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Supported By
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Supported By
Protocol Labs
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Supported By
Protocol Labs
Follow your curiosity.
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Supported By
Protocol Labs
Follow your curiosity.
Lead humanity forward.
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Two possibilities exist:
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Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe,
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Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.
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Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.
Both are equally terrifying.
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Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.
Both are equally terrifying.
Arthur C. Clarke
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Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.
Both are equally terrifying.
Arthur C. Clarke
In all of time,
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In all of time,
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on all the planets of all the galaxies in space.
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what civilizations have risen,
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looked into the night,
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seen what we see,
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asked the questions that we ask?
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"Are we alone?"
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"Is Earth the only chapter in the story of life?"
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"The answers lie somewhere in distant space - and distant time."
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"For the first time, the truth is finally within our reach."
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"The search will reveal who we are"
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"and who we might become."
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LIFE
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LIFE BEYOND
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CHAPTER I
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CHAPTER I
The Dawn
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"In the search for life out there, we must first look inward."
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What we see around us is staggering complexity.
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How is it possible?
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"What does it take to create life?"
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"What does it take to create life?"
Living organisms are created by chemistry.
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Living organisms are created by chemistry.
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We are huge packages of chemicals.
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And what are the ideal conditions for chemistry?
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Well, first, you need energy.
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I
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
E
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
EN
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
ENE
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
ENER
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
ENERG
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
ENERGY
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
ENERGY
e.g
Well, first, you need energy.
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I
ENERGY
e.g Sunlight,
Well, first, you need energy.
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00:02:56,592 --> 00:02:56,717
I
ENERGY
e.g Sunlight,
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00:02:56,717 --> 00:03:00,004
I
ENERGY
e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat
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00:03:00,004 --> 00:03:00,066
I
ENERG
e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat
48
00:03:00,066 --> 00:03:00,129
I
ENER
e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat
49
00:03:00,129 --> 00:03:00,191
I
ENE
e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat
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00:03:00,191 --> 00:03:00,254
I
EN
e.g Sunlight,
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I
E
e.g
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I
E
53
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I
54
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But not too much.
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What you want is just the right amount
56
00:03:05,741 --> 00:03:07,461
and planets it turns out are just right,
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because they are close to stars,
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but not too close.
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You also need a great diversity
60
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II
You also need a great diversity
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II
HE
You also need a great diversity
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II
HEA
You also need a great diversity
63
00:03:14,601 --> 00:03:14,617
II
HEAV
You also need a great diversity
64
00:03:14,617 --> 00:03:14,664
II
HEAVY
You also need a great diversity
65
00:03:14,664 --> 00:03:14,687
II
HEAVY E
You also need a great diversity
66
00:03:14,687 --> 00:03:14,699
II
HEAVY EL
You also need a great diversity
67
00:03:14,699 --> 00:03:14,711
II
HEAVY ELE
You also need a great diversity
68
00:03:14,711 --> 00:03:14,758
II
HEAVY ELEM
You also need a great diversity
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00:03:14,758 --> 00:03:14,781
II
HEAVY ELEME
You also need a great diversity
70
00:03:14,781 --> 00:03:14,793
II
HEAVY ELEMEN
You also need a great diversity
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00:03:14,793 --> 00:03:14,805
II
HEAVY ELEMENT
You also need a great diversity
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00:03:14,805 --> 00:03:15,505
II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
You also need a great diversity
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II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g
of chemical elements.
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II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g Oxygen,
of chemical elements.
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II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g Oxygen, Carbon,
of chemical elements.
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II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur
of chemical elements.
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00:03:17,021 --> 00:03:20,372
II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur
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00:03:20,372 --> 00:03:20,403
II
HEAVY ELEMENT
e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur
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00:03:20,403 --> 00:03:20,434
II
HEAVY ELEMEN
e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur
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00:03:20,434 --> 00:03:20,465
II
HEAVY ELEME
e.g Oxygen, Carbon,
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00:03:20,465 --> 00:03:20,497
II
HEAVY ELEM
e.g Oxygen, Carbon,
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00:03:20,497 --> 00:03:20,528
II
HEAVY ELE
e.g Oxygen, Carbon,
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00:03:20,528 --> 00:03:20,559
II
HEAVY EL
e.g Oxygen,
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00:03:20,559 --> 00:03:20,590
II
HEAVY E
e.g
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00:03:20,590 --> 00:03:20,622
II
HEAVY
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00:03:20,622 --> 00:03:20,662
II
HEAV
87
00:03:20,662 --> 00:03:20,703
II
HEA
88
00:03:20,703 --> 00:03:20,743
II
HE
89
00:03:20,743 --> 00:03:20,784
II
H
90
00:03:20,784 --> 00:03:20,865
II
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00:03:20,865 --> 00:03:20,946
I
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00:03:20,987 --> 00:03:22,772
And you need liquid,
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such as water.
94
00:03:22,833 --> 00:03:22,896
III
such as water.
95
00:03:22,896 --> 00:03:22,958
III
L
such as water.
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00:03:22,958 --> 00:03:23,020
III
LI
such as water.
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00:03:23,020 --> 00:03:23,083
III
LIQ
such as water.
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00:03:23,083 --> 00:03:23,208
III
LIQU
such as water.
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III
LIQUI
such as water.
100
00:03:23,315 --> 00:03:23,422
III
LIQUID
such as water.
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III
LIQUID
such as water.
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III
LIQUID
e.g
such as water.
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III
LIQUID
e.g Water
such as water.
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III
LIQUID
e.g. water
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Why?
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Well, in gases,
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atoms move past each other so fast
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that they can't hitch up.
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In solids, atoms are stuck together.
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They can't move.
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In liquids,
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they can cruise and cuddle
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and link up to form molecules.
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Liquid water is just so good for getting evolution going.
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Molecules can dissolve in the water
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to form more complex chains.
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Now, where do you find such goldilocks conditions?
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Well, planets are great,
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00:04:11,960 --> 00:04:16,170
and our early Earth was almost perfect.
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Earth
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Earth
4 Billion Years Ago
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It was just the right distance
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from its star to contain huge oceans of liquid water.
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And deep beneath those oceans,
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00:04:35,226 --> 00:04:36,664
at cracks in the Earth's crust,
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fantastic chemistry began to happen
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atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.
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"The exact recipe is still a mystery, but the ingredients for life
are simple - energy, organic molecules, and liquid water."
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00:05:30,406 --> 00:05:37,846
"Somewhere in the seas of early Earth, basic chemistry
became biology - perhaps even more than once."
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00:05:43,415 --> 00:05:50,075
"The first cells were likely born in hot volcanic waters,
in conditions once thought impossible for biology."
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"The closer we study life, the more extreme places we find it thriving."
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"The closer we study life, the more extreme places we find it thriving."
Here on our planet,
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Here on our planet,
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00:06:01,324 --> 00:06:02,754
microbes have adapted
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00:06:02,754 --> 00:06:06,254
to survive the most hostile conditions.
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Arid deserts,
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00:06:09,464 --> 00:06:11,504
the frozen Himalayas,
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00:06:12,734 --> 00:06:16,494
in trenches under thousands of tons of pressure
139
00:06:16,613 --> 00:06:18,953
in the ocean deeps.
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00:06:21,237 --> 00:06:24,507
In the vacuum of a space simulator,
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life forms have been flourishing for years
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00:06:28,972 --> 00:06:33,312
without oxygen.
143
00:06:33,886 --> 00:06:40,136
"New research suggests that life emerged over 4 billion years ago,
when Earth was an alien and deadly place."
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00:06:44,108 --> 00:06:50,488
"The planet was ravaged by intense volcanism
and an asteroid storm that lasted 100 million years."
145
00:07:04,514 --> 00:07:09,914
"Yet even in these extreme conditions,
life quickly found a foothold."
146
00:07:09,914 --> 00:07:11,149
"Yet even in these extreme conditions,
life quickly found a foothold."
Very very quickly,
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00:07:11,149 --> 00:07:12,473
Very very quickly,
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00:07:12,473 --> 00:07:15,783
as soon as the Earth cooled off after its formation,
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00:07:15,873 --> 00:07:20,953
we know that life began here.
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00:07:22,508 --> 00:07:25,228
Because it happened quickly here on Earth,
151
00:07:25,278 --> 00:07:26,798
we think it is going to happen quickly
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00:07:26,798 --> 00:07:28,948
on other planets as well.
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00:07:39,664 --> 00:07:46,611
"The story of Earth gives us hope that life could be universally common."
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00:07:48,399 --> 00:07:54,870
"It teaches us that life is fast acting, tenacious,
and made of basic, common ingredients."
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"After 4 billion years of isolation,
the search for our cosmic kin has finally begun."
156
00:08:10,261 --> 00:08:17,401
"Where there is water, there is life - and so our best chance
is to look for ocean worlds like Earth."
157
00:08:20,577 --> 00:08:27,917
"Our search for Earth-like planets has only just begun,
and the findings are tantalizing."
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00:08:29,866 --> 00:08:30,696
KEPLER-62F
159
00:08:30,696 --> 00:08:30,946
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
160
00:08:30,946 --> 00:08:31,071
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
161
00:08:31,071 --> 00:08:31,196
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
162
00:08:31,196 --> 00:08:31,350
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
Age: ~7 billion years.
163
00:08:31,350 --> 00:08:36,840
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
Age: ~7 billion years.
Possible Water World
164
00:08:36,840 --> 00:08:37,090
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
Age: ~7 billion years.
165
00:08:37,090 --> 00:08:37,340
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
166
00:08:37,340 --> 00:08:37,465
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
167
00:08:37,465 --> 00:08:37,527
KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
168
00:08:37,527 --> 00:08:37,590
KEPLER-62F
169
00:08:38,833 --> 00:08:39,566
TRAPPIST-1D
170
00:08:39,566 --> 00:08:39,816
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
171
00:08:39,816 --> 00:08:39,925
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
172
00:08:39,925 --> 00:08:40,034
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.
173
00:08:40,034 --> 00:08:40,143
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.
Temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
174
00:08:40,143 --> 00:08:46,568
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.
Temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
Possible Water World
175
00:08:46,568 --> 00:08:46,818
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.
Temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
176
00:08:46,818 --> 00:08:46,943
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.
177
00:08:46,943 --> 00:08:47,068
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
178
00:08:47,068 --> 00:08:47,204
TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
179
00:08:47,204 --> 00:08:47,341
TRAPPIST-1D
180
00:08:48,973 --> 00:08:49,747
TEEGARDEN-B
181
00:08:49,747 --> 00:08:49,997
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
182
00:08:49,997 --> 00:08:50,112
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
183
00:08:50,112 --> 00:08:50,227
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.
184
00:08:50,227 --> 00:08:50,342
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.
Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
185
00:08:50,342 --> 00:08:56,149
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.
Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
Possible Water World
186
00:08:56,149 --> 00:08:56,399
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.
Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
187
00:08:56,399 --> 00:08:56,524
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.
188
00:08:56,524 --> 00:08:56,649
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
189
00:08:56,649 --> 00:08:56,779
TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
190
00:08:56,779 --> 00:08:56,909
TEEGARDEN-B
191
00:08:58,908 --> 00:08:59,759
K2-18B
192
00:08:59,759 --> 00:09:00,009
K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
193
00:09:00,009 --> 00:09:00,193
K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.
194
00:09:00,193 --> 00:09:00,285
K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.
Temperature: -100 -116ºF.
195
00:09:00,285 --> 00:09:07,842
K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.
Temperature: -100 -116ºF.
Confirmed atmospheric water vapor
196
00:09:07,842 --> 00:09:08,092
K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.
Temperature: -100 -116ºF.
197
00:09:08,092 --> 00:09:08,211
K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.
198
00:09:08,211 --> 00:09:08,330
K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
199
00:09:08,330 --> 00:09:08,449
K2-18B
200
00:09:10,708 --> 00:09:17,858
"We have barely scratched the surface.
Nature's trove of secrets is bottomless."
201
00:09:17,858 --> 00:09:20,086
"We have barely scratched the surface.
Nature's trove of secrets is bottomless."
We know that the galaxy is awash in water.
202
00:09:20,086 --> 00:09:20,956
We know that the galaxy is awash in water.
203
00:09:26,475 --> 00:09:28,965
It’s awash in organic molecules,
204
00:09:29,015 --> 00:09:32,965
and complex chemistry.
205
00:09:33,964 --> 00:09:35,504
All of the things that we know were
206
00:09:35,504 --> 00:09:37,944
necessary for life to begin on this planet
207
00:09:38,024 --> 00:09:40,734
exist on abundance throughout the galaxy.
208
00:09:47,259 --> 00:09:50,250
Did something similar to what happened on our own planet
209
00:09:50,390 --> 00:09:56,480
happen on those other planets?
210
00:09:59,078 --> 00:10:05,168
"Looking at the raw numbers, the existence of alien life
seems almost inevitable."
211
00:10:12,209 --> 00:10:20,889
"The latest data suggest that up to 1/4 of stars have rocky planets
orbiting in their habitable zone - the right distance for liquid water."
212
00:10:28,312 --> 00:10:36,419
"In our Milk Way galaxy alone, that's ~50 billion worlds like Earth."
213
00:10:39,331 --> 00:10:46,251
"In the entire universe, the possible number of habitable planets is staggering:"
214
00:10:46,251 --> 00:10:52,871
"In the entire universe, the possible number of habitable planets is staggering:"
100,000,000,000,000,000,000.
215
00:10:55,623 --> 00:11:00,793
"Imagine each flash of light represents an Earth-like planet."
216
00:11:03,428 --> 00:11:10,851
"You would have to watch this animation for over a billion years to view them all."
217
00:11:20,569 --> 00:11:26,939
"Each one with a history as rich and unique as Earth."
218
00:11:59,056 --> 00:12:04,246
"Trillions and trillions of chemical soups, stewing for eons."
219
00:12:05,259 --> 00:12:07,619
There are more habitable
220
00:12:07,619 --> 00:12:10,609
Earth-mass planets in the observable volume
221
00:12:10,609 --> 00:12:14,044
of the universe than there are grains of sand
222
00:12:14,224 --> 00:12:16,301
on all the beaches on Earth.
223
00:12:31,794 --> 00:12:39,620
"Among this abundance of worlds,
many will be deadly to life as we know it."
224
00:12:43,188 --> 00:12:49,538
"There will be planets in the habitable zone that are
scorched, frozen, and suffocated by poison gases."
225
00:12:52,123 --> 00:12:57,923
"Many will lack an atmosphere, critical for temperature regulation,
or have one that is deadly."
226
00:13:10,690 --> 00:13:18,262
"Venus, once thought to potentially support life,
is now sterilized by a crushing, toxic atmosphere."
227
00:13:20,195 --> 00:13:26,595
"But life may not be confined to the habitable zone."
228
00:13:31,003 --> 00:13:39,623
"Far from the warmth of their star, the moons
of giant gas planets may be hidden oases for life."
229
00:13:42,695 --> 00:13:51,625
"Their energy comes not from starlight, but from gravity -
the lurching push and pull of the host planet."
230
00:13:55,439 --> 00:14:03,809
"Icy Enceladus has it all: a huge subsurface ocean
with hydrothermal vents spewing the chemistry of life."
231
00:14:08,224 --> 00:14:15,354
"Titan is especially alluring - larger than Mercury
and speckled with methane lakes and organic compounds."
232
00:14:21,018 --> 00:14:28,498
"In 2026, NASA plans to send a drone to Titan,
seeking out signs of life in its valleys and craters."
233
00:14:31,259 --> 00:14:37,159
"There may be 100 trillion exomoons in our galaxy alone -
100 times the number of planets."
234
00:14:38,830 --> 00:14:42,740
"Some may even be Earth sized,
with atmospheres and surface water."
235
00:14:44,228 --> 00:14:50,186
"With so many places to find life, it seems only a matter of time
before we make a discovery."
236
00:14:52,048 --> 00:14:55,607
"Some think we already have."
237
00:15:02,138 --> 00:15:09,528
"On June 30, 1976, the Viking lander on Mars
found something that still remains unexplained."
238
00:15:13,035 --> 00:15:22,165
"After being injected with nutrients, Martian sol samples
expelled signature radioactive gas - just like soils from Earth."
239
00:15:23,904 --> 00:15:24,029
Sterilized Soil |
240
00:15:24,029 --> 00:15:24,154
Sterilized Soil | Sterilized Soil |
241
00:15:24,154 --> 00:15:40,984
Sterilized Soil | California Soil | Martian soil
242
00:15:41,710 --> 00:15:49,930
"Was this signal a natural phenomenon, or our first
encounter with alien biology?"
243
00:15:50,512 --> 00:15:53,700
The discovery of just one bacteria on Mars,
244
00:15:54,272 --> 00:15:56,982
or any other body of the Solar System
245
00:15:57,711 --> 00:16:01,230
would indicate that the whole chain of evolutions.
246
00:16:01,230 --> 00:16:04,740
Cosmic, chemical and biological,
247
00:16:05,252 --> 00:16:07,732
is at work everywhere.
248
00:16:08,473 --> 00:16:09,753
In that case,
249
00:16:09,778 --> 00:16:12,998
the creation of life anywhere in the universe
250
00:16:13,503 --> 00:16:17,650
would be more the rule than the exception.
251
00:16:20,558 --> 00:16:27,578
"If we haven't found life already, it may not be long until we do."
252
00:16:29,934 --> 00:16:36,514
"NASA scientists now think we are on the verge of discovery."
253
00:16:36,514 --> 00:16:39,061
"NASA scientists now think we are on the verge of discovery."
Within all of our lifetimes we're going to understand
254
00:16:39,061 --> 00:16:40,607
"NASA scientists now think we are on the verge of discovery."
that there is life on other bodies in the Solar System.
255
00:16:40,607 --> 00:16:41,377
that there is life on other bodies in the Solar System.
256
00:16:49,514 --> 00:16:51,570
We're going to understand the implications of that
257
00:16:51,570 --> 00:16:54,170
for evolution of life here on Earth.
258
00:16:56,274 --> 00:16:57,864
We're going to find planets around
259
00:16:57,864 --> 00:16:59,644
other stars that we can say
260
00:16:59,704 --> 00:17:03,264
we see potential signs of habitability in their atmospheres.
261
00:17:05,998 --> 00:17:09,108
That's all going to happen in the next 10 to 20 years.
262
00:17:10,008 --> 00:17:12,038
How exciting is that?
263
00:17:13,783 --> 00:17:15,404
We're on the verge of things that the
264
00:17:15,404 --> 00:17:17,452
people have wondered about for millennia:
265
00:17:17,452 --> 00:17:18,501
"Are we alone?"
266
00:17:21,004 --> 00:17:25,224
And here we are on the verge of finding that out.
267
00:17:29,184 --> 00:17:35,854
"If we do find life out there, what will we discover about ourselves?"
268
00:17:39,596 --> 00:17:46,086
"What chapter is Earth in the story of life?"
269
00:17:47,749 --> 00:17:51,239
The universe is nearly 14 billion years old.
270
00:17:52,029 --> 00:17:55,759
And our galaxy is something like 12 billion years old.
271
00:17:56,220 --> 00:17:58,480
So, there could be life out there
272
00:17:58,751 --> 00:18:01,421
that could be dramatically more advanced
273
00:18:01,421 --> 00:18:04,981
than the life that we have here on this planet.
274
00:18:06,195 --> 00:18:10,145
"Is Earth a latecomer on the cosmic stage?"
275
00:18:11,188 --> 00:18:14,838
"Just how ancient could life be?"
276
00:18:15,941 --> 00:18:16,251
100 Thousand Years Ago
277
00:18:16,251 --> 00:18:16,647
1 Million Years Ago
278
00:18:16,647 --> 00:18:16,934
5 Million Years Ago
279
00:18:16,934 --> 00:18:17,722
10 Million Years Ago
280
00:18:17,722 --> 00:18:18,497
50 Million Years Ago
281
00:18:18,497 --> 00:18:19,267
100 Million Years Ago
282
00:18:19,267 --> 00:18:19,767
200 Million Years Ago
283
00:18:19,767 --> 00:18:20,147
300 Million Years Ago
284
00:18:20,147 --> 00:18:20,457
400 Million Years Ago
285
00:18:20,457 --> 00:18:21,437
500 Million Years Ago
286
00:18:21,437 --> 00:18:22,467
1 Billion Years Ago
287
00:18:22,467 --> 00:18:23,127
2 Billion Years Ago
288
00:18:23,127 --> 00:18:23,641
3 Billion Years Ago
289
00:18:23,641 --> 00:18:23,956
4 Billion Years Ago
290
00:18:23,956 --> 00:18:25,117
5 Billion Years Ago
291
00:18:25,117 --> 00:18:25,553
10 Billion Years Ago
292
00:18:25,553 --> 00:18:26,025
13.8 Billion Years Ago
293
00:18:26,507 --> 00:18:26,987
Event: The Big Bang
294
00:18:33,670 --> 00:18:39,500
"For its first few million years, the cosmos was too hot for life as we know it."
295
00:18:42,562 --> 00:18:48,242
"The ambient temperature would have boiled you alive."
296
00:18:48,350 --> 00:18:48,790
Event: The First Star
297
00:19:01,614 --> 00:19:09,584
"When it was finally cool enough for life, there were no stars and planets.
Only huge lumbering clouds of hydrogen."
298
00:19:17,657 --> 00:19:25,997
"After 70 million years, gravity took hold of these clouds
and spun them into the first generation of stars."
299
00:19:45,105 --> 00:19:52,025
"The first stars were massive and bright,
but there was no life to watch them rise."
300
00:19:53,891 --> 00:19:59,981
"Vital heavy elements were still being forged in their hot stellar cores.
Not even the Big Bang was hot enough to create them."
301
00:19:59,981 --> 00:20:01,951
"Vital heavy elements were still being forged in their hot stellar cores.
Not even the Big Bang was hot enoughto create them."
The only elements that were created on The Big Bang were hydrogen,
302
00:20:01,951 --> 00:20:02,751
The only elements that were created on the Big Bang were hydrogen,
303
00:20:02,992 --> 00:20:05,152
helium and a little bit of lithium.
304
00:20:07,483 --> 00:20:09,978
All the stuff that makes your life livable
305
00:20:09,978 --> 00:20:13,458
those elements weren't created on the Big Bang.
306
00:20:15,527 --> 00:20:16,927
The only place they were created
307
00:20:17,005 --> 00:20:18,725
is in the fiery cores of stars
308
00:20:18,725 --> 00:20:21,485
and the only way they could get into your body
309
00:20:21,781 --> 00:20:24,311
is if the stars were kind enough to explode.
310
00:20:24,338 --> 00:20:24,838
Event: Death And Rebirth
311
00:20:37,661 --> 00:20:44,141
"The explosive death of the first mid-sized stars
seeded the cosmos with the ingredients for life."
312
00:20:48,411 --> 00:20:55,841
"From their ashes rose a second generation of suns -
this time with rocky planets dancing around them."
313
00:20:58,457 --> 00:21:03,697
"This is the moment: the raw ingredients for life together
for the first time, ~13.7 billion years ago."
314
00:21:11,106 --> 00:21:17,986
"Some believe the conditions for life existed even earlier, in the warm afterglow of creation."
315
00:21:25,859 --> 00:21:32,400
"As the heat from the Big Bang faded,
the universe passed through a goldilocks era."
316
00:21:38,167 --> 00:21:45,857
"Some 15 million years after time began,
the ambient temperature reached a balmy 75º F (24º C)."
317
00:21:51,097 --> 00:21:57,367
"For millions of years, it was warm in all directions,
like an endless summer day on Earth."
318
00:22:00,414 --> 00:22:09,104
"In theory, stars and planets could have formed this early on,
in hypothesized ultra-dense regions of space."
319
00:22:14,834 --> 00:22:24,314
"If such regions existed, liquid water could have flowed abundantly,
even on rogue planets far from any star."
320
00:22:29,748 --> 00:22:37,918
"Could this have been dawn of life?
Alien beings feeding off the heat of the Big Bang?"
321
00:22:44,069 --> 00:22:49,531
"Somewhere out there may be a planet with life
nearly as old as the universe itself."
322
00:22:52,430 --> 00:23:03,110
"With a 10 billion year head start, the universe could be teeming with
life far more advanced than our own."
323
00:23:06,062 --> 00:23:14,883
"Despite decades of searching, no sign of alien life
has ever been confirmed, intelligent or otherwise."
324
00:23:17,849 --> 00:23:25,089
"So where is everybody?"
325
00:23:28,186 --> 00:23:34,506
"Could we really be alone?"
326
00:23:44,579 --> 00:23:55,264
"Maybe primitive life is common, but intelligence is exceedingly rare."
327
00:24:04,328 --> 00:24:11,048
"Maybe space is just too vast for feasible communication."
328
00:24:17,705 --> 00:24:21,675
"Or maybe we are the first."
329
00:24:23,189 --> 00:24:30,299
"Could we be the opening chapter in a sprawling history of life?"
330
00:24:36,915 --> 00:24:40,188
13.8 Billion Years
331
00:24:40,188 --> 00:24:41,447
14 Billion Years
332
00:24:41,447 --> 00:24:42,528
15 Billion Years
333
00:24:42,528 --> 00:24:43,278
16 Billion Years
334
00:24:43,278 --> 00:24:43,818
17 Billion Years
335
00:24:43,818 --> 00:24:44,278
18 Billion Years
336
00:24:44,278 --> 00:24:44,658
19 Billion Years
337
00:24:44,658 --> 00:24:45,018
20 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
338
00:24:45,018 --> 00:24:45,318
21 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
339
00:24:45,318 --> 00:24:45,618
22 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
340
00:24:45,618 --> 00:24:45,868
23 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
341
00:24:45,868 --> 00:24:46,118
24 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
342
00:24:46,118 --> 00:24:47,028
25 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
343
00:24:47,028 --> 00:24:47,758
30 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
344
00:24:47,758 --> 00:24:48,358
35 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
345
00:24:48,358 --> 00:24:48,868
40 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
346
00:24:48,868 --> 00:24:49,368
45 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
347
00:24:49,368 --> 00:24:49,788
50 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
348
00:24:49,788 --> 00:24:50,157
55 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
349
00:24:50,157 --> 00:24:50,498
60 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
350
00:24:50,498 --> 00:24:50,828
65 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
351
00:24:50,828 --> 00:24:51,408
70 Billion Years
"The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born."
352
00:24:51,408 --> 00:24:51,958
80 Billion Years
353
00:24:51,958 --> 00:24:52,478
90 Billion Years
354
00:24:52,478 --> 00:24:52,877
100 Billion Years
355
00:24:52,877 --> 00:24:53,287
110 Billion Years
356
00:24:53,287 --> 00:24:53,677
120 Billion Years
357
00:24:53,677 --> 00:24:54,007
130 Billion Years
358
00:24:54,007 --> 00:24:54,340
140 Billion Years
359
00:24:54,340 --> 00:24:55,737
150 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
360
00:24:55,737 --> 00:24:56,697
200 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
361
00:24:56,697 --> 00:24:57,458
250 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
362
00:24:57,458 --> 00:24:58,097
300 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
363
00:24:58,097 --> 00:24:58,627
350 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
364
00:24:58,627 --> 00:24:59,117
400 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
365
00:24:59,117 --> 00:24:59,533
450 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
366
00:24:59,533 --> 00:25:00,273
500 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
367
00:25:00,273 --> 00:25:00,963
600 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
368
00:25:00,963 --> 00:25:01,503
700 Billion Years
"The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
369
00:25:01,503 --> 00:25:02,334
800 Billion Years
370
00:25:02,334 --> 00:25:04,303
900 Billion Years
371
00:25:04,303 --> 00:25:04,883
900 Billion Years
"From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life."
372
00:25:04,883 --> 00:25:05,133
1 Trillion Years
"From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life."
373
00:25:05,133 --> 00:25:05,506
2 Trillion Years
"From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life."
374
00:25:05,506 --> 00:25:06,256
4 Trillion Years
"From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life."
375
00:25:06,256 --> 00:25:07,726
8 Trillion Years
"From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life."
376
00:25:07,726 --> 00:25:10,376
16 Trillion Years
"From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life."
377
00:25:10,376 --> 00:25:13,050
32 Trillion Years
"From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life."
378
00:25:13,050 --> 00:25:14,916
32 Trillion Years
379
00:25:14,916 --> 00:25:15,698
64 Trillion Years
380
00:25:15,698 --> 00:25:17,017
70 Trillion Years
381
00:25:17,017 --> 00:25:18,418
80 Trillion Years
382
00:25:18,418 --> 00:25:19,118
90 Trillion Years
383
00:25:19,118 --> 00:25:19,818
95 Trillion Years
384
00:25:19,818 --> 00:25:20,068
~100 Trillion Years Later
385
00:25:20,068 --> 00:25:23,353
Event: Last Star Dies
~100 Trillion Years Later
386
00:25:23,663 --> 00:25:28,423
"What might come long after us?"
387
00:25:37,645 --> 00:25:45,435
"Red dwarf stars can live up to 10 trillion years,
bathing their planets in starlight for eons."
388
00:25:56,299 --> 00:26:01,149
"Life is much more probable on these time scales,
where conditions are stable for vast periods of time."
389
00:26:10,144 --> 00:26:16,734
"Any beings living close to these stars would have to contend
with violent solar flares that continually threaten extinction."
390
00:26:20,024 --> 00:26:30,304
"Many of these planets would be tidally locked - one side permanently
exposed to the sun, the other frozen in darkness."
391
00:26:34,073 --> 00:26:39,993
"But as Earth has taught us, life is remarkably adaptable."
392
00:26:42,502 --> 00:26:49,395
"What forms might life take when it has trillions of years to evolve?"
393
00:27:23,932 --> 00:27:29,592
"One day, somehow, the story of life will come to an end."
394
00:27:32,373 --> 00:27:40,133
"If we are the first chapter of that story, we have the chance
to carry the torch of life far into the future."
395
00:27:57,674 --> 00:28:05,824
"And if biology does persist far into the future,
then we live in a privileged moment."
396
00:28:09,675 --> 00:28:14,895
In later chapters, the universe will seem far different.
397
00:28:17,924 --> 00:28:24,148
"The expansion of spacetime will make distant stars invisible,
and the night skies will go dark."
398
00:28:26,681 --> 00:28:35,861
"Perhaps life in the far future will wonder:
What it was like to live in the universe's brilliant early days?"
399
00:28:38,190 --> 00:28:42,710
"We are lucky enough to know the answer."
400
00:28:48,685 --> 00:28:53,595
"All we have to do is look up."
401
00:29:06,289 --> 00:29:12,007
Hand Crafted By Melodysheep
402
00:29:12,007 --> 00:29:15,557
Hand Crafted By Melodysheep
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403
00:29:15,557 --> 00:29:17,647
Hand Crafted By Melodysheep
Supported By
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404
00:29:17,647 --> 00:29:18,887
Supported By
Protocol Labs
Featuring The Voices Of
405
00:29:18,887 --> 00:29:19,767
Protocol Labs
Featuring The Voices Of
Douglas Rain
406
00:29:19,767 --> 00:29:20,557
Featuring The Voices Of
Douglas Rain
Orson Welles
407
00:29:20,557 --> 00:29:21,327
Douglas Rain
Orson Welles
David Christian
408
00:29:21,327 --> 00:29:22,087
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David Christian
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409
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410
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Michelle Thaller
Andrew Siemion
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411
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Andrew Siemion
Dan Werthimer
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412
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Dan Werthimer
Avi Loeb
Ellen Stofan
413
00:29:25,217 --> 00:29:26,627
Avi Loeb
Ellen Stofan
Lawrence Krauss
414
00:29:26,627 --> 00:29:27,987
Ellen Stofan
Lawrence Krauss
Concept, Music & Visuals By
415
00:29:27,987 --> 00:29:29,567
Lawrence Krauss
Concept, Music & Visuals By
Melodysheep / John D. Boswell
416
00:29:29,567 --> 00:29:30,797
Concept, Music & Visuals By
Melodysheep / John D. Boswell
Additional Visuals By
417
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Melodysheep / John D. Boswell
Additional Visuals By
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418
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Additional Visuals By
Julius Horsthuis
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419
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Julius Horsthuis
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NASA
420
00:29:33,237 --> 00:29:34,617
Konstantin Kovalenko
NASA
Evolve
421
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NASA
Evolve
Special Thanks To
422
00:29:36,117 --> 00:29:36,917
Evolve
Special Thanks To
Juan Benet
423
00:29:36,917 --> 00:29:37,717
Special Thanks To
Juan Benet
Julius Horsthuis
424
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Juan Benet
Julius Horsthuis
Konstantin Kovalenko
425
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Julius Horsthuis
Konstantin Kovalenko
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Konstantin Kovalenko
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LIFE
435
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LIFE BEYOND
436
00:30:15,365 --> 00:30:22,000
Next on Life Beyond:
Make contect with intelligent life
Surviving the end of the universe
The physics of alien life
& more
437
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Subtitler:
Ernesryst Sautrie
Erick Soares Figueiredo
fpetras