07.787 --> 00:30:08.717
LIFE
00:30:08.717 --> 00:30:13.439
LIFE BEYOND
00:30:15.365 --> 00:30:22.000
Next on Life Beyond:
Make contect with intelligent life
Surviving the end of the universe
The physics of alien life
& more
00:30:22.000 --> 00:30:26.000
Subtitler:
Ernesryst Sautrie
Erick Soares Figueiredo
fpetras